Numerical modelling of electrohydraulic free-forming and die-forming of DP590 steel

Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is a high energy rate forming process in which the strain rate in the sheet metal can vary from 5 × 10² to 10⁵ s⁻¹ depending on various factors. Several mechanisms have been reported to cause an improvement in formability in EHF such as material deformation mechanisms, inertial effects and the dynamic impact of the sheet against the die. EHF is a complex high speed forming process and experimental work alone is not sufficient to properly understand this process. To understand the variation of some influential variables in EHF, electrohydraulic die-forming (EHDF) and free-forming (EHFF) of DP590 dual phase steel were simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit by considering the fluid/structure interactions. Three-dimensional finite element simulations were conducted by modelling the water with Eulerian elements with a view to investigating the effect of released energy on the sheet deformation profile history, strain distribution, loading path and damage accumulation type. The Johnson–Cook constitutive material model was used to predict the sheet behaviour and the parameters in this model were calibrated based on experimental test results available for DP590 at various strain rates. The Johnson–Cook phenomenological damage model was also used to predict the ductile failure (damage accumulation) in both EHDF and EHFF. Predicted final strain values and damage accumulation type showed good agreement with the experimental observations.     

磁场强化絮凝减缓膜污染的影响因素分析

研究磁场及磁致效应对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺(Magnetic enhanced flocculation membrane filtration,MEFMF)处理地表水中膜污染的影响;运用Design-Expert7.0软件进行试验设计,考察了磁化时间、混凝剂浓度和磁粉浓度对磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染变化的影响,结果表明磁化时间、混凝剂浓度以及两者的协同作用是影响磁强化絮凝膜过滤工艺中膜污染的主要因素.磁化时间和混凝剂浓度的协同作用影响着磁絮体的粒径和膜表面滤饼层形态,磁絮凝工艺形成的絮体粒径大且分型维数高,减弱了膜孔堵塞,减缓了膜污染.磁强化絮凝减缓膜污染最佳试验条件是磁化时间为6 min,Fe3O4浓度为8 mg·L-1,FeCl3浓度为44 mg·L-1.     

改性石墨烯对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性石墨烯用于水中亚甲基蓝(MB)的去除进行了研究.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)和热重分析仪(TGA)对石墨烯和改性石墨烯性能进行表征.探讨了反应时间、pH、温度、剂量对石墨烯和改性石墨烯去除MB的影响.结果表明,在石墨烯制备过程中添加CTAB可以明显增大比表面积,提高MB的去除率.反应过程在前15 min内反应速率很快,并约在120 min内达到吸附平衡.吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型.最佳反应温度为293 K,吸附剂投加量的最适浓度为2 g·L-1,且吸附量的大小与溶液的初始pH值无关.通过Langmuir等温吸附方程得到改性石墨烯的最大吸附量86.43 mg·g-1,且为放热反应.     

Warm forming die design,part I: Experimental validation of a novel thermal finite element modeling code

Finite element analysis (FEA) has become an invaluable tool in the design of sheet metal stamping dies and processes. FEA has gained widespread acceptance as the best method of optimizing dies for conventional stamping processes. More recently, FEA has been shown to be an effective method of designing tooling for sheet forming processes. In this work, an FEA based approach is applied to the warm stamping (warm forming) process. This work introduces a new thermal finite element analysis software called PASSAGE®/Forming (PASSAGE) that enables the up-front design of the thermal management of warm forming dies. This thermal finite element analysis software is designed to specifically handle the forming and optimization scenarios related to the heating of a stamping die while minimizing user interface time. In this work, PASSAGE has been applied to a simple block of steel embedded with cartridge heaters to validate the prediction capability of this software under two different heating conditions. The results show that PASSAGE is capable of predicting the actual steady-state temperature distribution within the block with an acceptable level of accuracy while yielding notable information to the user with respect to specifying power requirements. A finite element software package like PASSAGE is a valuable tool that will aid greatly in the implementation of warm forming as a manufacturing process beyond the scope of the laboratory and into production.     

