黄土高原植被演替不同阶段植物系数的变化与适应性评价

用4年长期定位试验资料,利用植物系数、蒸散量、土壤含水量和土壤水分对植物的有效性等指标,研究了黄土高原植被群落不同演替阶段(草本群落→灌木群落→早期森林群落→顶级群落)的耗水特性与生态适应性。结果表明:不同演替阶段,群落实际蒸散量主要受降水控制,群落间差异不显著(P＞0.05);土壤含水量是早期森林群落明显高于其它群落,草本群落明显高于灌木群落(P＜0.05);植物系数是灌木群落＞草本群落＞乔木群落,而顶级群落大于早期森林群落;土壤水分对植物的有效性是早期森林和顶级群落明显高于草本和灌木群落(P＜0.05)。因此,进行植被建设不但要考虑植物系数还要考虑土壤水分对不同植物的有效性。     

Botanical composition, soil and forage quality under different management regimes in Russian grasslands

Little is known on how management of Russian native grasslands affects botanical composition, soil and forage properties. Three fields were sampled in the V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem Biosphere State Reserve in the Kursk region of Russia: a native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), a grazed/hay field with 4 years of annual harvest followed by 1 year of rest (periodically-cut grazed/hay field), and a yearly-cut grazed/hay field. Soil samples were collected from the top 10 cm and analyzed. Plant species were identified at the sampling sites and this plant material was used to determine total elemental analysis of forage, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and lignin concentrations. Above-ground live and dead plant material and roots were analyzed for C, N and lignin. Soil sample analysis showed that fields were comparable in terms of soil chemical and physical properties. SOC and N contents were not statistically different in the native and yearly grazed/hay fields. Soil bulk density significantly increased as a result of utilization, from 0.80±0.09 Mg m⁻³ for the native grassland to 0.97±0.06 Mg m⁻³ for the yearly grazed/hay field. A total of 107 different plant species were recorded at the three fields. There were changes in plant composition among the fields. The native grassland field had the least number of plant species (41) followed by the yearly-cut grazed/hay field (68), and the periodically-cut grazed/hay field (87). There was a greater proportion of grass species (20%) in the native grassland field. Dead plant biomass and roots from the grazed/hay fields were higher in N and lignin concentrations. Forage mineral concentration was highest in the periodically-cut hay field. No significant differences were observed in terms of forage properties.     

矿业废弃地不同生态修复模式下植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征

为了筛选出适合矿业废弃地复垦生态修复的植物材料,通过在排土场布设生态修复试验,开展不同生态修复模式对植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征影响的研究.结果 表明,不同生态修复模式下共出现存活植物8科10种,多为草本植物,乔灌草小区修复效果最佳,植物覆盖度达到100％,存活率超过69％,植物群落多样性指数表现为:乔灌草＞灌草＞乔...     

黄河三角洲土壤真菌群落结构对盐生植被演替的响应

采用高通量测序技术,探究了黄河三角洲光板地和4种盐生植被(翅碱蓬、獐茅、白茅和罗布麻)下土壤真菌群落结构组成及分布特征,揭示其与盐生植被演替的关系.结果表明,随盐生植被正向演替,土壤质量有不断改善的趋势.轻度耐盐群落(罗布麻群落、白茅群落)土壤中真菌丰富度相对较高,其Shannon多样性指数分别为5.21、5.84;在重度耐盐群落(翅碱蓬、獐茅)土壤中真菌丰富度较低,其Shannon多样性指数分别为4.64、4.66.在不同演替阶段时,土壤真菌群落结构差别相对较大(Unifrac Metric值为0.48~0.67).土壤中全氮含量是影响真菌OTU数、ACE指数和Shannon指数的主要因素.5个土壤样本共获得60174条有效序列,可归到子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)、毛霉亚门(Mucoromycotina)5个真菌门;其中,子囊菌门在重度耐盐植物群落(翅碱蓬、獐茅)中相对丰度较高(2.69%、69.97%),担子菌门在轻度耐盐群落(罗布麻群落、白茅群落)中相对丰度较高(9.43%、6.64%).     

