长春市汽车尾气CO污染分担率初探

长春市汽车尾气ＣＯ污染分担率初探汪春学（长春市环境监测中心站长春市１３００２２）对于煤烟型污染的长春市来讲，ＣＯ的污染一是来自煤烟排放，二是来自机动车尾气排放。国外的有关资料表明，城市大气中的ＣＯ主要来自机动车的尾气排放。在我国这种趋势也越来越明显，...     

机动车代用燃料性能比较

由于机动车对大气环境污染的贡献率越来越大，以及石油等能源面临枯竭，代用燃料逐渐进人人们的生活，如天然气、甲醇、乙醇、氢燃料和液化石油气等等。这些燃料因其物理、化学性质不同，所表现出来的动力性能、排放性能、经济性能和其他方面（如存储、运输、原料等）也有很大区别。通过比较得出，代用燃料比传统燃料更为清洁，但在其他方面还有待进一步改善。     

上海市机动车排污状况与污染控制战略

通过对上海市中心城区机动车行驶工史现状的主要特点及发展趋势的分析，计算出中心城区１９９５年机动车尾气排放的ＣＯ、ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯｘ负荷，分别占区域内机动车和固定源产排放总量的７６％、９３％和４４％，据预测，到２０１０年，中心城区内机动车排出的ＣＯ、ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯｘ负荷，将分别占区域中机动车和固定源排放总量的９４％、９８％和７５％，因此，针对机动车排污所面临的严峻挑战，需要采取加强机动车检查与维修（Ｉ     

绿色机动车—燃料电池汽车

简要叙述了燃料电池汽车的技术特点，主要有：能量转化效率高，ＣＯ２排放量比内燃机汽车低，基本不产生有毒气体，不要充电。在此基础上较详细地介绍了世界各国的燃料电池汽车研究现状，并针对上海市机动车污染严重的现状，提出了发展燃料电池汽车及其相关产业的建议。     

上海城市交通与机动车排气污染调查

上海市机动车保有量逐年增加，车辆的排气污染愈来愈严重，据调查，１９９７年机动画排放的ＣＯ，ＭＮＨＣ，ＮＯＸ和ＰＭ分别达到５８．６，９．０８，６．２０和０．２３万吨。中心城区机动车排放的ＣＯ，ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯＸ污染物５０％以上来自于小型车，是影响上海城区环境空气质量的主要污染源。     

抚顺市汽车尾气污染现状和趋势分析

通过对抚顺市机动车发展状况，道路交通现状调查，计算出全市１９９５年机动车尾气排放的ＣＯ，ＨＣ，ＮＯＸ排放量，分别占固定源排放总量的５４％，６５％和６％。根据预测到２０１０年全市机动车辆尾气ＣＯ，ＨＣ，ＮＯＸ排放量分别为７．９５万吨，１．２９万吨和０．５９万吨，比１９９５年分别增加了１７％，５％和２８％。     

中国城市道路机动车CO、HC和NOX排放因子的测定

为了测定我国城市道路机动车污染物排放因子，在西安城市交通隧道内设３个空气监测点，对通过隧道的机动车排气形成的污染物浓度、隧道内风速、过往隧道的交通量以及车型进行采样、观测、统计和分类根据测试数据用大气扩散方程求得我国城市道路机动车平均单车 ＣＯ、 ＨＣ和 ＮＯｘ排放因子分别为 ３３．２７９±１２．１５８、 ３．５７７±１．８１６和 ４．６０５±１．９８１ ｍｇ／（ｍ·ｖｅｈ）．与国外的成果相比，我国城市道路机动车ＣＯ、 ＨＣ和ＮＯｘ排放因子分别是发达国家城市道路汽车排放因子的 ７～８倍、 ８～１０倍和 ３～４倍.     

上海市机动车排气污染负荷的估算

根据机动车行驶工况和污染物排放系数测定，定量计算了近年来上海市机动车在实际行驶工况下的污染物排放量，匀速行驶时间仅占１３．８％，１９９５年机动车排放的ＣＯ、ＮＭＨＣ和ＮＯｘ负荷已占中心城区大气污染物排放总量的７６％，９３％和４４％，机动车已成为造成上海市区大气污染的主要排放源。     

生物柴油的研究与应用

生物柴油作为一种可再生能源，可以由动植物油脂通过转酯化反应来制备，它在燃料特性方面与矿物柴油有着十分相似的品质，因此使用生物柴油无须对现有的柴油发动机做任何改造，以生物柴油为燃料的机动车尾气中不含硫氧化物，排出的总颗粒物、总ＨＣ和ＣＯ的量分别是矿物柴油的３０％、４０％和５０％。生物柴油的热效率比矿物柴油高５％～８％，而两者在发动机输出功率上并没有太大的差异。     

机动车排放相关法规的研究

本文介绍了自20世纪60年代以来,欧洲和中国的机动车排放法规体系的实施历程,以及实施新法规所要求的燃油、在用车的测试方法和对代用燃料车发展的影响;另外,还根据现有的机动车排放法规体系实施中的问题和缺陷,提出了建议。     

替代燃料汽车排放污染的相关探讨

根据国内替代燃料汽车的情况，从分析目前国内主要应用的几种替代燃料的物化特性入手，结合汽车使用时燃料燃烧特性，得出替代燃料汽车的排放污染物情况。     

玉米燃料乙醇生命周期净能量分析

玉米燃料乙醇作为化石燃料的替代品,能量效率(净能量或能量比)是评价其可持续性的一个重要标准.基于生命周期清单分析原理,建立了玉米燃料乙醇的净能量分析方法.以我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产条件为例,计算了玉米燃料乙醇整个生命周期的能量效率并对其影响因素进行了分析,讨论了乙醇汽油混合燃料的节能效果.研究表明:玉米燃料乙醇具有一定的能量效益,干法和湿法工艺的能量效率(能量比)分别为1.25和1.04.通过玉米燃料乙醇生命周期内的能量输入比较可知,玉米生产和乙醇转化过程的化石能输入占有最大的比例,因而玉米种植过程中的氮肥、电力、柴油消耗和乙醇生产过程中蒸馏和脱水过程的能耗是影响玉米燃料乙醇能量效益的主要因素.     

