水力空化-酸化调理增强污泥脱水性能分析

研究了水力空化-酸化调理作用于污泥脱水的机理。以污泥比阻（specific resistance to filtration,SRF）、污泥含水率和污泥毛细吸水时间（capillary sunction time,CST）作为主要的评价指标,测定污泥胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）中多糖、蛋白含量并进行了污泥酸化程度、污泥电子显微图像分析。结果表明:经水力空化-酸化调理污泥,污泥含水率和SRF分别从83.1%和5.12×1011 m/kg下降到69.8%和2.41×1011 m/kg,CST由50 s下降至20.8 s,各EPS组分含量下降明显,酸化作用通过影响污泥的溶解型胞外聚合物（S-EPS）和松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）中的多糖及蛋白含量改变污泥的脱水性,pH=3时污泥脱水效果最好。综上所述,水力空化-酸化调理能大大增强污泥的脱水性能,在实际工程中具有很大的应用价值。     

预加热对柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的影响

利用预加热污泥（15℃~30℃）方式进行了柠檬酸脱水污泥冬季生物干化的效果及机理研究.结果表明,脱水污泥预热至20℃时可使生物干化高温期维持5.5d且最高温度可达57℃,干化14d污泥含水率从70%下降至34.80%,同时结合水含量降低了65.58%,远高于其他预热组的44.39%~49.53%的结合水去除率.能量平衡分析结果表明,污泥预热至25℃的生物产热量最高,但预热至20℃时用于水分蒸发的能量利用率最高,占总消耗热量的82.62%.此外,污泥胞外聚合物的蛋白质和多糖分析显示,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值和污泥结合水含量呈正相关,高温期Slime-EPS、LB-EPS、EP-EPS层蛋白质含量显著降低,说明蛋白质降解是柠檬酸脱水污泥生物干化的主要产热与脱水机理.     

鼠李糖脂-热对污泥厌氧发酵中脱水性能的影响

为了探究鼠李糖脂以及低温热水解预处理污泥厌氧发酵过程对污泥脱水性能的改变,利用毛细吸水时间（CST）表征脱水性能指标,有机物溶出、粒径分布以及三维荧光光谱分析阐明脱水性能变化机制.研究发现在厌氧发酵之前,预处理后污泥脱水性能均会降低;厌氧发酵之后原污泥脱水性能降低,经过热水解的污泥脱水性能改善;粒径分布变化表明粒径减小是预处理污泥脱水性能变差的部分原因,发酵之后粒径增大对于污泥脱水性能改善不明显.溶解性有机物（SCOD）、溶解性碳水化合物（SC）以及溶解性蛋白质（SP）的溶出情况发现粒径的减小是由于预处理手段对污泥的有效破解.三维荧光平行因子分析（PARAFAC）表明,污泥预处理且厌氧发酵前后溶解性有机质（DOM）均包含类腐殖酸C1（386nm/462nm）和C3（342nm/438nm）、酪氨酸类蛋白C2（278nm/306nm）以及色氨酸类蛋白C4（290nm/358nm）.其中,类腐殖酸的增多是热水解污泥脱水性能变差的主要原因,厌氧发酵之后酪氨酸蛋白的积累是原污泥脱水性能变差的原因,类腐殖酸的分解是热水解污泥发酵后改善的原因.     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

柠檬酸废水污泥脱水中蛋白质和多糖变化特征

该研究从影响污泥脱水性能的胞外聚合物(EPS)形态及蛋白质、多糖分布入手,对废水处理中的污泥进行分层测定,并探讨柠檬酸废水污泥脱水的主要机理。实验结果表明,在污泥各层中蛋白质和多糖的分布模式不同,二沉池剩余污泥、浓缩池污泥、经CPAM调理后的浓缩池污泥的pellet层中的蛋白质和多糖分别占污泥总蛋白质的78.76%和92.86%、89.26%和95.55%、91.68%和95.05%,表明污泥中蛋白质和多糖都主要分布在pellet层,而LB-EPS层和TB-EPS层中几乎没有。此外,污泥在脱水处理过程中slime层中的蛋白质和多糖分别降低了9.28%和1.72%,pellet层中的蛋白质和多糖分别增加了10.5%和2.69%,表明slime层中的蛋白质和多糖均转移到了pellet层。而经CPAM调理后的污泥,蛋白质与多糖含量的比值也有所增加,有利于污泥脱水的性能的提高。     

缺氧酸化联合零价铁-过氧化氢改善污泥脱水性能的研究

为探讨缺氧酸化联合零价铁(ZVI)-过氧化氢(H_2O_2)调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,本文通过单因素试验,以污泥比阻(SRF)作为参考指标,系统考察了调理条件对污泥脱水性能的影响.同时,在试验的最佳调理条件下,分析了污泥各层胞外聚合物(EPS)有机物质量浓度及荧光光谱强度以阐明该联合作用机理.结果表明,当初始pH为2,ZVI投加量为280 mg·g~(-1)(以干污泥量(DS)计,下同),缺氧时间为4 h,H_2O_2投加量为30 mg·g~(-1)(以DS计,下同),类芬顿反应时间为10 min时,SRF降低了90.39%,处理效果较单独类芬顿处理提升了1倍.机理探究试验表明,在缺氧条件下,酸化处理可加速污泥的水解,溶解得到更多的二价铁离子,促使EPS结构发生改变;ZVI-H_2O_2调理可有效地氧化部分EPS,使得紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)破解转化至松散结合胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和上清液胞外聚合物(SB-EPS).EPS分析结果表明,蛋白质的减少能有效提高污泥脱水性能,腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物的产生能提高污泥疏水性能.此外,ZVI的再次利用效率高,重复利用仍能使SRF降低率达到82.04%.因此,缺氧酸化联合ZVI-H_2O_2处理能实现污泥的水解、氧化和絮凝过程,达到改善污泥脱水性能的目的.     