Comparison of riparian plant communities under four land management systems in southwestern Wisconsin

Riparian plant community composition is influenced by moisture, erosion, original native plant communities, and current and past land use. This study compared riparian plant communities under four types of management: woody buffer strip, grassy buffer strip, rotational grazing, and continuous grazing. Study sites were located along spring-fed streams in the unglaciated region of southwestern Wisconsin, USA. At each site, plant community surveys were conducted using a point transect method. Among the treatments, woody buffer strips, rotationally grazed and continuously grazed riparian areas had greater plant species richness than grassy buffer strips, and woody buffer strips had the greatest native plant species richness. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was prevalent in grassy buffer strips (44% of all observations), common in woody buffer strips (15%), and rare in sites that were rotationally or continuously grazed (3 and 5%, respectively). Pasture sites had greater proportions of native grasses and grass relatives and moderate levels of overall native species richness. Considered a water quality best management practice, well-managed rotational grazing may be a reasonable alternative to buffer strips which can contribute to protection and enhancement of native vegetation biodiversity.     

Subhumid pasture plant communities entrained by management

Many annual cropping lands are being converted to perennial pasture in humid and subhumid areas of the USA as the economic, social, and environmental benefits of managed grazing become evident. Recent evidence about the positive effects of plant diversity on productivity is driving farmers towards management for more complex species mixes than were promoted historically for grazed pastures, but this emphasis has highlighted a lack of understanding about plant community management in pastures. To better understand this system we examined sources of variability in the plant community of a subhumid grassland that was subjected to combinations of disturbance (graze or burn), and amendment (nitrogen, carbon, or ambient), and native grass seeding treatments over 3 years (2004 to 2006). We estimated species cover five times during the study period and ordinated these data with nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS). The ordination explained 80% of the variation in the plant community data set. Variance in ordination site scores was ascribed to management (disturbance, soil amendment, and native grass seeding time), the environment (year, season within year, and block), or unexplained (residual) realms with a linear mixed-effects model. The overwhelming source of variability in the plant community (62–99%) was attributed to management. Ordination results illustrated that plant groups sorted out along management gradients: burned plots were shifted towards grasses while forbs and clovers were associated with grazed plots. We demonstrate how a community-level approach can be used to evaluate management regimes in agroecosystems. Our results indicate that disturbance and soil amendments can be used to shape plant communities in subhumid grasslands for specific agronomic and conservation goals.     

Effects of management cessation on grassland butterflies in southern Poland

The effects of natural succession and invasions of indigenous reed Phragmites australis and alien goldenrods Solidago sp. on butterfly communities of wet grassland were investigated in Kraków (southern Poland) after management cessation.The total number of species and individuals, mean number of species per survey and a species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) were highest in fallow lands, old fallow lands and young forests, and the lowest in fallow lands invaded by reed and goldenrod and in mature forests. These results (1) reveal the importance of extensively mown meadows and fallow land for butterflies, (2) indicate that meadow restoration is still possible even several decades after abandonment and (3) show that invasion of reed and non-native goldenrods should be prevented.A few very rare species included in the Habitat Directive (Lycaena dispar, Lycaena helle, Maculinea teleius and Maculinea nausithous) were common on the wet grasslands in Krakow, thus the area should be protected. Moreover, it was shown that the presence and relative abundance of Maculinea butterflies were good indicators of general butterfly species richness and abundance in the investigated wet grasslands.     

黄河三角洲不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因子分析

土壤酶是滨海湿地群落构建和演替的关键因子,但水盐胁迫条件下土壤酶活性的驱动机制尚不明确.以黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳这3种盐生植物群落为对象,研究其根际与非根际土壤中蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性特征及其分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质的变化探讨滨海湿地群落演替过程中土壤酶活性的驱动因子.结果表明,盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳群落的根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力指标均显著高于非根际土壤(P 0. 05).在根际土壤中,磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶活性均表现为盐地碱蓬芦苇柽柳,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性则分别表现为柽柳盐地碱蓬芦苇、盐地碱蓬柽柳芦苇,且不同盐生植物群落根际土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P 0. 05),说明植物类型及其根际效应均会影响土壤酶活性和土壤肥力特征,且根际效应对土壤酶活性的影响大于植被类型.土壤蔗糖酶活性与有效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)显著正相关(P 0. 05);脲酶活性与全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、AK、AP、NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)显著正相关(P 0. 01);二者均与土壤电导率(EC)显著负相关(P 0. 01).磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤含水率(MC)、全碳(TC)、TN、全磷(TP)、SOM、AK和NH_4~+-N均呈显著正相关关系(P 0. 05),同时,pH、总钾(TK)、NO_3~--N还与过氧化氢酶活性显著正相关(P 0. 05).冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,黄河三角洲土壤酶活性特征的主要影响因子从大到小依次为:TC(P 0. 01)、SOM(P 0. 01)、MC(P 0. 01)、TN(P 0. 05)、NH_4~+-N(P 0. 05)和EC(P 0. 05),表明土壤肥力、水分与盐度是黄河三角洲盐生植物群落土壤酶活性的主要影响因子.     

