低碳，城市发展的新标杆——不同的背景 共同的抉择——几个低碳试点城市的盘点

低碳城市的建设,应在经济高速发展的前提下,保持能源消耗和二氧化碳排放处于较低的水平,主要靠发展低碳产业、低碳技术和低碳消费这3大支撑力量。而在这3个方面,我国的城市建设面临巨大挑战。低碳产业经济总量比重低,不能支撑低碳城市的发展：低碳技术水平较低,不能满足低碳城市发展的需要：低碳消费社会氛围没有形成,制约低碳城市的健康发展。     

低碳城市规划建设的难点与关键问题

发展低碳经济是世界各国应对气候变化问题、实现可持续发展的重要选择,建设低碳城市是实现低碳发展的关键途径.在分析国内外低碳城市规划建设现状的基础上,总结出目前低碳城市规划建设的难点主要包括:典型发展模式、定量评估与平台建设和制度设计等方面.要建设低碳城市必须制定科学的低碳城市规划,摸清低碳城市的演化机理,从城市系统结构、功能、能量流、物质流低碳化等4个方面入手,在城市规划中全面贯彻低碳经济理念.     

低碳城市的营建策略

发展低碳经济,建设低碳城市是历史的必然选择。制定实施中国城市的低碳发展战略,加强城市公共治理力度,促进城市可持续发展,是低碳城市建设的发展方向。     

发展低碳产业 建设新型低碳城市

摘要：低碳产业、低威城市的名称都是与碳有关的新名词。所谓低碳产业或低碳城市就是在产业发展或城市经济高速度发展的基础上,尽量保持最低的能源消耗和最小的二氧化碳排放水平,以减少产业发展或城市发展对自然环境的破坏。本文从低碳产业、低碳城市的含义着手,分析了低碳产业发展的紧迫性、低碳产业发展的注意问题,提出发展低碳产业,建设新型低碳城市的有效途径。     

建设低碳城市的必由之路

当前,我国多个城市都对建立低碳经济示范区或低碳城市非常热衷,已经掀起了建设低碳城市的浪潮,这是因为“低碳城市”这张名片将会为城市发展带来许多机遇。首先,发展低碳经济与国家正在开展的建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会在本质上是一致的,是贯彻和落实科学发展观的具体体现;其次,发展低碳经济,通过与节能减排和生态城市建设相结合,促进和协调各地的优先发展领域,强化当地的可持续发展;同时,发展低碳经济可以创造国际合作的机会：目前在中欧战略合作框架下,能源与气候变化问题是合作重点,     

基于因子分析的东北低碳城市指标体系研究

低碳城市建设是节能减排和发展低碳经济的重要载体,通过对低碳城市的概念内涵和目前东北部城市发展现状进行深入分析,选取哈尔滨、大庆、长春、沈阳、鞍山、大连5个城市,借助主成分分析法和因子分析法,得出影响东北部低碳城市发展的主要影响因子,计算东北部各低碳城市的综合因子得分。结果表明,能源因子、绿色因子、投资因子、宣传因子是决定东北部低碳城市发展水平的主要因素,东北部各城市综合因子得分为:大连1.059 2、哈尔滨-0.058 38、长春-0.134 6、沈阳-0.403 0、鞍山-0.327 6、大庆-0.403 0,总体来看,大连、哈尔滨综合排名在前2位,重工业城市鞍山、大庆排名最后2位,东北部旅游城市在各个方面的低碳发展都优于重工业城市。东北部低碳城市发展对我国其他地区的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

云南低碳城市构建途径研究

介绍了国外低碳城市的发展现状、国内低碳城市的发展探索,同时分析了云南省构建低碳城市的途径和主要任务。     

云南低碳城市构建途径研究

介绍了国外低碳城市的发展现状、国内低碳城市的发展探索,同时分析了云南省构建低碳城市的途径和主要任务。     

长三角地区低碳城市发展潜力分析

以分析城市低碳发展潜力为目标,确定了低碳潜力分析的指标。在分析了长江三角洲地区16个城市的社会经济特征和能量消耗特征的基础上,采用弹性系数的变化特征作为研究的重要工具,并用聚类方法对长三角地区16个城市的低碳经济发展潜力进行了聚类分析。从潜力特征发现各城市低碳发展过程中存在的问题,并对长三角地区低碳经济发展战略提出了建议。     

西方国家的低碳城市建设

低碳城市(Low-carbon City),是指以低碳经济为发展模式及方向、市民以低碳生活为理念和行为特征、政府公务管理层以低碳社会为建设标本和蓝图的城市.其不仅反映了城市发展模式的转变,即城市从以依赖碳基能源的发展模式向节能环保的低碳经济发展模式转变;更是城市居民生活理念及城市管理目标根本性革新.     

Temporary storage of carbon in the biosphere does have value for climate change mitigation: a response to the paper by Miko Kirschbaum

Kirschbaum (Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11:1151–1164, 2006) explores the climatic impact over time of temporarily sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. He concludes that temporary storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere “achieves effectively no climate-change mitigation”. His strongly worded statement begs for a response. This paper argues that Kirschbaum’s conclusion is an artifact of the specific perspective of his analysis and his choice of a definition for climate-change impact. Even temporary sinks put us on a lower path for climate change, a path that will not otherwise be accessible. For carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere, we argue that sooner is better and longer is better, but even known temporary sinks have value.

