氯对紫外线灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的协同作用

以枯草芽孢杆菌为研究对象,研究了紫外线和氯单独及联合作用时的灭菌效果.结果表明,单独氯消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很低,CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,灭活率仅为0.53个对数级;单独紫外线消毒对枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的灭活效果,紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²时,对其有3.3个对数级的灭活效果.紫外线和氯联合消毒时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果大大增强,当紫外线剂量为40mJ/cm²,氯的CT值为300(mg·min)/L时,对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达6.2个对数级,远高于二者单独作用效果之和.紫外线与氯的作用顺序对消毒效果有明显影响,以先紫外线照射后再加氯的效果最好.通过Berenbaum公式计算可知,紫外线与氯联合灭菌是一种协同作用,并且随着紫外线剂量及氯投量的增加,协同作用增强.     

悬浮颗粒对污水氯消毒“拖尾”现象的影响

利用动力学方法研究了悬浮颗粒对二级出水氯消毒灭活大肠杆菌"拖尾"现象的影响规律.SS浓度越高,消毒拖尾区出现越早,灭活率越低.双对数回归对比表明,SS与灭活速度线性相关,浓度从6mg/L升高至85mg/L,总的灭活速度降低约10倍.采用多次拟合统计分析发现,SS浓度在10～55mg/L范围内,悬浮颗粒浓度与拖尾区起始时间及起始点对数灭活率线性相关(R20.99).在此范围内随SS浓度升高,拖尾起始点的时间由330min降低到55min,对数灭活率由5.8降低至0.8.有效去除SS不仅能够提高拖尾区灭活率,也可以提高消毒效率,降低消毒池的投资和运行费用.高氯投量及低pH值均能一定程度提高"拖尾"区灭活率.     

次氯酸钠对剑水蚤灭活动力学及紫外强化灭活

水源水体富营养化导致剑水蚤孳生,进入供水系统后威胁供水安全.为高效控制剑水蚤污染风险,通过适当增加NaClO灭活CT值（NaClO浓度与接触时间乘积）范围,系统研究了NaClO对剑水蚤灭活动力学过程,同时探讨了紫外照射对灭活效果的强化作用.结果表明：NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活动力学过程符合迟滞型两阶段准一级动力学过程,灭活反应活化能为3774J/mol;pH值对灭活动力学过程的影响,主要通过改变溶液中HOCl和ClO^-物质的量及其化学稳定性来实现.当灭活CT值超出70mg min/L时,中性条件下NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效率最高,碱性次之,酸性最差;浊度物质会削弱NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,浊度物质会迟滞NaClO从液相主体向剑水蚤体表边界层的传质过程,被剑水蚤体表吸附后也会阻碍NaClO向剑水蚤体内的渗透过程.紫外照射尽管无法实现对剑水蚤的灭活,但可以强化NaClO对剑水蚤的灭活效果,经紫外照射后,剑水蚤灭活迟滞期消失或缩短,同时灭活反应速率常数增加.当pH值为6、7和8时,紫外照射预处理后,各自灭活反应速率常数分别由0.0093、0.02185和0.0206提高至0.0105、0.02673和0.0286.     

臭氧灭活水中贾第虫影响因素研究

为研究O3在水体中杀灭贾第虫的效果,利用荧光活体染色法探讨了不同因素(CT值、pH值、温度、浊度、有机物含量和无机离子等)对O3灭活贾第虫效果的影响.结果表明,O3灭活贾第虫整个过程可分为指数和缓慢灭活期,指数灭活期反应速度明显快于缓慢灭活期[k1=(5.64±0.023)×10-1mg·min,k2=(2.72±0.002)×10-2mg·min,k1k2];浊度0.1～20NTU,温度5～35℃,pH值6.0～9.0,HA在0.5～10.0mg/L浓度范围内,浊度越低,灭活效果越好;随温度上升,O3灭活贾第虫的能力减弱;酸性较碱性条件下臭氧杀灭贾第虫的能力更强;有机物浓度越高,在反应体系中与贾第虫发生了竞争作用,降低了灭活率;水中阴离子对灭活率的影响次序为:NO3-NoneSO24-HCO3-,而阳离子(Ca2+、Mg2+和Cu2+)均对灭活起到一定促进作用;当臭氧CT值≥15.0min·mg/L,在饮用水消毒的浊度、温度、pH值、有机和无机杂质浓度范围内,贾第虫的灭活率均在99.0%以上.     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.     

不同消毒方式对饮用水生物活性炭出水消毒效果的对比研究

针对水厂生物活性炭深度处理工艺可能产生的细菌泄露问题,采用上海徐泾水厂生物活性炭出水,通过对异养菌平板计数和卤代烃气相色谱检测分析,比较了次氯酸钠和氯胺2种消毒方式对出厂水水质安全保障的效果.在水温30℃下,采用NaClO消毒剂进行消毒处理时,初始余氯值达到1.84 mg/L、接触30 min即可保障灭活率lg(N0/...     

