Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines.To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches,nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1,5 and 10 mg/L.Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range.Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level,the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria(PDB)and heterotrophic bacteria (HB),and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate.Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L(NO_3-N)group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB;while in 1 mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%,and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients.Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable,lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency (70.5%) compared to 5 mg/L group.Furthermore,it would need more NO_3-N(0.371 mg)to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group(0.197 mg).In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to 1 and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

Influence of biosurfactant on the diesel oil remediation in soil-water system

There were six high diesel oil degrading bacteria strains isolated from the oil contaminated soil that collected from Linzi City. The strain YI was able to produce biosurfactant rhanmolipid when cultivated on diesel oil as carbon source. The critical micelle concentrations （CMC） of rhanmolipid in water and in the soil were measured respectively according to the correlation between the surface tension of the medium and the added rhamnolipid concentration. The results showed that the CMC of rhanmolipid in water was 65 mg/L, and was 185 mg/L in soil. The tests on diesel oil biodegradation were conducted with the addition of different concentrations of rhamnolipid in water and in soil respectively. When 0.01% rhanmolipid was added to water, the diesel oil degradation was enhanced. On the contrary, when the same concentration of rhanmolipid was added to the soil, the degradation of diesel oil was inhibited. The results suggested that the rhamnolipid could enhance the diesel oil biodegradation, indicating that the concentration of rhamnolipid was higher than the corresponding CMC in the medium. Kinetics parameters for the diesel oil biodegradation parameters such as biodegradation constant （λ）, coefficient of correlation （r） and half life （t1/2） in both tests were numerically analyzed in this paper, indicating that the moderate concentration of rhamnolipid in the medium could not only enhance the extent of diesel oil biodegradation but also shorten the time for oil remediation.     

Nutrient depletion is the main limiting factor in the crude oil bioaugmentation process

The biodegradation was considered as the prime mechanism of crude oil degradation. To validate the efficacy and survival of the crude oil-degrading strain in a bioremediation process, the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) was introduced into Acinetobacter sp. HC8–3S. In this study, an oil-contaminated sediment microcosm was conducted to investigate the temporal dynamics of the physicochemical characterization and microbial community in response to bacterium amendment. The introduced strains were able to survive, flourish and degrade crude oil quickly in the early stage of the bioremediation. However, the high abundance cannot be maintained due to the ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) and phosphorus (PO₄^3?-P) contents decreased rapidly after 15 days of remediation. The sediment microbial community changed considerably and reached relatively stable after nutrient depletion. Therefore, the addition of crude oil and degrading cells did not show a long-time impact on the original microbial communities, and sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients ensures the survive and activity of degrader. Our studies expand the understanding of the crude oil degradative processes, which will help to develop more rational bioremediation strategies.     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

Controlling cyanobacterial blooms by managing nutrient ratio and limitation in a large hypereutrophic lake: Lake Taihu,China

Excessive nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) loading of aquatic ecosystems is a leading cause of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms worldwide, and reducing nutrient levels in water has been a primary management objective. To provide a rational protection strategy and predict future trends of eutrophication in eutrophic lakes, we need to understand the relationships between nutrient ratios and nutrient limitations. We conducted a set of outdoor bioassays at the shore of Lake Taihu. It showed that N only additions induced phytoplankton growth but adding only P did not. Combined N plus P additions promoted higher phytoplankton biomass than N only additions, which suggested that both N and P were deficient for maximum phytoplankton growth in this lake(TN:TP = 18.9). When nutrients are present at less than 7.75–13.95 mg/L TN and 0.41–0.74 mg/L TP, the deficiency of either N or P or both limits the growth of phytoplankton. N limitation then takes place when the TN:TP ratio is less than 21.5–24.7(TDN:TDP was 34.2–44.3), and P limitation occurs above this. Therefore, according to this ratio, controlling N when N limitation exists and controlling P when P deficiency is present will prevent algal blooms effectively in the short term. But for the long term, a persistent dual nutrient(N and P) management strategy is necessary.     