城市空间结构对城市热场的影响—— 以济南市夏季为例

建筑是城市空间结构的主要构成要素,其在空间上的立体拓展,不但改变着城市下垫面,也影响着城市空间的能量平衡和空气流动,进而对城市热场的分布产生影响.文章以济南市中心城区为研究区域,基于Landsat 8遥感影像数据,首先使用大气校正法反演城市地表温度,以此表示城市热场,并基于建筑、绿地和水体构建多维城市空间结构指标体系;...     

缺氧/好氧交替连续流的生活污水好氧颗粒污泥运行及污染物去除机制

室温下接种成熟的好氧颗粒污泥于由独立的缺氧池和好氧池组成的缺氧/好氧交替连续流系统中,以实际生活污水为进水基质,探究曝气强度和水力停留时间对连续流系统的影响.研究表明在回流比为2,较小的曝气强度（0.6mL·min^-1）和适当的水力停留时间（9 h）条件下更有利于污染物的去除,此时TP平均去除率为80.43%,TN平均去除率为83.6%,COD平均去除率为90.39%,污泥浓度为2100 mg·L^-1左右,污泥体积指数保持在50 mL·g^-1以下,颗粒粒径在700~800 nm之间.用EEM-PARAFAC模型对不同阶段的EPS表征结果表明,EPS组成成分随着运行参数的改变而改变,水力停留时间对连续流系统有更大的影响.此外通过高通量测序的方法评估连续流系统中的微生物多样性,建立污染物去除模型,并在系统中发现了与脱氮除磷相关的11种主要功能菌.     

Determining work-brush interface temperature in magnetic abrasive finishing process

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is a process in which the work surface is finished by removing the material in the form of micro chips by magnetic abrasive particles (MAPs) in the presence of magnetic field in the finishing zone. During the MAF process, the frictional heat is generated at the workpiece surface due to the rubbing action of magnetic abrasive particles with the work surface. The order of temperature rise is important to study, as finishing mechanism and surface integrity of work materials depend upon it. The measurement of temperature distribution during MAF operation at the interface of work piece and flexible magnetic abrasive brush (FMAB) interface is difficult. In the present analysis, finite element based ANSYS software has been used to model and simulate magnetic field distribution, magnetic pressure and temperature distribution at work-brush interface during the process. In this work the maximum magnetic flux density has been simulated of the order of 0.223 T at 0.91 A of current in electromagnet coil. Magnetic pressure on MAPs due to magnetic field of electromagnetic coil has been calculated to evaluate the frictional heat flux generated at the work-brush interface. Transient thermal analysis of workpiece domain has been performed to predict the temperature rise due to frictional heat flux. The predicted temperature on work-brush interface was found in the range of 34–51 °C. The developed simulation results based on FEA have been validated with experimental findings.     

Bending of Titanium Sheet Using Laser Forming

Laser forming, a novel manufacturing method for bending sheet metal first reported in 1985, has been investigated as an alternative to hot brake forming (industry standard) of titanium sheet parts for the aircraft industry. Laser forming involves scanning a focused or partially defocused laser beam over the surface of a titanium workpiece to cause localized heating along the bend line and angular deflection toward the beam. The main advantage that laser forming has over conventional brake forming is increased process flexibility. An experimental investigation of this process (primarily designed experiments) met the following objectives: identified the response variables related to change in geometry (bend angle) and material microstructure; characterized the influence of process variables (scanning speed, beam diameter, laser power) on these response variables; determined the degree of controllability over the process variables; and evaluated the suitability of laser forming for the aircraft industry (most important), all with respect to titanium sheet. It has been determined that laser forming with an Nd:YAG laser is a controllable, flexible manufacturing process for titanium sheet bending. Unfortunately, these advantages over traditional hot brake forming are overshadowed by the fact that, with regard to forming with titanium, laser forming is significantly slower and more labor and energy intensive, and results in unacceptable material properties at the bend line according to aircraft industry standards. These findings cast doubt over the assertions of some researchers that laser forming may be a viable manufacturing process for parts made in small batches. Instead, it appears that it may be best suited for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts.     

