分子荧光光度法直接测定水中十二烷基本磺酸钠

本文用分子荧光光度法直接测定水中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的含量,不需显色与萃取。本法简便、快速、最大激发波长为EX=230nm,最大发射波长EM=290nm。检出限达32μg/L,回收率为100～101%。     

高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定大气中苯并[a]芘

采用反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定大气中苯并[a]芘含量。用甲醇超声提取采集在超细玻璃纤维滤膜上的苯并[a]芘,提取液注入反相高效液相色谱仪,通过C18反相色谱柱采用甲醇-水(体积比80比20)为流动相进行分离,采用荧光检测器进行检测,其激发波长为364nm,发射波长为427nm。分析同一溶液,测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.6%。用标准加入法作回收试验,回收率结果在95.8%～101.7%之间     

流动注射-荧光熄灭法测定水中的铜

采用单通道流动注射 -新试铜灵荧光熄灭法测定水环境中重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ )。在新试铜灵的浓度为 2 5×10 - 5mol L ,激发波长为 2 81nm ,发射波长为 419nm下 ,Cu(Ⅱ )浓度为 0 12 5～ 5mg L范围内 ,荧光强度与Cu(Ⅱ )浓度呈线性关系 ,检出限 0 0 76mg L ,进样速率 90次 min ,对 3mg L的Cu(Ⅱ ) 10次测定的相对标准偏差为 0 32 %～ 2 97% ,河水和矿井水中加标回收率为 95 %～ 10 5 %。该方法选择性好 ,适合于水环境大批量样品中微量铜的快速测定     

化妆品中邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素检测方法研究

建立了用高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)3种邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的方法。样品用甲醇超声提取、高速离心、0.45μm有机相滤膜过滤。色谱条件选择流动相组成为甲醇-水(85∶15,v/v),紫外检测器波长为224nm。回收率在98.1%～99.8%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在0.78%～1.5%之间,最低检出限在0.48～0.91μg/L之间,相关系数均>0.998。该方法简便易行,可作为化妆品中邻苯二甲酸酯类的测定。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中阿特拉津

建立了水中阿特拉津固相萃取-高效液相色谱分析方法(SPE-HPLC),并对流动相配比、流速、DAD检测波长和SPE小柱的选择等条件进行了研究,获得了最佳色谱条件:以WatersOASISTMC18SPE柱富集水中阿特拉津,乙酸乙酯作为洗脱剂,以配比为甲醇:水=4∶1的混合溶剂作流动相,流速为0.4mL/min,在222nm波长下以DAD为检测器进行分析。该方法的线性范围为0.10～2.00mg/L,方法检测限为1.0μg/L,自来水加标平均回收率为94%。所建立的方法适用于测定水中的阿特拉津。     

高效液相色谱法测定玉米浸渍水中乳酸

采用高效液相色谱法测定玉米浸渍水中乳酸含量。色谱柱为氨基柱 ,流动相为 0 1%H3PO4 水溶液 ,流速为1 0mL/min ,检测波长为 2 14nm。在 10min左右便可完成一个样品的分析。相对标准偏差为 1 1% ,回收率为 95 %～10 0 5 %     

全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定生活饮用水中苯酚

建立全自动固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中苯酚的方法。样品经过全自动固相萃取仪的预处理后,通过XBridger-C18色谱柱分离,以甲醇+0.01mol/L乙酸-乙酸铵缓冲溶液为流动相进行洗脱,于激发波长230nm发射波长320nm荧光检测,测定结果表明,线性范围良好,回收率90%~93%,相对标准偏差1.3%~3.5%。该方法操作简单方便,分析快速、准确,灵敏度高,。     

MIEX预处理技术对长江原水中有机物的去除效能

利用烧杯试验研究了磁性离子交换树脂（magnetic ion exchange resin,MIEX）预处理对长江原水中有机物的去除效能,以总溶解有机碳(DOC)、254 nm紫外吸收值(UV254)、有机物相对分子质量分布、有机物分级、紫外扫描以及消毒副产物生成量等指标进行表征.结果表明,长江水源水中的有机物主要为小分子亲水性有机物,其含量占有机物总量的50%以上;MIEX预处理可以有效降低水中有机物的含量,投加量为10 mL/L、接触时间为15 min时,DOC的去除率超过35%,相对分子质量和分级的测定结果表明,小分子亲水性部分有机物的去除导致了DOC去除效果的改善;从紫外扫描结果可看出,MIEX预处理对在190～250 nm波长时有强吸收的有机物去除效果非常明显,但对在高于250 nm波长处有吸收的有机物去除效果与混凝阶段的效果相近.     

ABS树脂装置丁二烯聚合工段废水水质表征

为确定某ABS树脂装置丁二烯聚合工段废水水质,特别是特征有机物种类,采用吹扫捕集、静态顶空、固相萃取、固相微萃取和液液萃取等预处理方法与GC/MS(气相色谱/质谱)联用,定性检测出该工段废水中含有16种挥发、半挥发性有机物,主要包括烯烃、苯系物、有机腈、多环芳烃、醚、醇和胺. 废水ρ(SS)(SS为悬浮物)为540.31 mg/L;SS粒径主要分布在0.10~5.00 μm之间,可吸附水中4.83%~33.21%的对二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯和1,5-环辛二烯等有机物. 与生活污水不同,该工段废水三维荧光光谱图的荧光区域集中在λ_Ex/λ_Em(激发波长/发射波长)=205~285 nm/310~360 nm范围内,主要包括λ_Ex/λ_Em为285 nm/350 nm、260 nm/310 nm、225 nm/345 nm、210 nm/315 nm、230 nm/360 nm的5个荧光峰,由甲苯、靛蓝、苯乙烯、脱氢松香酸、芴、菲等苯系物和多环芳烃类有机物引起. 废水在200~250 nm之间有较强紫外吸收峰,主要由1,3-丁二烯、苯甲醛、苯乙酮、4-苯基-1-环己烯等共轭二烯、不饱和醛、酮和苯系物等有机物引起.      

苯重氮氨基苯对偶氮苯光度法测定微量镉的研究

本文提出了苯重氮氨基苯对偶氮苯吸光光度法测定镉的新方法。在氨性溶液中,当乳化剂OP存在时,苯重氮氨基苯对偶氮苯与镉(Ⅱ)形成稳定的红色配合物,其最大吸收波长位于522nm,摩尔吸光系数为1.5×10~(51)·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。镉的浓度在0—5μg/25ml范围内符合比耳定律。用于水中镉的测定,回收率在96.0—104%之间。多次平行测定的变动系数为1.7%。方法灵敏、简便。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.