桂中典型碳酸盐岩区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

硒对人体的健康具有重要意义。水稻作为中国南方的主要粮食作物,研究水稻籽实与根系土硒含量特征及其影响因素,可为富硒水稻种植、富硒产业开发、提升土地利用价值提供科学依据。本文以桂中典型碳酸盐岩地区为研究区,通过采集、测试400套水稻籽实及对应的根系土样品,研究讨论其含硒水平及影响因素。结果表明:(1)水稻根系土硒含量为0.11～3.82 mg/kg,平均值为0.61 mg/kg,明显高于全国其他省份表层土壤硒含量值。(2)根系土中Cd、Cr、Hg、S元素含量高于全国土壤背景值,Cd、Cr、Hg富集现象显示了广西典型碳酸盐岩区土壤重金属高背景属性,碳酸盐岩区Se与Cd等重金属元素次生富集特征近似。(3)根系土中硒含量主要受成土母质岩系控制,土壤中Se高含量主要与石炭系、泥盆系、二叠系、三叠系地层碳酸盐岩、硅质岩的分布密切相关。此外,与土壤有机质呈明显正相关,土壤中的有机质能对硒起吸附固定作用,使得硒在土壤表层富集。(4)研究区水稻籽实硒最小值为0.015 mg/kg,最大值为0.532 mg/kg,平均值为0.08 mg/kg,富硒率高达81.5%。水稻籽实硒含量除了与根系土硒含量有关外,还与土壤中的有机质、S、pH呈显著负相关性。     

碎米荠对硒、镉超富集特性研究

超富集植物在营养元素生物强化及重金属污染植物修复技术领域有重大应用前景。通过野外调查和栽培实验,研究了碎米荠植物对硒镉的吸收富集特征。研究表明:野生碎米荠中Se含量达数百mg/kg,叶片中Se最高含量为1 365 mg/kg。地上部Se的生物富集系数在2.8~43.8的范围内,大部分超过10;生物转移系数在0.46~1.88之间,大部分大于1。地上部Cd含量都超过了100 mg/kg,叶中的Cd含量大部分在400~800 mg/kg之间。富集系数都大于1,且农田及小溪流域植株地上部Cd的生物富集系数高达几十甚至上百,Cd的生物转移系数大部分超过1。露天栽培条件下,碎米荠中的硒镉含量随盆栽土壤中硒镉浓度的上升呈现出先增加后降低的特征,当Se含量为50 mg/kg时植物中的Se含量最高,此时地上部Se含量为995 mg/kg,地下部Se含量1 100 mg/kg。当Cd浓度为80 mg/kg时,植株当中Cd含量最高,地上部和地下部中的Cd含量分别高达550 mg/kg、337 mg/kg。研究认为湖北渔塘坝发育的碎米荠植物是硒镉多元素超富集植物,在硒镉生态环境污染修复方面具有重大应用前景。     

自然富硒土中Se对不同水稻籽粒吸收Cd的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,在高低两种自然富硒土壤上种植3种水稻。结果发现,水稻籽粒Se含量与土壤中Se含量呈正相关,而土壤硒含量过高会降低水稻籽粒的产量。在添加Cd下,高富硒土种植的博优998、秋优998、金稻优998等水稻籽粒Cd含量比低富硒土分别降低了26.99%、10.28%、13.48%,说明土壤中适量的Se对水稻籽粒吸收Cd有拮抗作用。另外,秋优998富集Se、Cd的能力最强,生物产量最低,金稻优998达到富硒效果,而富集Cd的能力最弱,且生物产量较高,在筛选品种时,应优选金稻优998。     

