用表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的蜡和油及废白土的综合利用

对表面活性剂溶液回收炼油厂废白土中的石蜡和润滑油脱蜡脱油废白土的再生活化、综合利用进行实验研究。通过对表面活性剂的筛选及工艺条件最优化,使蜡和油的回收率分别达到93％和95％,再生白土的脱色效率优于新鲜活性白土。用脱蜡脱油废白土为原料制取的白炭黑和4A沸石的质量均达到国家标准。     

表面活性剂溶液回收废白土中石蜡的界面张力行为研究

用界面张力扫描方程组法测定了石蜡的EACN值（EguivalentAlkaneCarbonNumber）并合成了C_18～22烷基苯磺酸钠及C_18～22.烷基磺酸钠两种表面活性剂。对炼油厂废白土中蜡的回收实验表明,这两种表面活性剂溶剂与石蜡的界面张力较低,与十二烷基磺酸钠配伍后,石蜡的回收率可达93％。     

用废白土制备4A分子筛的研究

本文研究了用废白土制备4A分子筛的工艺,着重讨论了用汽油抽提回收润滑油、甲苯抽提回收胶质和盐类、废白土焙烧以及废白土酸化反应条件、碱处理、凝胶混合物配比对产品性能的影响.并对用废白土合成的4A分子筛进行了XRD结构表征.     

废白土制砖

一、基本情况我厂铂重整装置,在加工过程中,为提高芳烃产品的质量,采用固定床活性白土精制工艺。其主要原理是利用白土的多孔,大表面积,具有吸附活性中心,能吸附芳烃中的迭合物,使产品得到精制。在生产中要定期更换失活的废白土。对于加工能力为10万吨/年的铂重整装置,每年排废白土50～60吨。其废白土表面上吸附着大量芳烃迭合物,历年来一直堆放在装置周围,经长期日晒,雨淋、     

表面活性剂溶液法回收废白土中油脂的研究

用表面活性剂溶液法回收废白土中油脂，油脂回收率可达96％。讨论了表面活性剂的选择、作用原理、工艺条件的设计以及提取温度、提取时间与油脂回收串和油脂质量的关系。     

用炼油厂废白土制备有机膨润土的研究(I)──废白土的提纯

对炼油厂废白土的脱蜡脱油工艺及脱蜡脱油后度白土的湿法提纯工艺进行了实验研究,并用阳离子交换容量（CEC）和吸蓝量（M．B．）来表征提纯废白土的活性和蒙脱石含量,找到了废白土提纯的最佳工艺条件,为进一步利用提纯废白土合成有机膨润土提供了合格的原料     

用水基表面活性剂乳液回收废白土中蜡的界面张力研究

通过测定液体与废白土粉末之间的接触角及液体与蜡之间的液液界面张力，对水基表面活性剂乳液的溶剂及配方进行了优选，得到最俊的水基表面活性剂乳液的组成为：质量分数０．２％的十二烷基苯磺酸钠十体积分数为２．５％的乙醇十体积分数为２５％的混合烃（正己烷十苯，等体积）＋体积分数为７２．５％的水，实验证明，用该水基表面活性剂乳液处理废白土，蜡的回收率可达８０％，同时不破坏白土的颗粒结构。     

精制石蜡地蜡废白土渣的综合利用

石蜡和地蜡白土吸附精制过程中,产生了大量的废渣——石蜡渣和地蜡渣。蜡渣中的含蜡量平均在20—30％左右。过去对这些废渣一直没有进行过工业处理。为了消除污染,搞好“三废”治理,锦西石油五厂于一九七五年开展了蜡渣回收利用的科学实验。根据各种试验效果的比较,用尿素脱蜡车间排放的废尿素水蒸解石蜡渣的效果较好,且收到综合利用的目的。目前,这种蒸解方法已经用于该厂生产过程中,用废尿素水蒸解石蜡渣试验生产情况如下:     

氟化铵和氨循环法从脱腊脱油废白土中制取白炭黑

利用NH4F与废白土中SiO₂反应生成的（NH4）SiF6溶液和NH₃,进行闭路循环反应,生成NH4F与水合SiO₂（白炭黑）,通过正交优化,得到最佳工艺为：氟化反应,NH₄F∶废白土＝1.28,NH₄F∶水＝0.9,反应温度60℃,反应时间4h;氨化反应,反应温度60℃,反应时间8h,投料比＝2〔25％氨水mL/（NH₄）SiF₆g〕。循环试验结果表明,NH4F转化率可达82％,白炭黑产率达90％以上,只需补充少量NH₄F和氨水,就能在不产生环境污染的情况下从废白土中制取白炭黑。     

用水基表面活性剂乳液回收废白土中蜡的界面张力研究

通过测定液体与废白土粉末之间的接触角及液体与蜡之间的液液界面张力，对水基表面活性剂乳液的溶剂及配方进行了优选，得到最佳的水基面活性剂乳液的组成为：质量分数０．２％的十二烷基苯磺酸钠＋体积分数为２．５％的乙醇＋体积分数为２５％的混合烃（正己烷＋苯，等体积）＋体积分数为７２．５％的水。实验证明，用该水基表面活性剂乳液处理废白土，蜡的回收率可达８０％，同时不破坏白土的颗粒结构。     