汽车公害及其综合防治办法

论述了汽车公害的危害性及减少汽车污染的各种综合防治方法－排气净化，革新燃烧系统及发动机等，并展望未来将采用的低污染代用燃料及低污染发动机或无污染动力源．     

Clean technology for the tapioca starch industry in Thailand

The tapioca processing industry is considered to be one of the largest food processing industrial sectors in Thailand. However, the growth of the tapioca starch industry has resulted in heavy water pollution as it generates large amount of solid waste and wastewater with high organic content. This study explores the applicability of clean technology options to improve the environmental performance of tapioca starch-processing plants in Thailand. Eight Tapioca starch plants were selected for an exclusive analysis of the dynamics of clean technology development and adoption. Proposed options mainly involve water reduction and energy conservation. These include reuse and recycling of water, technology modification in the production process, and use of biogas to substitute fuel oil for burners. Implementation of these proposed alternatives to real companies shows that the reduction of starch loss, and water and fuel cost savings can be achieved.     

我国燃料乙醇的生产潜力与发展对策研究

论文测算了我国能源作物和农林废弃物等原料的燃料乙醇转化潜力,发现2015-2030年我国燃料乙醇的理论生产能力将从6 364×10⁴ t 增长到1.18×10⁸ t,可行的产量水平将在1 387.9×10⁴ t 以上。如果能实现这一产量,将在很大程度上缓解我国的石油供求矛盾。今后提高燃料乙醇生产能力的可行策略主要有以下方面：加强边际土地资源评估和开发,促进能源作物的规模化利用,通过利益引导加强秸秆能源化利用,延长林木采伐加工产业链,在农村地区发展沼气等新型能源替代薪柴。     

Assessing external factors on substitution of fossil fuel by biofuels: model perspective from the Nordic region

The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical model by which to demonstrate how taxes and subsidies work as external factors to substitute fossil fuel by a forest-based biofuel. For biofuels, this study predominantly considers solid-form biomass that generates electricity; for fossil fuels, it considers coal. The model results explicated with three states by using various numeric values taken from the literature. Three states are as follows: a situation without a tax and subsidy, a situation with a biofuel subsidy, and a situation with a biofuel subsidy and a fossil fuel tax. The results of the first state exemplify current fuel market situation; those of the second indicate that the aggregate demand for biofuel has shifted upwards by around 15 % and that substitution has increased by around 18 % due to biofuel subsidies being offered. Under the third state, aggregate biofuel demand has shifted upwards by around 19 %, reduced the demand for fossil fuels by around 13 %, and increased substitution by around 31 %. This state relates to a greater sense of social welfare than other two states. It is conceivable that the joint application of taxes and subsidies will succour biofuel to supplant fossil fuel in the near future.     

Investigation to meet China II emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time, the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option. In this study, a marine diesel engine, which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode, was investigated. After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated, and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst), the engine could meet the requirements of China II legislation. The overall MSP (methanol substitute percent) reached 54.1%. The value of each pollutant emission was much lower than that in China II emission legislation, and there was almost no methanol and formaldehyde emissions. When methanol was injected into the inlet manifold, the intake air temperature decreased a lot, as well as the exhaust gas temperature, which were beneficial to increase engine thermal efficiency and improve engine room environment. Compared with the engine running in pure diesel mode, when the engine ran in diesel/methanol dual fuel mode, the combustion phase was advanced, and the combustion duration became shorter. Therefore, the engine thermal efficiency increased, and fuel consumption decreased significantly.     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

生物质转化能源技术的发展现状及趋势探讨

能源短缺问题已成为制约经济社会发展的瓶颈,研究开发新的能源代替传统不可再生能源成为急需要解决的焦点问题。生物质能是由植物的光合作用固定于地球上的太阳能,通过生物质能转换技术可以高效地利用生物质能源,生产各种清洁燃料,替代煤炭、石油和天然气等燃料。对近些年生物质能源技术的发展现状进行了简要讨论,指出了生物质能的利用具有广阔的发展前景,在不久的将来,生物质能源必将成为能源结构中重要一部分,实现能源结构良好可持续发展。     

中日水泥企业协同处置废弃物的比较研究

水泥企业协同处置废弃物成为目前构建资源节约型与生态友好型城市十分有效的途径。针对这一新型的生产技术,通过介绍并对比分析中日水泥企业协同处置废弃物现状发现,我国废弃物产量大,但协同处置的方法发展缓慢,在协同处置废弃物种类、替代燃料水平、水泥窑固废利用水平、法律法规、政府管理、企业意识等方面与日本有很大的差距,针对我国的实际情况提出促进技术发展、加大科研力度、完善管理体系等合理的建议。