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1.
Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的毒性作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过在基础海水中添加Cu2 、Zn2 ,研究其对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的急、慢性毒性影响.包括了Cu2 、Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾在24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),安全浓度(SC)和在生长、成活、繁殖等方面的影响.结果表明:(1)水体中Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是2843、2363、1432、449 μg/L和4.49 μg/L.Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是10588、2331、1459、664 μg/L和6.64 μg/L.Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾的毒性大,黑褐新糠虾对Cu2 比对Zn2 更为敏感.(2)当5 μg/L≤Cu2 ≤80 μg/L、10 μg/L≤Zn2 ≤160 μg/L时,黑褐新糠虾在处于各浓度的Cu2 、Zn2 试液中经过60d的饲养,均显示一定程度的毒性作用,其成活率、体长和体长增长率随Cu2 、Zn2 浓度的不断增加都有不同程度的降低,与对照组相比均差异显著(P﹤0.05).  相似文献   

2.
含重金属硫酸盐废水是我国工业水污染的突出问题,利用硫酸盐还原菌的生物去除重金属的方法具有投资少、成本低、能耗少、去除率高,没有二次污染等优点而成为研究的热点。文章以混合培混养物作为接种污泥,考察不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)对硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)的抑制作用。研究表明:10 mg/L的Cu2+、Cd2+和20 mg/L的Hg2+对SRB还原硫酸盐的影响较小,硫酸盐最大去除率可分别达到94.1%、94.6%、91.3%,与空白(93.9%)相近;20 mg/L的Cu2+对SRB的抑制最为强烈,硫酸盐最大还原率仅为48.2%,剩余金属离子(Cd2+、Ni2+、Hg2+)都分别随着浓度的增大而对SRB的抑制作用增强;相同浓度的重金属离子对SRB的抑制顺序为Ni2+>Cu2+>Cd2+>Hg2+,抑制浓度分别为10、20、30、60 mg/L。最后阐述了各个反应器中硫酸盐还原率最大时,(WCOD/WSO42-)与硫酸盐还原率的关系。  相似文献   

3.
以湖北大冶湖和磁湖为研究对象,分析了矿区湖泊表层水和微型浮游生物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Fe 6种重金属的含量,并对矿区湖泊表层水重金属污染和微型浮游生物对重金属的富集能力进行了评价.结果表明:大冶湖表层水中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为0.009 1 mg/L、0.013 4 mg/L、0.009 2 mg/L、0.043 4 mg/L、0.057 8 mg/L、0.338 2 mg/L,磁湖表层水中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为0.004 3 mg/L、0.012 7 mg/L、0.001 1 mg/L、0.389 2 mg/L、0.063 4 mg/L、0.7110mg/L;大冶湖微型浮游生物中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为278.6 mg/kg干重、695.6 mg/kg干重、23.1 mg/kg干重、578.0mg/kg干重、323.5 mg/kg干重、142 14 mg/kg干重,磁湖微型浮游生物中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Fe的平均浓度分别为316.1 mg/kg干重、361.4 mg/kg干重、2.06 mg/kg干重、1 004.5 mg/kg干重、313.3 mg/kg干重、18 366 mg/kg干重;大冶湖和磁湖微型浮游生物中的重金属含量远高于表层水中的重金属含量,甚至高于表层沉积物中的重金属含量;矿区湖泊微型浮游生物对重金属的富集系数在1 800~82 600之间,其中微型浮游生物对Cd、Zn、Cr的富集系数较小,对Cu、Pb、Fe的富集系数较大.  相似文献   

4.
Cd2+、Cu2+和Zn2+对人工湿地反硝化作用的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
实验室研究了3种重金属离子Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+对人工湿地反硝化作用的影响.以100、500、1000mg/kg剂量的Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+处理人工湿地土壤样品,检测其N2O的产生.结果表明,3种金属离子的500、1000mg/kg处理组土样N2O的产生均显著降低,各金属离子抑制N2O产生的程度顺序为Cd2+>Zn2+>Cu2+,这与3种金属离子在土样中的有效态浓度顺序是一致的,反硝化微生物在处理过程中逐步产生了对重金属离子的耐受性,500、1000mg/kg处理组样品的NH4+-N浓度较对照组显著升高提示部分NO-3-N由于反硝化过程的抑制而异化性还原为NH+4-N.  相似文献   

