Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h⁻¹ aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L⁻¹COD, 0.84 mg·L⁻¹ ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g⁻¹VSS, 38.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS and 90.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

Adsorption of fluoride on clay minerals and their mechanisms using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

This research investigates the adsorption mechanisms of fluoride (F) on four clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite) under different F⁻ concentrations and reaction times by probing their fluoride superficial layer binding energies and element compositions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At high F⁻ concentrations (C ₀ = 5–1000 mg·L⁻¹), the amount of F⁻ adsorbed (Q _F), amount of hydroxide released by clay minerals, solution F⁻ concentration, and the pH increase with increasing C ₀. The increases are remarkable at C ₀>50 mg·L⁻¹. The QF increases significantly by continuously modifying the pH level. At C ₀<5–100 mg·L⁻¹, clay minerals adsorb H⁺ to protonate aluminum-bound surface-active hydroxyl sites in the superficial layers and induce F⁻ binding. As the C ₀ increases, F⁻, along with other cations, is adsorbed to form a quasi-cryolite structure. At C ₀>100 mg·L⁻¹, new minerals precipitate and the product depends on the critical Al³⁺ concentration. At [Al³⁺]>10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, cryolite forms, while at [Al³⁺]<10^−11.94 mol·L⁻¹, AlF₃ is formed. At low C ₀ (0.3–1.5 mg·L⁻¹), proton transfer occurs, and the F⁻ adsorption capabilities of the clay minerals increase with time.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 [译自: 环境科学]     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

二氧化钛光催化氧化阿散酸

阿散酸(p-arsanilic acid,ASA)是一种重要的有机砷化合物,较无机砷更加难以去除,目前关于去除水中ASA研究少有报道.本研究主要评价了TiO_2光催化剂(P25)对ASA的去除效果,考察了P25投量、pH和光照强度对其光催化氧化ASA的影响,探究了ASA光降解产物和主要机制.结果表明,在P25催化作用下,模拟自然光可氧化降解ASA为As(V),最终通过P25对As(V)的吸附作用将水中砷有效去除.当ASA初始浓度为2 mg·L~(-1),P25投量为1 g·L~(-1)时,光催化氧化-吸附0.5 h后,水中剩余砷的浓度约为0.34 mg·L~(-1).酸性条件下ASA的去除率远远高于碱性条件,最佳光照强度为68.5 mW·cm~(-2).P25光催化氧化ASA过程中羟基自由基起到了主要作用.     

TiO2@酵母复合微球固定床吸附荧光增白剂-VBL的研究

研究了Ti O2@酵母复合微球在固定床中吸附阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)的特性,考察了溶液p H(2.0~8.0)、床层高度(1~3 cm)、进水浓度(20~80 mg·L-1)和进水流速(5~11 m L·min-1)等因素对固定床吸附特性的影响.结果表明在溶液p H为2.0,床层高度为1 cm,进水浓度为80 mg·L-1和进水流速为5 m L·min-1时,吸附剂的最大吸附量为223.80 mg·g-1.BDST、Thomas和Yoon-Nelson模型均能很好地描述不同条件下动态吸附行为,相关系数均大于0.980.同时,Ti O2@酵母复合微球具有很好的再生性能,可以重复利用4次.     

高锰酸钾与接触氧化协同除锰及硬度对除锰效果的影响

针对日益严重的地表水锰污染，本实验采用高锰酸钾与接触氧化的方法协同除锰；通过调配进水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺含量模拟我国不同地区硬度差异显著的地表水，探究水体硬度对锰的去除效果的影响.结果表明：Mn²⁺被高锰酸钾氧化并形成"锰质活性滤膜"，可在停药后实现稳定有效除锰.成熟滤池的除锰效果会显著受到硬度的影响，进水硬度在40、200、400 mg·L^-1及700 mg·L^-1（CaCO₃计）时，接触氧化滤池分别在48、56、64 d及72 d实现稳定除锰，而4根滤柱对Mn²⁺去除的极限浓度分别为1.8、1.7、1.2 mg·L^-1及0.7 mg·L^-1.     

CTAC改性活性炭去除水中砷(V)的柱实验吸附和再生研究

为了开发一种能有效去除水中砷的吸附材料, 研究了十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性活性炭后, 活性炭对水中五价砷As(V)的去除效果.研究中利用动态小柱实验(Rapid small-scale column test, RSSCT)探讨了CTAC改性后活性炭对砷的吸附能力、影响吸附能力的因素和活性炭再生方法.结果表明, CTAC改性能有效提高活性炭对As(V)的吸附.活性炭对As(V)的吸附受溶液pH、空床接触时间、进水中砷浓度及水中其他离子存在的影响.另外, 1 mol·L^-1的盐酸能有效对吸附穿透后的活性炭进行再生,再生后的活性炭可以重复使用.同时,柱实验中对出水CTAC的检测结果表明, CTAC和活性炭的结合非常稳定.     