近20年气候变化对西南地区植被净初级生产力的影响

论文利用大气-植被相互作用模型(AVIm²)模拟了西南地区植被净初级生产力的空间分布格局和多年变化,分析了1981-2000年西南地区气候变化对森林、灌丛和草地净初级生产力的影响。研究表明,西南地区植被净初级生产力的空间分布与降水量呈显著正相关,与海拔高度呈负相关。从年际变化来看,西南地区总植被净初级生产力近20年略有上升。近一步分析表明,由于近20年西南地区自然植被分布区域降水量变化具有明显差异,从而使得不同类型植被对气候变化有不同响应特征。在森林分布广泛的地区,气温升高速率为0.037℃/年,降水量变化趋势不明显,模拟的森林植被净初级生产力没有明显变化趋势。灌丛和草地集中区域气温升高速率分别为0.040℃/年和0.034℃/年,年降水量有明显增加趋势,植被净初级生产力有上升趋势。     

Influence of hedgerow and grassy field borders on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity in fields of corn

Agricultural landscapes may be manipulated in ways that benefit predatory invertebrates by providing alternate food sources, overwintering sites, and refuge from farming activities. Ecological theory predicts that complex plant communities should support a richer community of natural enemies of pest insects than a simple plant community. A study was conducted in Iowa, USA to investigate the influence of the vegetative diversity of field boarders on the activity, species richness, and community similarities of predatory beetles occurring in corn fields.Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) populations were compared among corn fields bounded by either complex hedges or simple grass edges. Directional pitfall traps were used to investigate activity patterns of beetles between border types and their adjacent corn fields. Beetles were trapped during four seasonal periods, based on the growth stage of corn. During corn emergence (May–June) when fields are barren, carabids were more active and species richness was higher in the corn fields bordered by woody hedges. The carabid species Scarites quadriceps, Scarites subterraneus, and Harpalus pensylvanicus, were more dominant in hedge sites as compared to grass sites at this time. Following corn–canopy closure, carabids were now more active in fields bordered by grassy edges, but beetle activity also remained high in the fields adjacent to woody hedges. Further analysis of the carabid communities by Bray–Curtis Similarity Index showed no difference among field edge types at any time of the season. Results indicate that both complex and simple field border habitats support abundant and diverse populations of carabids during most of the growing season. However, during the early growing season hedges appear to be more important than grass edges in supplying carabid beetles to corn fields. Woody hedges may serve as very important overwintering sites and as an early season refuge for predatory beetles in corn.     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物叶片及枯落物的生态化学计量学特征研究

以黄土高原纸坊沟流域3种不同植物类型(乔、灌、草)下优势物种的叶片及其枯落物为研究对象,通过对其碳、氮、磷、钾含量及生态化学计量学特征的研究,探讨退化生态系统植物内稳性、NP限制率以及营养元素的回流关系,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与重建以及不同物种的合理配置提供合理建议,为完善生态化学计量学理论提供支撑.结果表明,不同植物类型叶片碳氮磷含量变化较小,钾含量变化较大,表现为草本植物叶片钾含量显著高于乔木与灌木;叶片在凋落前将大量的养分转移至其它器官,防止养分的流失,使得枯落物碳氮磷钾含量均小于叶片.碳、氮、磷、钾的回流率分别为6.16%~22.84%、24.38%~65.18%、22.38%~77.16%、60.99%~89.35%,其中碳、磷、钾的回流率以草本最大,磷的回流率以灌木最大.乔木与灌木叶片与枯落物N∶P、N∶K、C∶N比差异不显著,草本植物差异显著.植物叶片N∶P比变化范围为12.14~19.17,叶片枯落物N∶P比变化范围为12.84~30.67.通常将N∶P比为16作为评价植物生长受氮或者磷限制的临界值,不同植物类型叶片N∶P比表现为灌木(19.17)乔木(15)草本(12.14),说明该区灌木主要受磷含量的限制,草本植物主要受氮含量限制,乔木主要受氮磷含量共同限制.叶片钾含量与N∶P呈极显著的负相关,枯落物钾含量与C∶P比呈极显著的负相关.综合研究表明,该区3种植物类型碳氮磷含量无差异,钾含量差异显著,叶片碳氮磷钾回流率较大,不同植物类型受氮与磷限制作用不一致植物在生长演替阶段对氮磷等元素的累积与回归表现出一定的特异性.     