5.
研究探讨了5种野生牛肝菌(灰褐牛肝菌,双色牛肝菌,全褐牛肝菌,美味牛肝菌,皱盖疣柄牛肝菌)对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Hg的富集特征。结果表明:5种牛肝菌子实体Cd含量为<0.10~19.00 mg/kg,Pb的含量为<0.10~9.34 mg/kg,Zn、Cu和Hg含量为0.000 09~0.1mg/kg。5种牛肝菌子实体中Cd、Pb和Hg含量均超标。与牛肝菌子实体相比,Cd和Pb在牛肝菌非菌根根和菌根根中含量处于中等偏高水平。在牛肝菌子实体中,除Pb外,Cd、Zn、Cu和Hg更易向灰褐牛肝菌子实体的菌盖中迁移。Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Hg更易于富集在全褐牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌和皱盖疣柄牛肝菌子实体的菌盖中;Zn和Cu容易富集于双色牛肝菌菌盖,Cd、Pb和Hg更容易富集于双色牛肝菌柄。5种牛肝菌对Cd的富集能力最强,生物富集系数(Bioaccumulation factor,BCF)范围为1.00~79.17。对Pb和Hg的BCF分别在0.010~0.18和0.10~0.38;对Zn和Cu的BCF不足0.001。生长牛肝菌的土壤Cd含量提高,从不足0.1 mg/kg提高到(0.24±0.04)mg/kg,Pb含量从(52±3)mg/kg提高到(53±3)mg/kg,而Zn含量从(94±6)mg/kg降低到(61±5)mg/kg,Cu含量从(26±5.6)mg/kg升高至(40±5.57)mg/kg,对Hg含量影响不大。  相似文献   

6.
研究了卤虫卵壳及从中提取的粗甲壳素对重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+)的吸附性。结果表明:粗甲壳素对重金属离子的吸附性好于脱盐卵壳和活性炭;对200mg/L的Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附率达98.32%和84.91%。  相似文献   

7.
考察了Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Fe2+4种重金属离子对2-氯酚(2-CP)厌氧降解速率的影响,并通过描述金属离子抑制作用的修正方程对实验进行拟合,研究了其动力学特征.结果表明,在0~500mg/L投加浓度范围内,Fe2+对2-CP的厌氧降解过程基本不抑制,Ni2+、Cu2+、Cd2+则存在明显抑制,抑制程度Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.相同的抑制强度下,抑制浓度CIP-Cu﹤CIP-Ni﹤CIP-Cd.修正方程能较好地表征金属离子的抑制作用与该离子对降解速率的最大抑制浓度(I*)以及投加浓度之间的定量关系.由该方程拟合结果可得到Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+对25mg/L2-CP降解的I*值分别为458.7,1693.5,1528.5mg/L,I*及指数m值的大小表明金属离子对2-CP厌氧降解的抑制Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.  相似文献   

8.
人工湿地植物处理含重金属生活废水的实验研究   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10  
通过耐受浓度试验得出凤眼莲、水蕹、水花生和荇菜四种植物对含重金属生活污水中Cd2+的耐受范围值分别<5mg/L、0.5mg/L、0.2mg/L、0.2mg/L;凤眼莲和水花生对Zn2+的耐受范围值分别<10mg/L,水蕹和荇菜对Zn2+耐受范围值为<5mg/L和0.5mg/L。由植物对生活污水中锌\镉离子去除率试验可知,在Cd2+/Zn2+浓度分别为0.5mg/L和5mg/L时,与对照组相比,两种植物均能明显去除污水中的Zn2+与Cd2+,其中Cd2+去除率提高了65.3%,Zn2+去除率提高了43.7%。研究发现植物处理在前5d内为去除Zn2+/Cd2+的高效区间,这一时期内植物对Zn2+/Cd2+去除率的贡献可以达到40%~60%,表明在植物的耐受浓度范围内,湿地植物对生活污水中的Cd2+/Zn2+有较好的去除效果,根部为主要的富集器官。  相似文献   

9.
重金属在松花江沉积物中的竞争吸附行为及pH的影响   总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12  
研究了复合污染的重金属体系(多元体系)中松花江沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的热力学和动力学特征,以及pH对重金属吸附量的影响.结果表明:Langmuir吸附等温线可以很好地描述多元体系中沉积物吸附重金属的热力学过程,沉积物吸附5种重金属离子能力的顺序为Hg2+Cu2+Pb2+Zn2+Cd2+.在相同的条件下,与单一体系相比,多元体系中Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+吸附量减小的程度远远大于Hg2+和Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别减少了31.9%,32.1%和68.1%.一级动力学方程和Langmuir动力学方程可以较好地描述沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的动力学过程.沉积物对5种重金属的吸附速率为Cd2+Zn2+Pb2+Cu2+Hg2+.沉积物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力随pH的降低而减小,pH的降低造成锰氧化物的溶解,可能在一定程度上影响沉积物对重金属的吸附能力.  相似文献   

10.
在最适温度和pH条件下考察了4种金属离子Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Pb2+对假单胞菌ZJF08的生长及降解菲能力的影响,并测定了ZJF08对各种金属离子最大耐受浓度。结果表明,除Zn2+对降解菲具有微弱的促进作用外,Cu2+,Ni2+,Pb2+均具有抑制作用。ZJF08在含Cu2+浓度为1 mg/L的平板上无法生长,ZJF08对Zn2+耐受的浓度为16.8 mg/L,对Ni2+的耐受浓度为9.2 mg/L,对Pb2+的耐受浓度为6.7mg/L。  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

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