UV、O3及UV/O3削减耐药菌和抗性基因性能

从某污水处理厂二级出水分离出粪肠球菌、短芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌和大肠杆菌4种耐药菌,通过菌落计数法、qPCR评价UV、O₃及UV/O₃对耐药菌和抗性基因的削减效果.研究表明,3种方式对耐药菌均有较好的削减效果,其中革兰氏阳性菌灭活效果比阴性菌差;对抗性基因的削减受消毒方式和抗性基因的种类影响较大,结果表明短芽孢杆菌在耐药菌和抗性基因削减过程中表现出较强的抗逆性.结合复活实验和扫描电镜发现,UV消毒72h后耐药菌的光复活率为6.93%~11.58%;O₃因破坏了细胞结构未出现光复活现象,这一过程中胞内抗性基因可能释放到环境中;UV/O₃对耐药菌造成的损伤同样具有不可逆性.     

污水处理厂消毒技术对抗生素抗性菌的强化去除

基于消毒技术对污水处理厂出水中总异养菌(total heterotrophic bacteria,HPC)及5种抗生素抗性菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB):氨苄霉素抗性菌(AMP)、红霉素抗性菌(ERY)、四环素抗性菌(TET)、卡那霉素抗性菌(KAN)、环丙沙星抗性菌(CIP)的去除情况研究,分析消毒技术对ARB的强化去除效果.结果表明,实际污水处理厂的紫外消毒对ARB去除率仅为18.2%~40.9%,且AMP含量最高;另外,消毒技术对ERY有选择性去除效果,对其他4种ARB无明显选择性去除效果(P0.05);最后结合次氯酸钠、臭氧、紫外消毒处理对COD、NH_4~+-N的去除效果,确定强化去除ARB的消毒方式中臭氧,次氯酸钠和紫外的最佳浓度和剂量依次为5.0 mg·L~(-1)、25.0 mg·L~(-1)和45.0 m J·cm~(-2),ARB去除率依次为45.5%~74.5%、66.1%~85.5%、68.6%~85.5%,另外次氯酸钠耦合紫外消毒强化去除ARB的效果更佳.     

能耗和水质因素对紫外LED灭活深海油田注水常见细菌的影响

为了探究紫外LED应用于深海油田注水消毒的可行性,通过静态实验考察了255、280、350 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的消毒能力,并结合光电转换效率考察各紫外LED的能耗差异;此外,考察了水质因素对紫外线透射率及紫外LED灭活异养菌效果的影响.结果表明,紫外LED的单位灭活率能耗受紫外线灭活速率常数和该波长紫外LED的光电转换效率共同影响,尽管255 nm紫外线对腐生菌、铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌灭活速率常数最大,但280 nm紫外LED针对受试菌种的单位灭活率能耗最低;颗粒物和铁离子等水质因素主要通过影响紫外线透射率对消毒效果产生影响,当紫外线透射率较高时对消毒效果的影响不大;驱动电流相同时,280 nm紫外LED对高细菌负荷水样的消毒更有优势.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

污水处理中紫外消毒效果的研究

紫外消毒技术相对于氯化法消毒,能够快速、有效地去除污水中粪大肠杆菌,操作简单方面,无副产物生成,对周围环境和人员安全可靠,在中国许多污水处理厂都已取代氯化法消毒并广泛应用。阐述了紫外消毒和微生物光复活现象的原理,并通过大量试验来研究紫外消毒技术去除粪大肠杆菌的效果,及经紫外消毒后出水中粪大肠杆菌光复活现象对紫外消毒效果的影响,提出可采用出水避光排放、增加紫外照射剂量、延长照射时间等方法来控制微生物光复活现象。     

H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化对城市污水消毒作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体,利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO2负载在泡沫镍上,制成固载型TiO2光催化反应器,在光催化反应器中加入H2O2,研究H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化反应系统对城市污水消毒效果。试验表明,固载型TiO2光催化反应中加入10 ppm H2O2,能大大提高紫外消毒效果,降低原水浊度对紫外消毒系统的影响,同时显著减少紫外消毒系统出水光复活现象。H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化反应系统,对降低紫外消毒投资和运行成本,提高紫外消毒效果稳定性,促进城市污水紫外消毒技术的推广具有重要意义。     