喀斯特高原退化湿地草海土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性研究

为了揭示土壤微生物群落功能多样性对湿地退化过程的响应及其与环境因子的关系,采用BIOLOG-ECO微平板法对喀斯特高原湿地草海不同植被演替阶段根际土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性进行了研究.结果表明,沿湿地植被演替梯度,根际土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度逐渐增加,原生湿地竹叶眼子菜(Comm.Potamogeton malaianu)根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力最低,碳源代谢类型单一;草甸灯芯草(Juncus effusus L.)群落利用能力最强,碳源代谢类型丰富;Shannon指数(H')和Mc Intosh指数(U)均沿植被演替梯度逐渐升高,这可能与地上植物和土壤理化环境变化有关;主成分分析(PCA)提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为92.85%,能够很好解释不同阶段碳源利用的分异,醇类和氨基酸类是引起碳源利用分异的主要基质;冗余分析(RDA)表明,环境因子对微生物碳源代谢活性具有重要影响,p H、DOC是引起碳源利用分异的主要环境因子.土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性影响湿地碳循环功能.     

Relationships between diversity of grassland vegetation, field characteristics and land use management practices assessed at the farm level

In order to assess the impact of policies to encourage extensification in less favoured areas and improve our knowledge of extensive livestock systems, we analyzed relationships between the diversity of grassland vegetation and land use management practices and field characteristics. This study, conducted on a mountainous area in the centre of France, was based on 149 fields, mainly of natural grasslands belonging to 7 farmers. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relations between the grassland vegetation types (five types established from the list of dominant species), management practices (cutting versus grazing and fertilization) and the topographic (altitude and aspect) and topologic (slope, distance and surface area) characteristics of the fields. The land use management rules used by the farmers were studied by specifying the grazing management rules of the herd (dairy cows), as well as those for conserved forage (mainly hay or silage) and were identified from observations mentioned on the “grazing schedules”, as well as from interviews at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study period. The statistical analysis showed that neither the topographic characteristics of the fields nor the distance from the cowshed or surface area were correlated with the grassland vegetation types. It was the management practices used, largely determined by the field slope, which determined the grassland vegetation type. On the other hand, farmers’ statements showed that the grazing and cutting management rules were mostly determined by the slope of the fields and the distance from the cowshed and, to a lesser extent, by the altitude and aspect. These results showed that the farmers take into consideration environmental differences when choosing fields to allocate for grazing and cutting at different seasons, particularly when they are constrained by these features. Nevertheless, when the constraints were minimal, a wide diversity of grassland vegetation types was also observed. This diversity was a result of attributing different functions to the fields which led to different management practices (defoliation methods and fertilization) and, thus, to different grassland vegetation types. Consequently, for farms where animal feed requirements vary according to the time of the year and the type of animal, we suggest that diversity in the grassland vegetation types is a sound component of these livestock systems.     

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China

In northern China, recent degradation of semi-arid grasslands caused by overgrazing is serious. At Green Grassland Village, west of Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province, three grasslands with different degrees of degradation were surveyed. In the survey, a new method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution, was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each plant species.Chenopodium centrorubrum, Cleistogenes squarrosa and a Carex species were commonly found in the three grasslands. Non-degraded grassland with light grazing was dominated by Arundinella hirta, Filifolium sibiricium, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Potentilla verticillaris, Stipa baicalensis and Thymus serpyllum. These species belong to the erect-type or do not develop large clones under light grazing. These species can be used as indicators of a well-managed grassland in this area. On the other hand, the degraded grassland with heavy grazing was dominated by Artemisia spp. and Euphorbia humifusa var. pilosa. Artemisia spp., E. humifusa var. pilosa, Eragrostis pilosa and Setaria viridis belong to the creeping-type or develop rather large stocks or stolons under heavy utilization. These species increased the spatial heterogeneity in the degraded grassland with heavy grazing.Under degraded conditions, species diversity decreased and spatial heterogeneity of the communities tended to increase.     