铁改性赤泥吸附剂的制备及其除砷性能研究

以氧化铝生产废渣--赤泥为原料,采用铁盐改性处理制备了新型羟基铁包覆型赤泥除砷吸附剂.研究考察了吸附剂吸附砷效能、投加量、吸附时间和pH值对吸附除砷效果的影响;采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、比表面积(BET)等仪器对吸附剂进行了表征,并探讨了吸附机制.结果表明,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂对As(V)具有显著吸附效能,在pH为7,初始砷浓度为1 mg·L-1,铁盐改性赤泥吸附剂饱和吸附容量为50.6mg·g-1时,除砷率高达99.9%,吸附后出水砷含量可达到0.01 mg·L-1以下,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式;溶液pH值显著影响砷去除效果,吸附机制主要为羟基铁的表面吸附机制;吸附后的吸附剂可通过NaOH溶液再生,脱附率达到92.1%.     

Arsenic (V) removal from groundwater by GE-HL nanofiltration membrane: effects of arsenic concentration, pH, and co-existing ions

A laboratory-scale investigation was performed to study arsenic (As (V)) removal by negatively charged GE-HL nanofiltration (NF) membrane in simulated drinking water. Effects of As (V) concentration (0–200 μg·L⁻¹), pH, and co-ions and counter-ions were investigated. The NF membrane presented good stability, and the rejection rates exceeded 90%. The rejection rates of As (V) decreased with the increase of As (V) concentration, while it increased with the increase of pH (reached 96% at pH 6.75). Moreover, a negative relationship was observed between the co-existing ions of Cl⁻, Na⁺, SO₄²⁻, and Ca²⁺ and the removal of As (V), in which bivalent ions presented more significant effects than monovalent ions.     

Removal of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by biodiesel

Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L⁻¹), pyrene (541.0 mg·L⁻¹), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L⁻¹). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg⁻¹, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established.     

生活污水预沉淀-SNAD颗粒污泥工艺小试

采用人工配水,在SBR反应器中启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化（SNAD）颗粒污泥工艺,随后逐渐降低进水氨氮浓度,低氨氮稳定运行一段时间后通入预沉淀后生活污水,考察SNAD颗粒污泥工艺处理生活污水的脱氮性能及稳定性.结果表明,SNAD工艺启动成功后,氨氮去除率大于98%,总氮去除率在89%左右,随着进水氨氮浓度逐渐降低,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性升高,总氮去除率逐渐下降至75%左右.通入预沉淀生活污水（NH₄⁺-N 52~63 mg·L^-1,COD 99~123 mg·L^-1）后,平均总氮去除率为73.2%,出水COD浓度在35 mg·L^-1以下,最大出水氨氮和总氮浓度为0.7 mg·L^-1和12.8 mg·L^-1,连续30d以上出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,实现了生活污水碳氮同步高效去除的目的.     

砷污染土壤复合淋洗修复技术研究

土壤砷污染问题日益严重,淋洗法是修复砷污染土壤的一种有效方法.本研究以砷污染土壤为研究对象,通过批量振荡淋洗实验,将5种常用淋洗剂进行组合复合淋洗,探索最佳复合淋洗组合,对淋洗前后土壤进行形态分析,并通过3种不同污染程度土壤的修复效果比较,研究复合淋洗的适用性.结果表明,复合淋洗效果优于单一淋洗效果,能够很好地提高砷的去除率.当采用4 h 0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+4 h 0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA进行复合二步淋洗时土壤砷的去除率从66.73%提高到91.83%,砷含量由186 mg·kg~(-1)降至15.2 mg·kg~(-1),为最佳淋洗组合.其次,研究结果还表明,淋洗前后土壤中砷的形态发生改变,有效态比例得到有效降低,0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH+0.1 mol·L~(-1)EDTA适用于铝型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤,0.5 mol·L~(-1)OX+0.5 mol·L~(-1)Na OH适用于铁型砷含量较高的砷污染土壤.     

高氮渗滤液短程深度脱氮及反硝化动力学

采用单级UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际高氮晚期渗滤液,重点研究了系统的有机物和氮去除特性,同时考察了SBR短程生物脱氮系统内微生物的反硝化动力学特性.试验结果表明,该生化系统能够高效、深度去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和氮.UASB反应器的平均COD负荷为6.5 kg/(m3.d),去除速率为5.3 kg/(m3.d).在进水COD平均为6 537 mg.L-1,NH+4-N为2 021mg.L-1的条件下,出水分别为354 mg.L-1和2.8 mg.L-1以下,去除率分别为94.6%和99.8%,尤其是该系统获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN20 mg.L-1,实现了深度脱氮的目的.SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的短程硝化,通过90%以上的亚硝化率实现高效的氨氮去除,同时SBR系统内微生物的反硝化特性符合Monod动力学方程.     