畜禽养殖场空气中可培养抗生素耐药菌污染特点研究

畜禽养殖场被认为是空气环境中耐药基因和致病菌的重要来源.本研究对北京地区22个畜禽养殖场逸散细菌、四环素和红霉素耐药菌气溶胶的浓度进行检测,对其粒径分布和动力学粒径进行分析.结果表明,所调查的3种生物气溶胶(细菌、四环素耐药菌和红霉素耐药菌),在猪舍内浓度最高,牛舍内最低.蛋鸡舍内两种抗生素耐药菌气溶胶的浓度均低于肉鸡.本研究在蛋鸡和肉鸡舍外空气中检测到了四环素和红霉素耐药菌,所占丰度分别为8.81%、15.89%和23.19%、36.53%.不同养殖场舍内外细菌、四环素耐药菌和红霉素耐药菌气溶胶浓度的粒径分布特点存在差异.动力学粒径研究结果显示,4种动物舍内的四环素和红霉素耐药菌气溶胶主要沉降在人体的咽喉和支气管.本研究结果将为评价养殖场生物气溶胶对周边空气环境污染及人类健康造成的危害提供基础数据.     

滨河污水处理厂出水氯与紫外消毒对比试验研究

选择氯和紫外消毒技术对深圳滨河污水处理厂二级出水进行中试研究,比较了氯、紫外消毒技术的消毒效果、持续杀毒能力、消毒安全性、消毒成本和受水质量参数影响程度五方面内容并得到相应的数据以进行横向对比。据试验结果和该污水处理厂工程实际情况,推荐采用紫外污水消毒工艺。     

紫外线与消毒剂联合作用于黄浦江源水的研究

针对黄浦江源水砂滤出水,进行了紫外线单独作用的研究,同时对于紫外线与消毒剂联合消毒时消毒剂的投加方式对灭菌作用和消毒副产物的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明:当紫外线剂量达到42 mJ/cm2时出水水质已达到了生活饮用水卫生标准中对细菌总数和大肠杆菌数的要求,且在相同紫外剂量下,高强度时对细菌的灭活效果要好于低强度时的效果;先紫外消毒后消毒剂消毒对于微生物具有很好的杀灭作用,但是不能减少消毒副产物的产生;紫外线和消毒剂同时作用对于微生物的杀灭作用不佳,但是出水的消毒剂余量高,消毒副产物量少,这样有利于出水的安全稳定性;先消毒剂消毒再紫外消毒,发现对于消毒副产物没有多大的降解作用,更浪费了高的紫外剂量。     

氯对紫外线灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的协同作用

以枯草芽孢杆菌为研究对象,研究了紫外线和氯单独及联合作用时的灭菌效果.结果表明,单独氯消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很低,CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,灭活率仅为0.53个对数级;单独紫外线消毒对枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的灭活效果,紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²时,对其有3.3个对数级的灭活效果.紫外线和氯联合消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果大大增强,当紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²,氯的CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达6.2个对数级,远高于二者单独作用效果之和.紫外线与氯的作用顺序对消毒效果有明显影响,以先紫外线照射后再加氯的效果最好.通过Berenbaum公式计算可知,紫外线与氯联合灭菌是一种协同作用,并且随着紫外线剂量及氯投量的增加,协同作用增强.     