居住区气温变化模型及应用

借助居住区热时间常数和地表热时间常数计算城市局地气温变化,给出的数学模型简单实用,但考虑了多项城市相关参数。结果表明实测值与预测值吻合较好。对部分城市参数作了敏感性分析,初步揭示了各参数变化对城市居住区气温的影响。     

External force-assisted laser forming process for gaining high bending angles

Laser forming process is used in forming and bending of metallic and non-metallic sheets. Laser beam irradiation causes a localized temperature increase and a localized mechanical strength decrease. In this article, an external mechanical force is added to a laser beam irradiation, which is called external force-assisted laser forming process, to gain a 90-degree bending angle. Furthermore, Numerical simulation of the process is performed to achieve a good understanding of the process. Simulation results show that more than two-third of the final forming is due to the laser beam irradiation. Equivalent plastic strain values during laser forming and external force-assisted laser forming processes are compared. Results show that equivalent plastic strain in laser forming process increases in a step pattern, with increasing in scan pass numbers. This occurs because when the laser beam irradiates on the sheet surface, it reduces the yield strength of the sheet. Equivalent plastic strain in external force-assisted laser forming process has an oscillatory step nature. This attributes to simultaneous effects of strain hardening and thermal induced reduction of yield strength of the sheet. Simulations were in good accordance with experiments.     

管材无模成形温度场的数值模拟及分析

采用有限单元法并结合有限元分析软件 ,对管材无模成形时管材温度场进行数值模拟研究 ,得到管材无模拉伸变形过程中温度场分布规律 ,并对影响温度场的因素加以分析 ,如冷热源间距、冷热源移动速度、加载时间分别对温度场分布的影响 ,该模拟结果与实验结果相吻合。     

响应面法优化O3/US-混凝耦合去除皮革废水中的磷

采用O₃/US-混凝法去除皮革废水中的磷.结果表明,废水中的磷90%以上是以有机磷形式存在,无法通过单一条件的混凝法去除废水中的磷,臭氧氧化可以将大部分有机磷转为无机磷,该过程在超声的强化下转化率更高.在单因素试验的基础上,以总磷的去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法考察了氢氧化钙投加量、臭氧反应时间、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）投加量、超声波功率4个因素之间的单独及交互作用.结果表明,4个因素影响顺序为：氢氧化钙投加量 > PAM投加量 > 超声波功率 > 臭氧反应时间,数学模型拟合度高（R_adj²=0.995）,利用该模型预测总磷的最大去除率为95.56%,在最佳反应条件：氢氧化钙投加量为718.35 mg·L^-1,臭氧反应时间为50.87 min,超声波功率为337.74 W,PAM投加量为22.27 mg·L^-1时验证实验结果的总磷去除率为93.68%,与模型预测值偏差1.88%.     

碳羟磷灰石(CHAP)对废水中Cd2+的吸附研究

采用废弃的鸡蛋壳为主要原料,制备碳羟磷灰石(CHAP)吸附剂,以去除废水中的Cd2 .吸附实验结果表明,废水中的Cd2 初始浓度、CHAP的用量、pH值、温度及作用时间等因素均能影响CHAP对Cd2 的吸附效果.常温下当CHAP加入量为5g·L-1,废水中Cd2 浓度为80mg·L-1,搅拌60min,Cd2 的去除率可高达96%,最佳pH值为6.CHAP对Cd2 等温吸附线基本符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式.     