Interaction effect of micro- and macro-organic on the biogeochemical function of the sediment and aquatic interface

Constructed stormwater infiltration basins have been broad applied in urban areas in terms of stormwater disposal and compensation of reduced groundwater recharge. However, stormwater derived from sediments accumulating in infiltration beds may act as a source of dissolved contaminants for groundwater. Concentrations of DO, NO3-N, NO2^--N, NH4^＋-N and PO4^3--P were monitored at multiple depth with time. The results showed that the occurrence of denitrificarion was restrained by sediments in term of no invertebrates. Under the conditions of invertebrates inoculated, the concentrations of DO, NO^3--N, NO2^＋-N, NH4^＋-N and PO4^3＋-P varied respectively with time and the occurrence of nitrification and mobilizing nitrate in the sediment. It is concluded that there exist the invertebrate activities such as building tubes and galleries and excreting faecal pellet which may increase water dispersion and enhance accessibility of nutrient, and stimulate microbial process effected in the sediment. Besides, the natural death and rot of worms were also found to be important factors of the invertebrate activities.     

Environmental impact of aquaculture-sedimentation and nutrient loadings from shrimp culture of the southeast coastal region of the Bay of Bengal

Nutrient Ioadings were measured for surface seawater and bottom sediments of semi-intensive and improved extensive shrimp culture pond, adjacent estuary, and fallow land in the south-east coastal region of Bangladesh during August, 2000--January, 2001 to evaluate the impact of shrimp culture. The mean levels of nutrients found in the pond surface water were 108.780 mg/L for CaCO3, 0.526 mg/L for NH4^ -N, 3.075 wt% for organic carbon, 7.00 mg/L for PO4-P, 5.57 mg/L for NO3-N, and 7.33 mg/L for chlorophyll-a. The maximum mean value of H2S(0.232 mg/L) was found in estuarine water. Nutrients loading were found to be decreased with distance from the shrimp farm discharge unit in estuarine water. The mean level of organic matter, total nitrogen, and organic carbon were found in higher concentrations in sediments of cultured pond compared to bottom soil of adjacent fallow land at the same elevation. Extractable Ca values were found in higher concentration(550.33 ppt) in adjacent fallow land, as the shrimps for molting in shrimp ponds use extractable Ca. The relation between seawater H2S value and sediment pH ( r= -0.94); sediment organic carbon and sediment pH values ( r= -0.76), sediment total nitrogen and sediment pH ( r = - 0.74) were found to be highly negatively correlated. Whereas the relation between seawater H2S value and sediment total nitrogen ( r= 0.92), water NH4^ -N and sediment pH ( r = 0.66) were found to be positively correlated. The results revealed that load of nutrients at eutrophic level in estuarine water, and decrease of soil pH; leading to acid sulphate soil formation indicates a negative impact of shrimp culture.     

Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and their responses to nitrogen additions in three subtropical forests, south China

Three forests with different historical land-use, forest age, and species assemblages in subtropical China were selected to evaluate current soil N status and investigate the responses of soil inorganic N dynamics to monthly ammonium nitrate additions. Results showed that the mature monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest that has been protected for more than 400 years exhibited an advanced soil N status than the pine （Pinus massoniana） and pine-broadleaf mixed forests, both originated from the 1930＇s clear-cut and pine plantation. Mature forests had greater extractable inorganic N pool, lower N retention capacity, higher inorganic N leaching, and higher soil C/N ratios. Mineral soil extractable NH4^＋-N and NO3-N concentrations were significantly increased by experimental N additions on several sampling dates, but repeated ANOVA showed that the effect was not significant over the whole year except NH4^＋-N in the mature forest. In contrast, inorganic N （both NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in soil 20-cm below the surface was significantly elevated by the N additions. From 42% to 74% of N added was retained by the upper 20 cm soils in the pine and mixed forests, while 0%-70% was retained in the mature forest. Our results suggest that land-use history, forest age and species composition were likely to be some of the important factors that determine differing forest N retention responses to elevated N deposition in the study region.     

