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1.
pH对镉在土水系统中的迁移和形态的影响   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23  
研究了4种红壤和水体系中pH对镉的迁移影响.结果表明:镉在土水体系中的迁移是一快反应过程,4种土壤对镉的吸附量随土水系统中pH的变化,可分为3个区域,即低吸附量区、中等吸附区,以及强吸附和沉淀区,在中等吸附区镉吸附量与pH呈正相关;pH6以下被吸附的镉中生物有效态镉量随pH的升高而增加,pH6以上被吸附的镉中生物有效态镉量随pH升高而降低.石灰导致镉毒性降低的主要原因是pH>75时镉主要以粘土矿物和氧化物结合态及残留态形式存在.  相似文献   

2.
通过批试验,对高岭土吸附铀的过程进行了研究,考察了吸附时间、pH值、离子强度、高岭土投加量和反应温度对其吸附效果的影响,并探讨了高岭土对铀的吸附动力学及热力学特性。结果表明:高岭土对溶液中铀的吸附在80h左右达到平衡;当溶液pH值为4.0~8.0时,高岭土对溶液中铀具有良好的吸附效果,吸附率可达99.94%;离子强度对其吸附效果影响甚微;高岭土对铀的吸附为吸热自发反应,高温可缩短吸附时间;铀吸附动力学可用准二级速率方程描述,相关系数为0.999 4;铀吸附热力学等温线符合Langmuir模型,相关系数可达0.993 1;高岭土吸附铀主要是表面单分子层吸附。  相似文献   

3.
红壤对铬(VI)吸附特性的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过云南三类红壤对Cr(VI)吸附行为的研究。结果表明,红壤对Cr(VI)有明显的吸附作用,等温吸附曲线可以用Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程和Temkin方程描述。最大吸附量为红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤。酸度、温度和有机质对红壤吸附Cr(VI)均有影响。低pH值时吸附量随pH值升高略有增加,pH值超过某一限度,吸附量急剧下降,直至基本不吸附;温度低于40℃时,吸附量随温度升高而减少,但温度高于40℃时,吸附量不再减少;随有机质加入量的增加,吸附量减少,其相关性红壤和赤红壤达显著水准,砖红壤达极显著水准。  相似文献   

4.
改性后的沸石材料,可大幅度提高其对金属离子的吸附量,在治理环境污染方面具有巨大的潜力。高锰酸钾和硫酸锰反应生成的二氧化锰包裹在沸石表面,可大大提高其吸附性能,最终达到吸附废水中重金属的目的。研究了二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb2+吸附性能的影响因素,如沸石与二氧化锰投料比、反应时间、溶液pH值、反应温度、Pb2+初始浓度等,并探讨了其吸附机理。试验结果表明:二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb2+的吸附效果随着沸石与二氧化锰投料比的增加而提高,平衡吸附时间为12 h,吸附反应的最佳溶液pH值为5~6;二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb2+的吸附为自发的吸热反应,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明为单配体吸附模式;红外光谱分析发现,-OH是影响二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb2+的主要官能团;低浓度腐殖酸对二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb2+的影响较小,不产生竞争吸附。  相似文献   

5.
红壤对铬(Ⅵ)吸附特性的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过云南三类红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附行为的研究,结果表明,红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)有明显的吸附作用,等温吸附曲线可以用Freundlich方程、Langmuir方程和Temkin方程描述,最大吸附量为红壤〉赤红壤〉砖龚壤。酸度、温度和有机质对红壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)均有影响。低pH值时吸附量随pH值升高力吸增加,pH值超过某一限度,吸附量急剧下降,直至基本不吸附;温度低于40℃时,吸附量随或高而减少,但温度高于40  相似文献   

6.
非活性菌丝体对水中铅离子的吸附   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王琰  张利  俞耀庭 《环境科学》1998,19(3):62-65,74
从发酵工业选取9种废弃的菌丝体,考察其对水中Pb离子的吸附行为。结果表明,其中半数菌丝体为Pb的最大吸附量接近或超过100mg/g干重,对林可链霉菌的吸附等温线和pH值、温度、共存离子等因素影响Pb离子吸附行为的研究表明,该菌丝体对Pb的吸附量随pH降低而升高,温度对吸附的影响不大,共存Cu^2+使Pb的吸附量降低,而共存Zn^2+无明显影响。  相似文献   

7.
硼泥处理含氟废水的研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在一定温度下将硼泥活化处理,用于处理50mg/L的含氟废水,加入量为4‰,最佳吸附F-的pH值为10.0~11.4,去除率达93%。吸附平衡浓度与吸附量关系符合Langmuir吸附等温式,求出20℃、25℃、30℃时的饱和吸附量和吸附系数。其吸附速度符合鲛岛吸附动力学方程式。  相似文献   

8.
采用间歇法研究了多孔SiO2凝胶在不同的条件下(pH值、固液比、浓度、介质)对溶液中铀的吸附性能,并初步探讨了其吸附机理。研究结果表明:分相法制备的多孔SiO2凝胶对铀具有良好的吸附性能,吸附机理符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,为单分子层包覆;吸附体系的最佳pH值约为6.0,最佳固液比约为1∶500,对铀的吸附的平衡吸附量随着初始浓度的增大逐渐升高直至饱和,平衡吸附率及吸附比逐渐降低;对铀的吸附性能与溶液中干扰离子的种类和价态有关,三价离子对铀的吸附反应影响较大,二价及一价离子对铀的吸附反应基本无影响。  相似文献   

9.
通过二氧化锰对罗丹明B、萘酚绿B、酸性络兰K等染料在不同pH值、温度、吸附时间、药品投加量等单因素条件下的脱色效果,设计正交试验,得出染料废水脱色的最佳工艺条件以及各种因素对脱色率的影响程度,结果显示影响脱色率的主次因素次序为pH值〉药剂投加量〉吸附时间〉吸附温度。同时通过对紫外光谱的研究.分析出二氧化锰对染料废水的基本脱色机理。印染废水是一类针对于生物降解的特殊有机废水,处理量大,治理困难,且多数染料为三致物质。对于控制废水的污染,保护人类健康具有重要的现实意义,同时对开发和研究新型废水处理药剂具有一定的实际价值。  相似文献   

10.
改性凹凸棒土对水溶液中苯的吸附研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
研究了改性凹凸棒土对水溶液中苯的吸附规律。结果表明,改性凹凸棒土对苯的吸附量和去除率提高了2倍多,pH值对吸附量的影响甚小,吸附量随温度上升而增加,改进的BET方程能较好地描述实验等温线,其吸附机理可能为表面的疏水作用与化学吸附和进入内部孔道吸附。  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

17.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

18.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

19.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

20.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

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