Plants with phytotoxic potential: Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis)

Herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium rigidum) threatens the quality and yield of winter wheat crops in Australia, prompting research to discover novel natural plant compounds with herbicidal properties. Due to its novel nature and potentially interesting chemistry, the Australian native, Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis), was tested for its ability to suppress ARG growth and its feasibility for use in weed control strategies. The leaf extract of Wollemi pine significantly inhibited the growth of ARG and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in laboratory bioassays at concentrations above 1% extract. In soil trials, the 100% extract (100 g dried plant material/L) inhibited the dry weight of ARG by 25%. The addition of a wetting agent to the extract increased the suppression of ARG to 80% which was as phytotoxic as a 4-fold increase in the extract concentration (“400%” extract). Using bioassay-guided fractionation, the most phytotoxic fraction was identified and further analysed via GC/MS. Several compounds not previously identified in Wollemi pine leaf extracts have been identified, namely, 2-propylphenol, 3,4-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, vanillyl alcohol and isovanillic acid. These results suggest that Wollemi pine is an important potential source of compounds for the control of ARG and wild radish in winter crops.     

确定力量和随机性在生境可入侵性中的重要性

许多土著群落的物种组成可被外来植物改变,并因此失去原有的生态功能.随着全球化的提速,这样的改变已经是我国生态环境安全的重要风险源.揭示土著群落可入侵性的机制,阐明群落抵抗外来种的主控因素,可为入侵预警和生态系统保护提供理论基础.通过分析土著群落可入侵性主要理论的生态学原理发现,这些理论聚焦于天敌、资源、非资源因素及其相...     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤细菌群落结构特征及变化

为探明贵州喀斯特不同植被演替群落下的土壤细菌群落结构及变化特征,本文利用高通量测序技术对5个主要植被演替群落(稀灌草丛、藤刺灌丛、灌木林、乔灌过渡林、乔木林)的根际(竹叶椒)、非根际土壤细菌群落结构及环境因子进行了分析研究。结果表明:贵州喀斯特高原土壤细菌类群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),其相对丰富度分别为43.35%、12.97%、7.53%、7.12%、6.19%、5.35%、5.05%,未分类类群占7.36%。样品中检测到了较低丰度的广古菌门和泉古菌门。随植被群落演替,根际土壤中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和浮霉菌门丰度逐渐增加;非根际土壤中酸杆菌门和疣微菌门丰度随植被演替逐渐减小。贵州喀斯特高原土壤细菌的影响因子大小为土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、含水量、电导率等,其中土壤有机碳和土壤总氮有显著性影响。     

双台子河口湿地不同植物群落土壤营养元素及含盐量研究

采用时空互代法,选择辽宁双台子河口湿地中芦苇（Phragmites australis（Clav.）Trin.）、香蒲（Typha orientalis Presl.）、碱茅（Puccinellia distans Parl）和碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）4种群落,研究了不同植物群落土壤中营养元素和含盐量分布特征,...     

贵州天然草地资源的自然特征和评价

贵州天然草地是我国南方草地资源的重要组成部分。本文通过1984年对贵州省84个县的草地调查和1331个草地调查样地的分析研究,阐述了贵州草地的次生性和不稳定性、草地分布规律、草地植被和草地类型的特点,进而对贵州草地的生产力和开发利用进行了评价。     

冀北山地绣线菊灌丛的土壤种子库特征

为了了解冀北山地退化植被--绣线菊（Spiraea pubescens）灌丛的生态恢复潜力,采用种子萌发法对其可萌发土壤种子库进行了研究,并与其他群落类型进行了比较。结果表明,绣线菊灌丛种子库的种子密度为4 013.33 粒/m²,低于华北落叶松（Larix gmelinii）人工林（4 646.67 粒/m²）,但高于榛子（Corylus heterophylla）灌丛（1 713.33 粒/m²）和天然次生白桦（Betula platyphylla）林（746.67 粒/m²）;绣线菊灌丛土壤种子库以草本植物为主,没有发现乔木和灌木种子。各群落类型土壤种子库的种子密度有随土壤深度的增加以及坡位的上升而下降的趋势。绣线菊灌丛土壤种子库的物种组成与其他3 种群落类型具有一定的相似性,但低于其他三种群落之间的相似程度。由此得出结论,绣线菊灌丛具有数量庞大的草本植物种子库,群落草本层恢复潜力巨大,但木本植物,尤其是乔木较少,这是限制绣线菊灌丛向森林群落演替的主要限制因素,需要通过人工的方法引入乔木树种,加速群落的演替,促进森林植被的恢复。