地质高背景区富Se耕地可利用性研究及区划建议

为了促进土地质量地球化学调查成果服务于特色土地资源开发,实现地质高背景区富Se资源的安全利用,以重庆市黔江区五里镇为研究对象,通过评价土壤-农作物的富Se水平及重金属含量,开展地质高背景区富Se耕地区划及可利用性方法研究,以期提高富Se资源利用效率,为地质高背景区富Se资源的安全利用提供思路.结果表明,研究区土壤及农作物中Se含量丰富,具备开发富Se资源的潜力,但部分样品存在Cd超标的问题.土壤pH是影响农作物Se和Cd含量的关键因素,碱性条件下有利于富Se资源安全利用.A～E(A表示可利用富硒耕地,B表示农作物不富硒但农作物安全,C表示农作物富硒但农作物不安全,D表示农作物不富硒且农作物不安全,E表示土壤硒含量小于富硒阈值且土壤重金属不超标)类耕地面积分别为0.72、0.75、0.28、0.13和0.56 km²,建议在A类耕地分布区开展安全富Se资源开发,在C和D类耕地分布区开展土壤酸化调理及作物低累积品种等农艺措施,降低农作物重金属超标风险,并加强全区耕地保护力度,防止新增污染物输入.     

锑矿区土壤与植物中Sb和As的迁移过程研究

对贵州省晴隆锑矿区土壤、野生植物进行重金属含量(总量)分析,结果表明土壤中锑含量最高值可达568.24 mg/kg。矿区野生植物芒萁、蕨菜不同部位对Sb和As的累积能力为:根>叶>茎;通过盆栽试验研究发现盆栽植物野地瓜、紫萁、肾蕨、贯众不同部位对Sb和As的累积能力大小为:根>叶>茎,且较大部分集中在根部,而蕨菜茎对Sb累积大于蕨叶,与矿区野生蕨菜相反。通过对矿区土壤、野生植物以及盆栽植物的重金属含量进行分析,发现土壤中Sb含量的增加抑制了As向植物的迁移,而Sb由土壤向蕨菜的迁移能力不随土壤Sb含量增加而增强。对蕨菜的根茎叶和其相应土壤的重金属含量做相关性分析,土壤与蕨菜的根、茎、叶中Sb含量显著相关,土壤与蕨菜的根、叶中As含量也显著相关,而土壤与蕨菜茎中As含量相关不显著。研究表明牛尾蒿和芭茅对Sb和As有较高的累积能力具有潜在的植物修复潜力。     

外源硒对黄瓜抗性、镉积累及镉化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验,在土壤Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染条件下,测定了不同浓度的Na2Se O3(Se水平为0、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)处理对2个黄瓜(Cucumis satiuus L.)品种(低Cd富集植物品种津优1号和高Cd富集品种燕白)生物量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及黄瓜体内Cd形态和Cd积累量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硒(Na2Se O3)后,黄瓜叶、茎、根、果实、植株干重,以及Cd含量和积累量在两个品种间的差异达到了显著性水平.随硒浓度的增加,燕白叶的丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,津优1号叶的丙二醛含量则逐渐减少;燕白根的丙二醛含量先增后降,津优1号根的丙二醛含量先降后增.喷施Na2Se O3后,黄瓜叶和根的CAT、SOD和POD活性呈现不同变化趋势.喷施外源硒降低了2个品种果实中不同形态Cd含量.叶面喷施Na2Se O3使黄瓜叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd含量分别下降了3.2%~17.9%、14.6%~28.2%、5.1%~18.5%和60.6%~75.8%.比较2个供试黄瓜品种,无论喷施Na2Se O3与否,黄瓜植株中Cd积累量以津优1号燕白.     

珠三角新会地区表层土壤硒、氟、碘地球化学特征研究

以珠江三角洲新会地区西江、潭江下游的三江、睦州、古井三镇土壤为主要研究对象,测试分析所采集的1 567件表层土壤样品全氮(N)、有机碳(Org.C)、pH等理化指标和二氧化硅(SiO_2)、三氧化二铝(Al_2O_3)、硒(Se)、氟(F)、碘(I) 5种元素组分含量,以及60件稻谷样的硒(Se)含量。重点探讨了研究区Se、F、I的含量、分布及其影响因素等地球化学特征。结果表明,研究区土壤呈现强酸性-酸性,Se、F、I的含量均值分别为0. 50 mg/kg、617. 39 mg/kg、3. 57 mg/kg,Se、F高于全国土壤背景值,I低于全国土壤背景值; Se、F、I均与Al_2O_3、Org.C以及pH相关,F与Se不相关,F与I负相关。Se、F、I的含量、分布等地球化学特征受地层控制:不同成土母质中,基岩区和花岗岩区Se、I含量较高;第四纪沉积区F含量较高。推测Se和I主要源于燕山期的火山活动,F主要源于三角洲的沉积作用。总体上研究区土壤呈现足硒、富硒,碘适量,氟过剩的特征,稻谷富硒率也高,具备开发天然富硒农产品的条件。     