给水管网中耐氯性细菌的灭活特性研究

使用4种常见消毒剂对从实际管网中分离出来的7株耐氯性细菌进行消毒实验.结果表明,这7株细菌均具有较高的耐氯性,其中1株耐氯性最高的类龟分支杆菌自由氯99.9%灭活的CT值为120 mg.(L.min)-1,另外2株血红鞘氨醇单胞菌和甲基杆菌99.9%灭活的CT值分别为7 mg.(L.min)-1和4 mg.(L.min)-1.比较4种消毒剂的消毒效果发现,二氧化氯和单过硫酸氢钾的消毒效果较好,能够在30 min内使分支杆菌的灭活率达到5个数量级.自由氯由于衰减较快,消毒效果不佳.一氯胺能够维持一定的消毒剂浓度,但由于其氧化性较弱,因此需要提高浓度,才能满足消毒要求.能在1 h内灭活3个数量级以上分支杆菌的消毒剂投加量为:3.0 mg/L一氯胺、1.0 mg/L二氧化氯(以Cl2计)和1.0 mg/L单过硫酸氢钾(以Cl2计).考虑到我国水厂消毒的实际情况,建议采用间歇性提高一氯胺浓度或改换二氧化氯消毒的方法,提高对耐氯性细菌的灭活效果.     

臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活研究

隐孢子虫灭活困难,给饮用水安全带来了挑战。实验以枯草芽孢杆菌孢子(ATCC6633)作为隐孢子虫的指示菌,研究了臭氧浓度、浊度、有机物、温度等因素对臭氧灭活枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的影响。研究表明,臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活与CT值相关,臭氧浓度对消毒效果影响较小;降低浊度、有机物含量,能提高臭氧对枯草芽孢杆菌孢子的灭活效率;温度降低,为保证一定的消毒效率,所需的CT值越大。研究结果为水厂合理控制运行参数提供了借鉴。     

饮用水中病毒灭活效果的模拟研究

为了探索饮用水中病毒的灭活效果,我们采用次氯酸钙灭活饮用水中脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型病毒(polio Ⅰ)的模拟实验研究.结果表明次氯酸钙对 polio Ⅰ病毒具有较强的灭活作用;当饮用水中余氯在0.45mg/L,接触时间为30min 时,次氯酸钙灭活病毒的效率为33.33%;而余氯在0.35mg/L,接触时间为60min,其灭活效率达到66.67%,本研究为饮用水、娱乐用水等水体的消毒处理提供了重要依据.     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

一株耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌的辐照抗性研究

研究室经过对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种进行了两次中子辐照,一次γ辐照和一次紫外线辐照,筛选得到了一株辐射抗性较强的菌株,称为耐辐射株.为了系统地考察这株耐辐射株的辐照抗性,分别以芽孢和营养体为材料,研究了其对中子、脉冲X光和紫外线的耐受性.结果显示,这株耐辐射株与原菌相比,对不同射线的耐受性都有不同程度的提高.但对于不同的辐...     

Investigation of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis and its mechanism in Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation

The inactivation levels of Bacillus subtilis spores for various disinfection processes （ultraviolet （UV）, TiO2 and UV-TiO2） were compared. The results showed that the inactivation effect of B. subtilis spores by UV treatment alone was far below that for bacteria without endospores. TiO2 alone in the dark, as a control experiment, exhibited almost no inactivation effect. Compared with UV treatment alone, the inactivation effect increased significantly with the addition of TiO2. Increases of the UV irradiance and Ti02 concentration both contributed to the increase of the inactivation effect. Lipid peroxidation was found to be the underlying mechanism of inactivation. Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the degradation product of lipid peroxidation, was used as an index to determine the extent of the reaction. The MDA concentration surged surprisingly to 3.24 nmol/mg dry cell with the combination disinfection for 600 see （0.10 mW/cm2 irradiance and 10 mg/L TiO2）. In contrast, for UV alone or TiO2 in the dark, the MDA concentration was 0.38 and 0.25 nmol/mg dry cell, respectively, under the same conditions. This indicated that both UV and TiO2 were essential for lipid peroxidation. Changes in cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell membrane was heavily damaged and cellular contents were completely lysed with the UV-TiO2 process, suggesting that lipid peroxidation was the root of the enhancement in inactivation efficiency.     