污染河口区沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的实验研究

采集青岛市李村河口下游沉积物柱状样品,通过实验室培养实验,研究了溶解氧、温度、盐度、生物扰动等环境因素对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响。结果表明,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P在贫氧环境下的交换通量要高于富氧条件下,NO2-N受溶解氧含量的影响较小;随着温度的升高,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P的交换通量增大,而NO2-N的交换通量减小;NO2-N和NH4-N的交换通量随盐度增大而增大,NO3-N减小,而PO4-P受盐度的影响较小;生物扰动对营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量的影响显著。     

两种海洋硅藻对生源要素N、P浓度变化的响应

近年来大量废水排放导致生源要素N、P成为近海重要污染物之一,本文研究了两种海洋硅藻对培养液中生源要素N或P浓度变化的响应.结果发现:中肋骨条藻在NO3-N浓度为3.0～600 mg/L、三角褐指藻在NO3-N浓度为8.0～600 mg/L时,都能保持旺盛的生长;相比而言,中肋骨条藻在PO4-P浓度为0.6～20 mg/L的实验组生长较好,而三角褐指藻在0.6～10 mg/L的实验组生长较好.实验发现PO4-P浓度过高或过低都不利于两种海洋硅藻的种群增殖.本实验结果表明两种海洋硅藻都具很强的适应高浓度NO3-N的能力,与之相比,PO4-P浓度对控制硅藻种群的增殖起着非常重要的作用.本实验结果也表明:关于N、P对海洋硅藻生长的影响,除了考虑N/P比外,N、P浓度阈值也是一个不容忽视的问题.     

HgCl_2对网箱养殖海域营养盐在沉积物——水界面上交换速率的影响

在滴加HgCl2的状况下,应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾大鹏澳网箱养殖海域各营养盐(NO2-N、NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P、SiO3-Si)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量;并根据改进的连续函数法计算了各营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率.结果表明,在滴加HgCl2后,上述营养盐在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率均明显下降,其减小幅度分别达到31.91%、52.27%、44.06%、48.05%和43.10%.加入HgCl2后,沉积物中微生物的分解作用和小型底栖生物的扰动作用受到抑制,有机物质向无机营养盐的转化能力和营养盐由沉积物向水体中的扩散能力减弱,各营养盐在沉积物-水界面上交换速率随之减小.     

东海春季赤潮前后沉积物-海水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

应用实验室培养法现场研究了3～5月东海硅藻赤潮发生前后10个站位的营养盐在沉积物-海水界面的交换,并应用连续函数拟合法计算了营养盐的界面交换速率.结果显示,NO^-₃-N在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［-1.33～－0.68 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后却基本由沉积物向海水中释放［－0.69～0.82 mmol/(m²·d)］.NH⁺₄-N在赤潮前后大都从沉积物中释放［－0.65～1.46 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后释放速率小于赤潮前.NO^-₂-N赤潮前后除Zc17站外都向沉积物中汇聚［－0.09～0.05 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后汇聚速率稍高.SiO^2-₃-Si在所有站位都由沉积物向海水释放［0.85～9.23 mmol/(m²·d)］,其赤潮后速率高于赤潮前.PO^3-₄-P在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［－0.06～－0.01 mmol/(m²·d)］,在赤潮后却由沉积物向海水中释放［0～1.26 mmol/(m²·d)］.NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P向东海近海沉积物的汇聚在春季不利于硅藻赤潮的暴发,但其在硅藻赤潮暴发后从沉积物的大量释放为后面紧接的大面积甲藻赤潮的暴发提供了重要的营养物质补充.     

玉足海参和半叶马尾藻净化网箱养殖沉积物的初步研究

初步探讨了综合利用玉足海参(Holothuria Leucospilota)和半叶马尾藻(Sargassum hemiphyllum)的生态互补性净化网箱养殖沉积物中的氮、磷污染物的研究。结果表明:玉足海参的活动能增加海水中NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、PO4-N、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度;半叶马尾藻的生长活动能显著降低水体中的NH4-N、NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的浓度,并抑制海水中浮游微藻和沉积物表面微型藻类的生长繁殖。综合利用前者的释放作用和后者的吸收作用可以使网箱养殖沉积物中TN和TP的浓度有略微的降低,并有利于维持小水体环境的pH值的稳定。     