污水厂二级出水中抗生素抗性细菌的紫外灭活与复活特性

抗生素抗性细菌(ARB)作为新兴污染物受到了广泛关注,但紫外线(UV)消毒对ARB去除效果的研究尚不够充分。以某城市污水处理厂过滤后的二级出水为研究对象,通过分析UV消毒前后水中四环素、氨苄西林、氯霉素及链霉素抗性细菌丰度的变化,探究了UV消毒对ARB的去除作用及ARB的光复活与暗修复潜能。结果表明:UV对过滤后二级出水中的4种ARB具有一定灭活能力,4种ARB对UV消毒的耐受能力由高到低分别为:氨苄西林抗性细菌>四环素抗性细菌>链霉素抗性细菌≈氯霉素抗性细菌。当UV消毒剂量为20 mJ/cm2时,氯霉素与链霉素抗性细菌可被完全灭活,消毒后24 h内,这2种ARB未出现光复活或暗修复现象,这一剂量的UV不能完全灭活氨苄西林与四环素抗性细菌,且被灭活后的ARB可实现部分光复活及暗修复。当UV消毒剂量达到80 mJ/cm2时,这4种ARB均被全部灭活,消毒后6 h内,氨苄西林抗性细菌出现了复活现象。不论是在光照还是避光的条件下,UV消毒24 h后水中的总异养菌群中有超过70.32%的细菌对氨苄西林具有抗性,因此,单独UV消毒并不能有效地控制ARB从污水处理厂向环境中的传播。     

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

污水的光化学灭菌处理研究

以日光和中压汞灯为光源,以亚甲基兰为光敏剂,研究了南京市某污水样的灭菌处理和从灭菌水样中除去ＭＢ的方法,结果表明,光源,光强,光照时间,ＭＢ用量和溶解氧等因素对灭菌有显著影响,不加ＭＢ的水样经紫外光灭菌后,在日光下细菌呈现复活,当１Ｌ细菌总数为３．１×１０＾６个／ｍｌ的污水加入２ｍｇ ＭＢ,并在充气状态下以３００Ｗ中压汞灯光照４ｍｉｎ,其灭菌率达１００％,且无光复活,同样条件下日光的灭菌率则低很多     

Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation

The effects of UV intensity and turbidity on selected microbial indicator inactivation were investigated. Results showed that UV disinfection was effective in killing all the selected microbial indicators, the resistance order of the microorganisms was as follows： MS-2 coliphage 〉 Bacillus subtilis 〉 E. coil 〉 Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. UV intensity had influence on the inactivation of all the microorganisms, high UV disinfection efficency was obtained with higher UV intensity. Turbidity had impact on the bacteria inactivation rate, but there was no evidence that turbidity had any negative contribution to MS-2 coliphage. Under the same UV dosage, higher UV intensity could overcome the negative influence of turbidity on UV performance, enhanced microorganism inactivation effect in turbidity water.     

紫外线-茶多酚联用对供水管网的消毒效果

针对传统消毒技术的安全风险问题,以维护供水管网水质安全为目标,引入茶多酚作为辅助消毒剂和紫外线消毒联用,模拟供水管网系统探究不同管材和水力停留时间下紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒的消毒效果,分析管壁生物膜形貌和菌落分布的变化.结果表明,75mg/L是紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒时茶多酚的较优投加量,可保持48h消毒效果.模拟管网运行过程中整体水质较好,但管材对管网消毒效果的影响较大,30d内球墨铸铁和UPVC管网中细菌量超过100CFU/mL的频率分别为80%和0%,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒在UPVC管网中消毒持续性较强.与紫外线消毒相比,紫外线-茶多酚联合消毒对管壁生物膜的破坏效果更明显,且对生物膜中的蓝藻菌和肠道致病菌杀灭效果更强,有利于保障管网水质的安全性.     

Sequential use of ultraviolet light and chlorine for reclaimed water disinfection

Several disinfection processes of ultraviolet (UV), chlorine or UV followed by chlorine were investigated in municipal wastewater according to the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and toxicity formation. The UV inactivation of the tested pathogenic bacteria was not affected by the quality of water. It was found that the inactivated bacteria were obviously reactivated after one day in dark. Fluorescent light irradiation increased the bacteria repair. The increase of UV dosage could cause more damage to bacteria to inhibit bacteria self-repair. No photoreactivation was detected when the UV dose was up to 80 mJ/cm² for E. coli DH5αup, and 23 mJ/cm² for S. dysenteriae. Nevertheless, sequential use of 8 mJ/cm² of UV and low concentration of chlorine (1.5 mg/L) could effectively inhibit the photoreactivation and inactivate E. coli below the detection limits within seven days. Compared to chlorination alone, the sequential disinfection decreased the genotoxicity of treated wastewater, especially for the sample with high NH₃-N concentration.     

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.