残留碳分选方法的现状及展望

描述了残留碳的形貌及特征 ,介绍了现有的各种残留碳分选方法 ,分别探讨了各种方法的优势及局限 ,并对残留碳分选方法的发展趋势进行了展望     

碳减排问题刍议

全球气候变化对人类的生存和发展造成的负面影响已是一个不争的事实。将减少碳排放量融入可持续发展已成为全世界的共识。文章主要从宏观的角度,通过追溯国际碳减排任务的确定、减排发展机制产生的历史背景和我国碳排放现状及趋势分析,论述了国际碳减排方式对我国的机遇和挑战。     

炭黑工业尾气净化及余热利用

研究表明，炭黑工业生产过程尾气中的可燃气态污染物ＣＯ、Ｈ２、及ＣＨ４等，采用直接燃烧法，是目前我国炭黑尾气净化和回收利用的最佳控制方法。直接燃烧法，不仅可将尾气中可燃气态污染物转变为ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ，且可回收利用其热量，余热利用率可提高４０％以上。经济技术评价表明，采用直接燃烧法和炭黑尾气发电，其经济效益和环境效益十分可观。     

Integrating carbon footprint into supply chain management: the case of Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) in the automobile industry

The purpose of this paper is to improve our understanding of carbon footprint within the context of automobile supply chain management. The case study approach is employed as a research method. Primary data were collected through site visits and extensive interviews with HMC’s corporate and plant management. First, identification and measurement of direct and indirect carbon footprint is critical for mitigating supply chain risks. Second, setting the system boundary of measurement is another important issue to integrate the issue of carbon footprint into supply chain management. Third, developing a map of product carbon footprint facilitates identification and measurement of carbon emissions across the supply chain. Companies today operate in a carbon-constrained world. In particular, the automobile industry is under pressure to take a close look at its product carbon footprint. Managing the downstream consequences of the use of its products and inputs from upstream suppliers is critical for developing carbon risk-mitigated supply chain management. This paper is of benefit to academics and managers by providing a new way to integrate carbon emissions in supply chain management. Since climate change and carbon footprint present challenges to many industries, increasing our understanding of how to integrate carbon footprint in supply chain management is necessary, but has seen little research in the automobile industry.     

Carbon labelling of grocery products: public perceptions and potential emissions reductions

Public perceptions of a UK carbon labelling trial were assessed via three focus groups. The public found it very difficult to make sense of labelled emissions values without additional information. There was also little evidence of a willingness to use labels for product selection. There is a strong case for using carbon reduction labels to indicate a programme of on-going emissions reductions, rather than expecting consumers to incentivise emissions reductions by actively choosing the lower carbon variant of two or more products. The normalisation issues and emissions reduction potential of carbon labelling are discussed.     

Is the availability of different nutrients a critical factor for the impact of bacteria on subterraneous carbon budgets?

Bacteria thriving in underground systems, such as karsts, adapt to use a variety of nutrients. Most of these nutrients derive from superficial processes. This study shows that bacteria are able to differentially induce carbonate precipitation or dissolution depending on the availability of nutrients for growth. Different bacterial strains isolated from caves, representing the most common components of these microbial communities, were cultured with different carbon and nitrogen sources (e.g., acetate, glucose, peptone, humic acids) and induced changes in pH were measured during growth. Carbonate can either precipitate or dissolve during bacterial growth. The induction of carbonate precipitates or their dissolution as a function of consumption of specific carbon sources revealed the existence of an active nutrient cycling process in karsts and links nutrients and environmental conditions to the existence of a highly significant carbon sink in subterraneous environments.     

混凝氧化法处理精研精抛清洗废液

采用混凝、氧化的方法对精研精抛清洗废液进行处理，对絮凝过程中所用的６种混凝剂的投加量ｐＨ值和氧化过程中的氧化试剂Ｈ２Ｏ２的投加量分别进行了筛选，同时简单地分析了反应机理．经混凝氧化处理后，ＣＯＤ值由１２００ｍｇ／ｍＬ降至５００ｍｇ／ｍＬ左右，ＣＯＤ去除率达９５％；最后进行活性炭吸附，ＣＯＤ值达到国家排放标准．     

湿地土壤有机碳及其活性组分分布特征影响因素研究

红碱淖湖泊湿地是西北半干旱荒漠区重要的生态屏障,随着湖泊面积的减少以及土壤退化程度的加剧,逐渐形成5种典型的景观类型(盐碱沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草地、草原化沙地、沙地)。基于野外实地调查,选取红碱淖湖泊湿地流域蟒盖兔和尔林兔2个典型子流域,研究湖泊退化后不同景观类型土壤有机碳及其活性组分的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,5种景观类型土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤易氧化态有机碳(EOC)含量均较低。土壤SOC和EOC在垂直剖面上分布特征一致,土壤EOC与土壤有机质动态变化密切相关,土壤砂砾含量高是研究区土壤有机碳含量较低的主要原因。     

A ton is not always a ton: A road-test of landfill,manure, and afforestation/reforestation offset protocols in the U.S. carbon market

The outcome of recent international climate negotiations suggests we are headed toward a more fragmented carbon market, with multiple emission trading and offset programs operating in parallel. To effectively harmonize and link across programs, it will be important to ensure that across offset programs and protocols that a “ton is a ton”. In this article, we consider how sample offsets projects in the U.S. carbon market are treated across protocols from five programs: the Clean Development Mechanism, Climate Action Reserve, Chicago Climate Exchange, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, and the U.S. EPA's former program, Climate Leaders. We find that differences among protocols for landfill methane, manure management, and afforestation/reforestation project types in accounting boundary definitions, baseline setting methods, measurement rules, emission factors, and discounts lead to differences in offsets credited that are often significant (e.g. greater than 50%). We suggest opportunities for modification and harmonization of protocols that can improve offset quality and credibility and enhance prospects for future linking of trading units and systems.