家具制造过程中VOCs的来源分析及环境健康风险评价

目前国内外仅对家具生产中涂装环节VOCs的来源进行分析,且主要关注的是家具制造完成之后释放的VOCs及其对室内空气的影响,因此本文对完整家具制造过程中VOCs的来源进行探究,并引入蒙特卡罗模拟方法,运用改进的概率风险评估模型,对家具制造过程中贴皮、喷底漆、喷面漆、清洗、喷胶、粘棉、巡检等工序9个工位的工人进行致癌和非致癌健康风险评价,并筛选出对健康风险影响较大的暴露参数.结果表明,喷底漆、喷面漆工序使用的各类油漆、稀释剂和固化剂会产生苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、丁酮、环己酮、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯等VOCs,贴皮工序、喷胶工序、粘棉工序使用的胶水类化学原料会产生二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯,清洗工序用到的脱漆剂会产生二氯甲烷;暴露于苯和二氯甲烷的各工位致癌风险值均超过10~(-6),除暴露于苯的擦色、喷底漆和巡检工位外,其它各工位超过10~(-6)的概率皆大于95%,喷面漆工人的苯致癌风险最大,为3.07×10~(-6)±1.73×10~(-6),贴皮工人的二氯甲烷致癌风险最大,为5.14×10~(-6)±2.70×10~(-6),另外,各工位中只有喷面漆工人的非致癌风险大于1;暴露持续时间(ED)、致癌物的浓度(C)、呼吸速率(InhR)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF)是对致癌风险影响较大的参数,体重(BW)对致癌风险具有负敏感度.除浓度外,对非致癌风险结果影响较大的暴露参数依次为:暴露持续时间(ED)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF).     

Sediment and nutrient dynamics during snowmelt runoff generation in a southern Taiga catchment of Russia

The water quality of the Volga catchment, Russia, is diminished and major nutrients reach critical levels. Proper management strategies depend on process knowledge about nutrient sources and pathways as well as appropriate models. For the 18.8 km² experimental catchment Lubazhinkha, 100 km south of Moscow, a monitoring scheme was conducted to identify runoff generation and nutrient source areas. The grey forest soils of the catchment are utilized with arable land and pasture (54%) and forest areas. The received results show a high intra-annual and inter-annual dynamic of the snowmelt runoff generation as major hydrological process. Overall sediment export rates during the 3 years of snowmelt investigation from 2003 to 2005 are low with a maximum of 0.33 t ha⁻¹ during snowmelt period 2005 and effectively reduced by a dam at the catchment outlet. Also, the total phosphorus loss from the catchment is low reaching from 0.03 to 0.35 kg ha⁻¹ during the snowmelt periods. However, sediment and total phosphorus concentrations vary within one snowmelt event and can reach high concentrations. Detailed analysis of element concentrations during snowmelt events allows an identification of different flow components and runoff generating mechanisms. During low flow situations phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon are transferred from the arable soils with slow flow components to the channel. In contrast to this situation, the sources of sediment and nutrients split up temporarily and spatially during high flow situations. Aside arable fields that are source of sediment and phosphorus during snowmelt episodes, the forested areas were detected as major source for the export of dissolved organic carbon with surface runoff. In particular these areas are characterized by a late thawing of the topsoil which causes a delayed peak of dissolved organic carbon concentration. The awareness of the dynamic and complex catchment reaction during snowmelt events is of importance for the development of proper management strategies.     

聚(丙烯酰胺-二乙烯基苯)对水溶液中刚果红的吸附

通过丙烯酰胺(AM)与二乙烯基苯(DVB)交联聚合制备聚(丙烯酰胺-二乙烯基苯)[Poly(AM-co-DVB)],并对其物理化学性质和吸附性能进行了详细研究.通过FT-IR、TG、SEM研究了该聚合物的结构与热稳定性,考察了Poly(AM-co-DVB)对刚果红的吸附性能与吸附规律,探讨了溶液p H、时间、温度对吸附过程的影响以及AM用量对聚合物吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在p H为7.25,时间为3 h,Poly(AM-co-DVB)对刚果红的最大吸附容量可达319.1 mg·g-1.其吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,吸附动力学过程符合假二阶方程且吸附热力学表明吸附行为是自发的过程.Poly(AM-co-DVB)对刚果红具有优越的吸附性能.     