碱性消毒剂耦合低温热处理消毒医疗污泥

为填补医疗污泥清掏后的处理技术空白,以枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种芽孢为指示菌,评价了碱性消毒剂耦合低温热处理对医疗污泥的消毒效果。结果表明:医疗污泥CaO消毒最适投加量为5%,热处理温度不宜低于70 ℃,在80 ℃条件下处理2 h,或70 ℃条件下处理4 h均可满足医疗污泥消毒要求(生物指示菌杀灭对数值≥4)。与单独使用5% CaO相比,加入1% NaOH可以使80,70 ℃下的热处理时间分别缩短至1,3 h。医疗污泥经碱性消毒后,脱水性能有效改善。该研究结果可为形成医疗污泥集中消毒处理技术提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation

The effects of UV intensity and turbidity on selected microbial indicator inactivation were investigated. Results showed that UV disinfection was effective in killing all the selected microbial indicators, the resistance order of the microorganisms was as follows： MS-2 coliphage 〉 Bacillus subtilis 〉 E. coil 〉 Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. UV intensity had influence on the inactivation of all the microorganisms, high UV disinfection efficency was obtained with higher UV intensity. Turbidity had impact on the bacteria inactivation rate, but there was no evidence that turbidity had any negative contribution to MS-2 coliphage. Under the same UV dosage, higher UV intensity could overcome the negative influence of turbidity on UV performance, enhanced microorganism inactivation effect in turbidity water.     

角蛋白酶产生菌的分离鉴定及其kerC的克隆表达

以四川农业大学养鸡场堆砌废弃羽毛处土壤为样品,筛选出一株具有较强降解羽毛能力的细菌B-3菌株.经形态学、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),命名为枯草芽孢杆菌B-3.并成功克隆到该菌株的角蛋白酶基因kerC(GenBank No.:JN021789),在大肠杆菌BL21(Escherichia coli BL21)中获得了高效表达.该基因全长1146bp,GC含量46.5%,编码381个氨基酸,与已报道的枯草芽孢杆菌YYW-1的kerC基因(GenBank No.: EU362730)同源性达到100%.重组菌株经IPTG诱导后角蛋白酶酶活力达14.8U/mL,经His-Tag纯化和SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组角蛋白酶分子量约为60kDa(融合了硫氧还蛋白,Trx).重组角蛋白酶最适反应温度和pH值分别为65℃与7.0.     

精喹禾灵降解菌株Bacillus subtilis H的分离鉴定及降解特性

以精喹禾灵为唯一碳源,从长期受精喹禾灵污染土壤中分离筛选出一株精喹禾灵降解菌株H.通过形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株H鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis ）.菌株H在温度为30~42℃和pH值7~9范围内,72h内对100mg/L精喹禾灵的降解率均可达95%以上.利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用（UPLC-MS）鉴定菌株H降解精喹禾灵的产物为精喹禾灵酸.这是首次报道枯草芽孢杆菌对精喹禾灵的降解.     

Removal of ammonium-N from ammonium-rich sewage using an immobilized Bacillus subtilis AYC bioreactor system

A self-design bioreactor system employing a fixed bed operation process with immobilized Bacillus subtilis AYC beads for NH4 +-N removal from slightly polluted water was proposed. Polyvinyl alcohol and Na-alginate were used as a gel matrix to entrap Bacillus subtilis AYC to form the immobilized beads. The NH4 +-N removal process was studied in a intermittent operation mode to examine the start-up and steady state behaviors of the immobilized AYC in the reactor. The results indicated that the reactor was in the start-up state during the first week. NH4 +-N began to be steadily removal since the second week, and the nitrogen removal rate was between 84.61% and 96.19% when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 30 min. To apply Bacillus subtilis AYC to develop a practical nitrogen removal system and further understand its nitrogen removal ability, the bioreactor was continuously operated under different experimental perameters. The results showed that under the optimum conditions of an HRT of 20 min and DO of 3.77–5.80 mg/L, the NH4 +-N removal rate reached 99.55%. The NH4 +-N removal rate increased as the C/N ratio increased. However, a high C/N may cause a high residual carbon level in the effluent, therefore, the most suitable C/N ratio was 10. In addition, the results showed that the bioreactor system could remove many types of nitrogen such as NH4 +-N, NO3??-N and organic-N, and had a good performance for inorganic nitrogen removal from sewage.     

Tween-80和鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌及枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶的影响

研究了添加表面活性剂Tween-80和生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对从堆肥中筛选得到的铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌生产蛋白酶的影响.用固态发酵的方法,对添加不同浓度的表面活性剂对这2种微生物产蛋白酶能力的影响、2种微生物产蛋白酶能力的差异以及发酵过程中的一些参数(包括菌体数、酶提取液表面张力、pH值和挥发性有机质)进行了考察.结果表明,Tween-80对铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶有较大促进作用,添加浓度为0.05%时,能分别使铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶最高酶活提高65%和30%;鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌产蛋白酶有轻微抑制作用,但能将枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶,当添加浓度为0.018%时,鼠李糖脂能将枯草芽孢杆菌产蛋白酶最高酶活提高51%.铜绿假单胞菌产蛋白酶能力明显强于枯草芽孢杆菌,前者对照样的蛋白酶产量是后者对照样蛋白酶产量的6倍多.发酵过程中,铜绿假单胞菌酶提取液的表面张力明显低于枯草芽孢杆菌;添加表面活性剂对菌体生长有一定影响,但对pH值变化影响不大;挥发性有机质变化与微生物酶活成正相关关系.