千米桥潜山构造高蜡凝析油气藏的蜡质来源研究

千米桥古潜山奥陶系凝析油以高含蜡为特征。为探讨凝析油气藏中的高蜡成因机理 ,对黄骅坳陷近3 0年来 3 3 0 0多个第三系原油油样含蜡量的时空分布特征进行了研究。发现原油含蜡量的垂向分布主要受自下而上运移过程中的“地色层效应”所控制 ,对最接近油藏原始蜡质保存条件的试油含蜡量的层位分布统计研究也支持上述观点 ,说明无论是初次运移还是二次运移 ,随距离的增加含蜡量逐渐降低 ,亦即含蜡量较高的原油更靠近烃源岩。板桥油田和港东部分地区沙三段产层 (凝析油烃源层 )的含蜡量平面分布研究 ,表明千米桥古潜山奥陶系高蜡凝析油的蜡质来源于歧口凹陷方向的白水头地区 ,与白水头地区原油高分子量蜡馏分的指纹对比及含氮化合物、成熟度等多项指标也证实了上述结论     

蜡防印花生产废水处理工程扩改设计

对蜡防印花生产废水处理工程进行扩改设计,实际结果表明:机械洗蜡废水分流后经双级气浮处理,蜡回收率和处理水回用率可达90%以上;皂化脱蜡废水分流后采用酸化-气浮处理,蜡回收率可达95%以上,出水与印花水洗废水经微电解脱色,脱色率可达85%以上;混合废水经混凝气浮-生物接触氧化-沉淀-过滤组合工艺处理,出水达标排放。该处理工艺效率高,效果稳定,经济效益和环境效益高。     

蜡染印花生产废水的处理与综合利用

采用物理 、化学方 法，研究 了蜡 染 印花 生 产废 水的 处 理工 艺并 应 用于 废水 治 理工 程中 。实际运行 结果表 明：分流后 的洗蜡 废水经双 级气浮 处理，蜡回 收率和 废水回用 率可达９ ０ ％ 以上； 其他生产废水 经混凝 气浮 内电解 氧化沉 淀组合 工艺 处 理后 ，出 水水 质 达到 了国 家 排放 标准 。该 处理工艺设 备简单 、效果可靠 ，具有推 广使用价 值     

Hexagonal comb cells of honeybees are not produced via a liquid equilibrium process

The nests of European honeybees (Apis mellifera) are organised into wax combs that contain many cells with a hexagonal structure. Many previous studies on comb-building behaviour have been made in order to understand how bees produce this geometrical structure; however, it still remains a mystery. Direct construction of hexagons by bees was suggested previously, while a recent hypothesis postulated the self-organised construction of hexagonal comb cell arrays; however, infrared and thermographic video observations of comb building in the present study failed to support the self-organisation hypothesis because bees were shown to be engaged in direct construction. Bees used their antennae, mandibles and legs in a regular sequence to manipulate the wax, while some bees supported their work by actively warming the wax. During the construction of hexagonal cells, the wax temperature was between 33.6 and 37.6 °C. This is well below 40 °C, i.e. the temperature at which wax is assumed to exist in the liquid equilibrium that is essential for self-organised building.     

Wax perception in honeybees: contact is not necessary

In social insects, much progress has been made in identifying variations in the cuticular signatures of sexes, castes, kin and reproductive status. In contrast to this, we still do not know how the receivers perceive these recognition cues. This study was designed to investigate whether honeybees use contact-chemosensory or olfactory sensilla to perceive wax components. To answer this question in a behavioral assay, we combined classical conditioning of the proboscis extension reaction and a recently established method using zinc sulfate to selectively block antennal contact-chemosensory sensilla. Comparison of the responses to sucrose, wax and geraniol before and after antennal zinc sulfate treatment revealed that the sucrose response is lost after treatment but the responses to wax and geraniol are maintained. As sucrose is perceived by the contact-chemosensory sensilla, the retention of the wax response indicates that contact-chemosensory sensilla are not necessary for wax perception.     

Epicuticular wax of large and small white butterflies,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pieris brassicae</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> P. rapae crucivora</Emphasis>: qualitative and quantitative comparison between diapause and non-diapause pupae

We compared the quantity and quality of the epicuticular wax of diapause and non-diapause pupae in two closely related Pieris species, P. brassicae and P. rapae crucivora. Main components of their epicuticular wax were identified as hydrocarbons. In P. brassicae, more than 95% of hydrocarbons were saturated regardless of whether the pupae were in diapause or not. In P. rapae crucivora, 93% of hydrocarbons were saturated in non-diapause pupae whereas in diapause pupae 41% were saturated and 59% unsaturated. From measurements of body surface area by nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging, we calculated the average thickness of the wax layer. The thickness in diapause and non-diapause pupae of P. brassicae was 800 and 160 nm, respectively. In P. rapae crucivora, the thickness was 195 nm in diapause and 11 nm in non-diapause. This is the first report to clarify the compositional difference in epicuticular wax between diapause and non-diapause pupae.     

Plant surface wax affects parasitoid’s response to host footprints

The plant surface is the substrate upon which herbivorous insects and natural enemies meet and thus represents the stage for interactions between the three trophic levels. Plant surfaces are covered by an epicuticular wax layer which is highly variable depending on species, cultivar or plant part. Differences in wax chemistry may modulate ecological interactions. We explored whether caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda, when walking over a plant surface, leave a chemical trail (kairomones) that can be detected by the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Chemistry and micromorphology of cuticular waxes of two barley eceriferum wax mutants (cer-za.126, cer-yp.949) and wild-type cv. Bonus (wt) were assessed. The plants were then used to investigate potential surface effects on the detectability of caterpillar kairomones. Here we provide evidence that C. marginiventris responds to chemical footprints of its host. Parasitoids were able to detect the kairomone on wild-type plants and on both cer mutants but the response to cer-yp.949 (reduced wax, high aldehyde fraction) was less pronounced. Experiments with caterpillar-treated wt and mutant leaves offered simultaneously, confirmed this observation: no difference in wasp response was found when wt was tested against cer-za.126 (reduced wax, wt-like chemical composition) but wt was significantly more attractive than cer-yp.949. This demonstrates for the first time that the wax layer can modulate the detectability of host kairomones.