纳米Fe3C/炭纤维非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷的研究

针对结构稳定且难以靠常规方法去除的二甲基砷,制备新型负载Fe_3C纳米粒子的炭纤维催化剂,并对其非均相电芬顿降解二甲基砷进行了研究.结果表明,纳米Fe_3C/CF与阴极产生的H2O2发生电芬顿催化反应产生羟基自由基将二甲基砷降解为一甲基砷和As(V),As(V)可被同步吸附在Fe_3C/CF催化剂表面.通过考察电催化过程中初始p H、反应物初始浓度、电流强度和催化剂投加量等因素对催化氧化DMA效果的影响,表明在初始p H为3,二甲基砷初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),Fe_3C/CF投量为500 mg·L~(-1)的最佳条件下,经非均相电芬顿反应360 min后,二甲基砷去除率高达96%.     

Microcystin-LR biodegradation by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05

A promising bacterial strain for biodegrading microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as the sole carbon and nitrogen source was successfully isolated from Lake Dianchi, China. The strain was identified as Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05, which was the first isolated MCs-biodegrading Sphingopyxis sp. in China. The average biodegradation rate of MC-LR by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 was 28.8 mg·L⁻¹ per day, which was apparently higher than those of other bacteria reported so far. The optimal temperature and pH for both strain USTB-05 growth and MC-LR biodegradation were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. The release of MC-LR from the cyanobacterial cells collected from Lake Guishui and the biodegradation of MC-LR by both strain and cell-free extract (CE) were investigated. The results indicated that MC-LR with the initial concentration of 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ in water was biodegraded by Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 within 4 d, while MC-LR with the initial concentration of 28.8 mg·L⁻¹ could be completely removed in 3 h by CE of Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 containing 350 mg·L⁻¹ protein. During enzymatic biodegradation of MC-LR, two intermediate metabolites and a dead-end product were observed on an HPLC chromatogram. Moreover, the similar scanning profiles of MC-LR and its metabolic products indicate that the Adda side-chain of MC-LR was kept intact in all products.     

臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理含PVA工业废水的试验研究

含聚乙烯醇(PVA)工业废水可生化性较差,处理难度大,为了寻找经济合理、切实可行的处理技术,研究了臭氧氧化-活性污泥法对不同浓度含PVA实际工业废水的处理效果,并与传统活性污泥法进行了比较.结果表明,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法对COD<500 mg·L-1,PVA在10～30 mg·L-1范围的PVA废水处理效果与传统活性污泥法相比,相差不大,臭氧预处理效果不明显;对于COD在500～800 mg·L-1,PVA为15～60 mg·L-1的PVA废水处理效果明显,COD和PVA的平均去除率分别为92.8%和57.4%,比传统活性污泥法提高了4.1%和15.2%,出水COD在30～60 mg·L-1之间;对于COD为1 000～1 200mg·L-1,PVA在20～70 mg·L-1范围的PVA废水,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理效果显著,COD和PVA的平均去除率分别为90.9%和45.3%,比传统活性污泥法对COD和PVA的去除率分别提高了12.8%和12.1%,但是出水需要进一步处理才能达标排放.与传统活性污泥法相比,臭氧氧化-活性污泥法处理效率高,运行稳定,能有效地处理含PVA的工业废水.     

固定化菌体吸附矿山废水中重金属的研究

研究了固定化菌体对矿山废水重金属的吸附性能.结果表明,固定化菌体对重金属有良好的富集性能,投加15g·L-1的固定化菌体,对100 mg·L-1 Cu、50 mg·L-1 Zn的去除率分别可达94.4%、80.6%.废水pH、菌体投加量对固定化菌体的处理效果影响较大,其最佳值分别为3.5、15 g·L-1.经4轮吸附-解吸循环实验,显示固定化菌体可重复利用3次,固定化菌体在使用第3次时,对100 mg·L-1 Cu、50mg·L-1 Zn的去除率分别为67.4%、46.5%.用固定化菌体的流化床工艺处理废水最佳参数为曝气量4.02 L·min-1,处理2h.用固定化菌体的流化床工艺处理矿山废水取得了较好的效果,对于浓度低于10 mg·L-1的重金属,去除率达到了100%,对浓度为579.2 mg·L-1 Fe的去除率也达到了56.6%,表明该工艺具有较好的工业化前景.     

活性炭吸附石化二级出水有机物去除特性研究

采用活性炭对某石化二级出水进行吸附研究,考察了静态和动态试验下,活性炭对石化废水二级出水COD的去除效果,并讨论了吸附前后水中有机物的组分和相对分子质量的变化.结果表明:静态试验中,活性炭对石化废水二级出水的COD的饱和吸附量为1.1 mg·g-1,吸附速率为0.7 mg·min-1;通过动态试验得到了吸附的最佳条件,即HRT=1 h,水力负荷为0.76 m3·m-2·h-1,此时COD的去除率可达49.9%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1.相对分子质量分级和树脂分级分析结果表明,活性炭对石化废水二级出水中相对分子质量小于5000的小分子有机物有较好的吸附效果,该组分被活性炭吸附的COD所占比例为59.72%,活性炭吸附作用对水中不同相对分子质量有机物分布影响不大;活性炭对石化废水中有机物组分的去除效果排序依次为:疏水碱性物质(HOB)疏水酸性物质(HOA)亲水中性物质(HIS)疏水中性物质(HON),对HOB和HOA的去除率可达到79%和61%,对HIS和HON的去除效果不佳.