基于有效硒的富硒土壤阈值及有效硒的影响因素

土壤中有效硒(Se)含量是影响作物硒含量的主导因素.为合理有效在有效硒含量高、全硒含量低的土壤中圈定富Se土壤范围并提出天然富Se作物培育理论性指导,在宁夏北部石嘴山市采集表层土壤样品8 814件和根系土-作物配套样品195件,以有效硒为分析主线,通过对表层土壤和根系土中全Se、有效Se含量和Se形态以及根系土配套作物硒含量的综合研究,确定适合研究区的基于有效Se的富Se土壤阈值,建立有效Se的多元回归模型确定影响有效Se的主要理化指标以期通过提高有效硒的方式提高作物富硒率.结果表明,根系土-作物中Se的特征可代表表层土壤全Se和有效Se特征,根系土全Se、有效Se及作物Se含量的协调性分析确定0.24mg·kg^-1的全Se含量作为富Se土壤界定阈值;有效Se的多元回归模型显示,土壤中全Se和土壤肥力元素含量的增加可促进有效Se的富集.     

典型土壤双季稻对Cd吸收累积差异

用盆栽试验方法研究典型土壤双季稻条件下水稻对Cd的吸收累积差异.选取典型水稻土黄泥田(板页岩母质发育)和麻砂泥(花岗岩母质发育),通过添加不同浓度梯度外源Cd,进行盆栽试验,研究双季稻不同生育期土壤有效态Cd(DTPACd)、水稻植株各部位以及糙米Cd累积情况.结果表明,双季稻晚稻生育期土壤有效态Cd大于早稻,黄泥田大于麻砂泥,其差异性均达极显著水平(P0.01).水稻植株各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)Cd累积量随外源Cd增加和生育期的延长而呈现递增的趋势.不同生育期、不同土壤水稻糙米与植株各器官Cd累积量差异显著,具体表现为:早稻小于晚稻,黄泥田小于麻砂泥.水稻各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)中Cd含量与土壤有效Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系.应用稻米Cd含量预测模型及水稻累积Cd的特征方程推算出土壤Cd安全阈值为:黄泥田早稻0.98 mg·kg~(-1)和晚稻:0.83 mg·kg~(-1);麻砂泥分别为0.86 mg·kg~(-1)和0.56 mg·kg~(-1).不同母质土壤的安全阈值与环境容量不同,其环境质量标准与污染修复控制措施应该有所区别.     

宁夏长山头富硒区土壤硒地球化学特征研究

本文对宁夏长山头典型富硒区土壤Se含量特征及玉米籽实Se含量影响因素进行了系统研究,发现长山头地区土壤硒背景含量为0.25 mg/kg,主要的富硒土壤类型为新积土,其成土母质为山前洪流携带的碎屑物。进一步的研究表明,土壤中硒含量与p H呈负相关关系,而与有机碳、TFe_2O_3及Mn呈正相关关系。与土壤环境相反,玉米籽实中硒的含量与p H成正相关关系,而与有机碳、TFe_2O_3及Mn呈负相关关系。这说明这些指标对硒在土壤-植物系统中的地球化学行为具有显著影响作用。此外,土壤中全量硒的增加对植物的吸收率并没有显著的促进作用。     

Assessment of potential soybean cadmium excluder cultivars at different concentrations of Cd in soils