有机质组分对发酵工业污泥脱水性能的影响

该研究选取了味精、柠檬酸、酱油、食醋、赖氨酸和酵母 6 种典型生物发酵制品工业的废水污泥,开展了污泥有机质（VS/TS）、流变特性、胞外聚合物（EPS）与污泥脱水性能的分析及相关性研究。结果表明,发酵工业的剩余污泥 VS/TS 为 62.22%～82.53%,脱水性能差异较大,酵母和柠檬酸污泥的脱水性能最差,毛细吸水时间（CST）分别高达(259.44±9.87) s和(251.71±8.85) s,污泥比阻（SRF）分别为（3.85±0.21）×10⁽¹⁴⁾m/kg和（2.61±0.17）×10(14)m/kg和（2.61±0.17）×10⁽¹⁴⁾m/kg,其次为食醋和味精污泥;不同污泥的初始表观黏度（剪切速率10 s(14)m/kg,其次为食醋和味精污泥;不同污泥的初始表观黏度（剪切速率10 s^(-1)）相比极限表观黏度（剪切速率300 s(-1)）相比极限表观黏度（剪切速率300 s^(-1)）的差异更大,但都与CST和SRF成极显著正相关,说明发酵工业的污泥为黏度值越大污泥脱水性能越差。然而CST、SRF、污泥黏度等都与污泥的VS/TS成反比,与市政污泥结果相反。污泥 EPS 中有机质组分分析结果表明,除赖氨酸污泥外的其他污泥有机组分总量均为蛋白质>多糖>腐殖酸,酵母和柠檬酸污泥的蛋白质总量分别达(624.96±24.08) mg/(gTS)和(361.30±3.11) mg/(gTS),赖氨酸污泥的多糖总量高达(361.59±11.60) mg/(gTS);蛋白质在污泥各 EPS 层的含量分布均为 TB-EPS>Slime-EPS>LB-EPS,且近 50% 的蛋白质和多糖分布在 TB-EPS 层中;从荧光光谱的分析来看,色氨酸类蛋白质在各 EPS 中占比最大,是主要蛋白类物质。脱水性能的相关性分析表明,污泥中腐殖酸及蛋白质组分与黏度、CST 和 SRF 均成显著正相关,蛋白质对污泥黏度和脱水性能的影响比腐殖酸更大,Slime-EPS 和 LB-EPS 层的蛋白质含量对污泥脱水性能的影响更显著。     

好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中群感效应的作用研究

通过观察污泥颗粒化过程中胞外聚合物和水解氨基酸的变化情况,同时监测在好氧颗粒污泥形成过程中不同种类酰化高丝氨酸内酯类化合物（AHLs）在AGS形成过程的变化规律,协同研究群感效应对胞外聚合物产生的影响,进而揭示颗粒化过程中污泥变化特征.结果表明,絮状污泥颗粒化过程中,AGS最终平均粒径约为150 μm,胞外聚合物中蛋白质增幅较大且以紧密结合型胞外聚合物及Pellet层胞外聚合物增加为主.污泥胞外聚合物中芳香族类物质及酪氨酸蛋白物质的生成是AGS形成的物质基础;丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸等疏水性物质可促进AGS的生成并维持其稳定.在AGS形成过程中,群感效应整体呈现为加强趋势,其中C4-HSL呈现明显浓度下降趋势,C6-HSL,3OC6-HSL及C8-HSL与胞外聚合物,蛋白质及多糖均呈现正相关趋势,其中C6-HSL和C8-HSL与紧密结合型胞外聚合物中的蛋白质及多糖呈现极显著正相关.     

混合外源菌强化剩余污泥微氧水解产酸

利用外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌的方式促进了剩余污泥水解产生短链挥发性脂肪酸（SCFAs）的产量,考察了混合投加模式下污泥水解溶出的正磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解性COD的浓度,研究水解过程胞外聚合物（EPS）组分中蛋白质及多糖的变化特征.结果表明,在酵母菌和醋酸菌投加量分别为10和20g/L时,发酵第5d实现了最高的SCFAs产量,达到719mgCOD/gVSS,其中乙酸含量为328.78mgCOD/gVSS,占总SCFAs的45.72%.投加两种菌显著促进了剩余污泥水解产生SCFAs,且以乙酸为主.外源菌投加促进了水解酸化过程氨氮和正磷酸盐的释放,最佳反应条件下最大释放量分别为80.66和22.38mg/gVSS,有利于从剩余污泥中回收氮磷.投加外源菌后EPS中的蛋白质和多糖从内层向最外层释放,为污泥水解产酸提供底物.外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌是促进剩余污泥水解酸化的有效手段.     

高碘酸钠与APAM联合调理对污泥脱水的影响

采用高碘酸钠与阴离子聚丙烯酰胺（APAM）联合调理改善污泥脱水性。以污泥比阻和污泥滤饼含水率作为衡量污泥脱水性的指标,分析胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质和多糖含量,并测定污泥Zeta电位和粒径。结果表明:当污泥初始pH为8时,88 mg/g DS（干污泥）的高碘酸钠和2 mg/g DS的APAM可以有效改善污泥脱水,联合调理后污泥比阻降低至4.82×1012 m/kg,污泥滤饼含水率降低至69.67%。污泥经过高碘酸钠氧化后,Zeta负电性降低,可溶性胞外聚合物（S-EPS）中的蛋白质含量增加,荧光光谱显示腐植酸物质的荧光强度降低,污泥中值粒径经过高碘酸钠絮凝后减小。研究结果表明,组合调理剂可以有效改善污泥脱水性,并利于后续污泥处理与处置。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.