浒苔绿潮与苏北近岸海域营养盐浓度的关系研究

根据2010年3～6月5个航次对苏北近岸浒苔绿潮暴发区海域进行的调查数据,研究了该海域营养盐的浓度变化和分布特征.结果表明,受陆地径流和苏北沿岸流的影响,调查海区为营养盐高值区,为绿潮暴发提供了一定基础.溶解性无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)和硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)最高浓度分别为23.04、0.55和15.85μmol.L-1,春季浮游植物生命活动旺盛和浒苔绿潮对营养盐的吸收导致从第一至第五航次硝酸盐(NO3--N)、磷酸盐(PO34--P)、硅酸盐(SiO23--Si)和溶解性无机氮(DIN)整体呈下降趋势.此外,水体中N/P与浮游生物体中N/P越接近越有利于浮游生物生长.第四和第五航次的N/P比值比较有利于浒苔的生长.各航次营养盐的分布特征均表现为近岸高,远岸低的趋势.     

MAP 结晶法回收和去除尿液中的磷

以分解后的尿液为研究对象,采用MgCl₂·6H₂Ｏ 溶液作为MAP结晶剂,对MAP结晶同步回收尿液中的磷和部分氮的影响因素Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比、反应pH、反应时间、沉淀时间和搅拌速度等进行小试试验.结果表明,Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比是重要的运行参数,当其摩尔比超过1.3∶1时,磷的回收率超过95%,上清液剩余PO^３－₄-P浓度小于10 mg/Ｌ,而提高反应pH不能明显增加磷的回收率.该工艺的最佳运行条件为反应时间20 min,沉淀时间2.0 h,搅拌速度120 r/min,不需要pH调节控制.选择Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比分别为1∶1、1.3∶1和1.5∶1,对在最佳条件下反应获得的3种产物采用SEM、XRD和ICP分析表明,3种产物都为比较纯净的MAP产品,其主要元素P、N、Mg的含量接近于MAP的理论含量（P=12.62%, N = 5.71%, Mg= 9.91%）,分别为13.54%, 5.34%,9.01% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P =1∶1)、13.78%,5.23%,9.36% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P =1.3∶1)和13.34%,5.12%,9.15% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P=1.5∶1),具有较高的回收利用价值.     

钦州湾秋季营养盐分布特征及营养状态分析研究

根据2010年9月对钦州湾海域的现场调查资料,分析了钦州湾表层海水中营养盐的分布特征及其富营养化。结果表明：该湾亚硝酸盐（N02-N）,硝酸盐（NO,-N）,铵盐（NH4-N）,磷酸盐（PO4-P）和活性硅（SiO3-Si）平均含量及范围分别为0．032（0．006-0．059）mg／L,0．262（0．018-0．663）mg／L,0．076（0．032-0．120）mg／L,0．009（0．001～0．02）mg／L和1．213（0．191-4．078）mg／L。在空间分布上,各营养盐含量均呈现出湾内高,湾外低的分布趋势,体现出秋季陆地径流的主导控制作用。相关性分析表明,秋季营养盐的补充均以陆源输入供应为主,对整个海湾的营养水平起到了主导控制作用。根据营养状态指数评价模式计算结果显示,秋季钦州湾调查海区总体表现为中度营养水平。     

滇池福保湾底泥内源氮磷营养盐释放通量估算

在滇池福保湾采集柱状芯样,室内静态模拟沉积物NH4 -N和P3-4-P的释放.结果表明,底泥NH4 -N和PO3-4-P的释放速率分别为22.941～163.117 mg·(m2·d)-1和0.90～2.06 mg·(m2·d)-1,不同区域释放速率差异极大.相对较低的释放速率与湖湾接纳高浓度污水使上覆水与沉积物孔隙水间浓度势减弱有关.通过Peeper(原位渗析膜采样器)法获取间隙水-上覆水剖面样品分析,并根据Fick扩散定律计算出福保湾底泥NH4 -N和pO3--P的释放速率分别为2.85～81.96 mg·(m2·d)-1和0.118～0.265 mg·(m2·d)-1.比较2种方法,利用Fick定律计算出的界面氮磷释放通量明显小于柱样模拟方法.经面积加权,按静态释放计算出福保湾底泥NH4 -N和PO3-4-P的年释放通量分别为(49.9±8.8)t和(0.79±0.53)t.