The selection of cadmium-excluding cultivars has been used to minimize the transfer of cadmium into the human food chain. In this experiment, five Chinese soybean plants were grown in three soils with different concentrations of Cd (0.15, 0.75 and 1.12 mg/kg). Variations in uptake, enrichment, and translocation of Cd among these soybean cultivars were studied. The results indicated that the concentration of Cd in seeds that grew at 1.12 mg/kg Cd in soils exceeded the permitted maximum levels in soybeans. Therefore, our results indicated that even some soybean cultivars grown on soils with permitted levels of Cd might accumulate higher concentrations of Cd in seeds that are hazardous to human health. The seeds of these five cultivars were further assessed for interactions between Cd and other mineral nutrient elements such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn. High Cd concentration in soil was found to inhibit the uptake of Mn. Furthermore, Fe and Zn accumulations were found to be enhanced in the seeds of all of the five soybean cultivars in response to high Cd concentration. Cultivar Tiefeng 31 was found to fit the criteria for a Cd-excluding cultivar under different concentrations of Cd in soils.     

施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配的调控

为了评估施硅处理对Cd在水稻(Oryza sativa. L)体内迁移的影响,通过外源添加Cd(CdCl₂)制成w(Cd)为50、100 mg/kg的污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究不同施硅量〔w(Si)分别为0、28、56 mg/kg〕对Cd污染土壤中水稻(以华航丝苗和黄华占为例)植株中Cd积累与分配的影响. 结果表明:施硅处理可明显影响水稻根部w(Cd),表现为增加华航丝苗根部w(Cd)、降低黄花占根部w(Cd),但两个品种根部Cd累积量均呈增加趋势. 施硅处理后华航丝苗和黄华占的叶、谷壳、糊粉层及精米中w(Cd)、Cd累积量均呈降低趋势,并且在施硅量为56 mg/kg时显著降低;施硅处理显著降低了华航丝苗和黄华占茎中w(Cd)以及华航丝苗茎中Cd累积量,同时增加了黄花占茎中Cd累积量. 施硅可显著降低精米中w(Cd),在w(Cd)为50和100 mg/kg的Cd污染水平下,华航丝苗和黄华占精米中w(Cd)较未施硅处理下的最大降幅分别达到32.49%、53.77%和24.73%、20.67%. 施硅对水稻植株各器官的Cd富集系数、转移系数和分配系数都有一定影响,施硅处理下水稻植株地上部各器官的Cd富集系数和转移系数均呈降低趋势,根部Cd分配比例显著增加. 研究显示,施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配有一定调节作用,并因土壤中w(Cd)、施硅量、水稻品种及稻株器官的不同而存在差异.      

三叶鬼针草幼苗对镉污染的耐性及其吸收积累特征研究

通过盆栽实验研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosaL.)幼苗的耐性能力(包括生长反应和生理生化特性)以及对Cd的吸收积累特征.结果表明,当土壤中投加的Cd浓度为≤32 mg/kg时,三叶鬼针草植物的生长和发育没有受到抑制,与对照相比,地上部和根部生物量分别增加了32.4%~44%和29.1%~57.6%,其中,当Cd处理浓度为8 mg/kg时,地上部干重达到最大值,为0.22 g/pot.在不同Cd处理下,叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量下降,分别比对照处理降低了23.3%和41.5%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着Cd浓度增加先有所抑制,后逐渐增大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量随Cd处理浓度增加而增大,分别比对照增加了1.2~6.6和1.1~1.5倍.然而,当Cd浓度为50~100 mg/kg时,显示出对三叶鬼针草幼苗的生长发育和生理生化特征都产生了一定的负效应,说明三叶鬼针草对Cd污染的耐性能力具有一定的阈值.在梯度实验中,植物体内Cd的富集系数和转移系数都大于1.0.当土壤中Cd含量达到100 mg/kg时,地上部Cd含量达到119.1 mg/kg,具备...     