我国北方温带水库——周村水库季节性热分层现象及其水质响应特性

为揭示我国北方温带水库——周村水库水体季节性分层现象及其水质响应特性,于2014年7月~2015年6月对周村水库进行了37次采样,并对水体理化指标和浮游植物进行了原位监测.结果表明,周村水库在4~11月间处于水体分层,全年呈典型的温带单循环混合模式.水温分层对水库水环境的变化起着重要的作用,热分层引起的底层水体季节性缺氧,导致了沉积物中营养盐以及还原性物质的大量释放,其中热分层期底层水体总氮、总磷、锰和硫化物的平均值分别为1.18、0.11、0.47和0.48 mg·L~(-1);浮游植物垂向分布受水温分层的显著影响,热分层期上层水体浮游植物丰度较高,其均值为16.35×106cells·L~(-1),下层水体浮游植物丰度维持在较低水平.     

Response surface method for modeling the removal of carbon dioxide from a simulated gas using water absorption enhanced with a liquid-film-forming device

This paper presents the results from using a physical absorption process to absorb gaseous CO_2mixed with N_2using water by producing tiny bubbles via a liquid-film-forming device(LFFD)that improves the solubility of CO_2in water.The influence of various parameters—pressure,initial CO_2concentration,gas-to-liquid ratios,and temperature—on the CO_2removal efficiency and its absorption rate in water were investigated and estimated thoroughly by statistical polynomial models obtained by the utilization of the response surface method(RSM)with a central composite design(CCD).Based on the analysis,a high efficiency of CO_2capture can be reached in conditions such as low pressure,high CO_2concentration at the inlet,low gas/liquid ratio,and low temperature.For instance,the highest removal efficiency in the RSM–CCD experimental matrix of nearly 80%occurred for run number 20,which was conducted at 0.30 MPa,CO_2concentration of 35%,gas/liquid ratio of 0.71,and temperature of 15°C.Furthermore,the coefficients of determination,R~2,were 0.996 for the removal rate and 0.982 for the absorption rate,implying that the predicted values computed by the constructed models correlate strongly and fit well with the experimental values.The results obtained provide essential information for implementing this method properly and effectively and contribute a promising approach to the problem of CO_2capture in air pollution treatment.     

Ce-Mn/Al2O3-H2O2催化氧化皮革废水的研究

以浸渍法制备了Ce-Mn/Al_2O_3催化剂,研究该催化剂在H_2O_2非均相类Fenton体系中对皮革废水污染物的催化降解性能.在单因素试验的基础上,以COD去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法考察了催化剂投加量、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH、反应时间等4个因素之间的单独作用及交互作用,实验数据用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行处理,得到二次响应曲面模型.结果表明,4个独立变量对响应值的影响顺序如下:初始pHH_2O_2投加量催化剂投加量反应时间,数学模型拟合度高(R_(adj)~2=0.9349),利用该模型预测的最大COD去除率为78.86%,最佳反应条件为:催化剂投加量56.63 g·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量315.15 mg·L~(-1),初始pH3.51,反应时间2 h,经实验验证COD去除率为80.94%,与模型预测值偏差2.08%.     

滇池流域主要农业产品水足迹空间格局及其环境影响测度

科学合理的评估农业产品水资源消耗及其环境影响对保护区域农业生产安全和水资源合理配置具有重要意义.本文以滇池流域为例,耦合水足迹和生命周期评价方法,对流域内2005—2011年主要农业产品水足迹空间格局进行分析,并对其环境影响进行测度.结果显示:滇池流域主要农作物和动物产品年平均水足迹分别为4.88×108m3·a-1和8.97×108m3·a-1,动物产品总水资源消耗大于农作物产品.动物产品水足迹的人类健康和生态系统质量总环境影响高于农作物,但资源消耗总环境影响要低于农作物,各区县产品水足迹环境影响值最大的为猪肉、水稻和玉米.各区县主要产品水足迹及其环境影响空间差异显著,嵩明县和晋宁县的产品水足迹环境影响最高,城区则较低.本文最后提出:评价一种产品对区域水资源的可持续性影响时,不仅要考虑产品耗水量也应考虑产品对水资源产生的潜在环境影响大小,应从水资源管理和生命周期角度综合考虑.水资源量少的地区,应侧重选择水资源消耗量小的产品,水量充沛地区则应选择对人类和生态产生影响小的产品.