Differences of cadmium absorption and accumulation in selected vegetable crops

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣａｄｍｉｕｍｉｓｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｌｙｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｅｄｉｎｎａｔｕｒａｌａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｖａｒｉｏｕｓａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ,ｍｉｎｉｎｇａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｅｘｈａｕｓｔｇａｓｅｓｏｆａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓ(Ｄａｓ,1 997) .Ｔｈｉｓｔｒａｃｅｍｅｔａｌｉｓｔｈｅｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔａｎｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｔｏｘｉｎｔｈａｔｈａｓｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｆ…     

Influence of soil type and genotype on Cd bioavailability and uptake by rice and implications for food safety

Cadmium (Cd) entering the human body via the food chain is of increasing concern. This study investigates the effects of soil type and genotype on variations in the Cd concentrations of different organs of nine rice plants grown on two types of soils with two Cd levels. Cd concentrations in nine rice cultivars varied significantly with genotype and soil type (P < 0.01). The Cd concentration was higher in red paddy soil (RP) than in yellow clayey paddy soil (YP). The average Cd concentrations of different organs in three rice types were indica > hybrid > japonica for the Cd treatments and controls. The polished grain concentration in YP and RP soils had a range of 0.055-0.23 mg/kg and 0.13-0.36 mg/kg in the Cd treatment, respectively. Two rice cultivars in YP soil and five rice cultivars in RP soil exceeded the concentration limits in the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard (0.2 mg/kg). The Cd concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves were all significantly and positively correlated to that in polished grain in a single test. The Cd concentrations in polished grain were positively and significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with the calculated transfer factors of stem to grain and leaf to grain Cd transfer. The results indicated that the variations of Cd concentration in grain were related to Cd uptake and the remobilization of Cd from stem and leaf to grain. Also, the cultivars with a strong tendency for Cd-accumulation should be avoided in paddy soil with low soil pH and low organic matter content to reduce the risks to human health from high Cd levels in rice.     

Potential of Pteris vittata L. for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with cadmium and arsenic： The tolerance and accumulation

Field investigation and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the tolerance of Pteris vittata L. （Chinese brake） to cadmium （Cd） and its feasibility for remediating sites co-contaminated with Cd and arsenic （As）. The results showed that P. vittata could survive in pot soils spiked with 80 mg/kg of Cd and tolerated as great as 301 mg/kg of total Cd and 26.8 mg/kg of diethyltriaminepenta acetic acid （DTPA）-extractable Cd under field conditions. The highest concentration of Cd in fronds was 186 mg/kg under a total soil concentration of 920 mg As/kg and 98.6 mg Cd/kg in the field, whereas just 2.6 mg/kg under greenhouse conditions. Ecotypes of P. vittata were differentiated in tolerance and accumulation of Cd, and some of them could not only tolerate high concentrations of soil Cd, but also accumulated high concentrations of Cd in their fronds. Arsenic uptake and transportation by P. vittata was not inhibited at lower levels （〈20 mg/kg） of Cd addition. Compared to the treatment without addition of Cd, the frond As concentration was increased by 103.8% at 20 mg Cd/kg, with the highest level of 6434 mg/kg. The results suggested that the Cd-tolerant ecotype of P. vittata extracted effectively As and Cd from the site co-contaminated with Cd and As, and might be used to remediate and revegetate this type of site.     

不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险

采用田间试验法,研究了江苏省57个水稻品种籽粒对太湖地区乌栅土中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收积累.结果表明水稻籽粒的Cd、Cu、Se含量的变化范围分别为0.099±0.039、4.86±2.595、0.035±0.007mg/kg,指示不同水稻品种对同一土壤中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收及其在籽粒中的积累存在有显著的差异.不同品种籽粒对Cu和Cd的吸收积累有同步的趋势,而高Se品种显示出抑制重金属Cu和Cd积累的倾向.不同品种籽粒中重金属含量的差异可能影响到人类重金属食物摄取的健康风险,57个品种中92%的样品的Cd含量超出USEPA推荐的人类摄取的籽粒临界含量.因此,在土壤重金属污染地区,必须密切注意高Cd、Cu吸收积累品种的大规模栽培.而筛选高Se低Cu、Cd的水稻品种进行品质育种是可能的.     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.