PDADMAC强化絮凝去除腐殖质类天然有机污染物的研究

以不同来源的腐殖质为典型有机污染物,进行了聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PDADMAC）强化絮凝去除溶解性腐殖质的研究和机理讨论.结果表明,复合PDADMAC使絮凝剂投量减少了60%以上,出水DOC和色度的去除率分别增加了60%和90%左右.不同来源腐殖质的负电性对PDADMAC强化絮凝去除腐殖质的影响强于其疏水性的影响.有机阳离子絮凝剂PDADMAC 强化絮凝去除溶解性腐殖质的絮凝机理主要表现为专属吸附作用,即在无机高分子絮凝剂PAC水解絮凝的过程中,高正电性的PDADMAC吸附于PAC水解产物的表面上,增强了其吸附电中和与专属吸附作用,从而提高了其对溶解性腐殖质的去除率.     

阳离子聚电解质聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的絮凝机理初探

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵PDADMAC(特性粘度分别为2.7,1.4,0.7)为絮凝剂,对比PAC和PFC,通过残余浊度、Zeta电位、FI絮凝指数的测定,研究了PDADMAC对高岭土悬浊体系(浊度分别为6000,1000,200和10 NTU)的絮凝特性,并对其絮凝作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PDADMAC的吸附构型决定其絮凝机理在较低初始悬浊物浓度下(200 NTU)为单个颗粒物表面吸附覆盖及其"吸附电中和"絮凝模型;在高浊条件下(＞1000 NTU)为单颗粒表面(Monomer)部分吸附覆盖及其"吸附架桥"絮凝模型.     

利用小角度激光光散射研究阳离子有机高分子絮凝剂的絮体粒径和絮体结构

利用小角度激光光散射在线监测技术研究了不同阳离子有机高分子絮凝剂对带负电荷的高岭土颗粒体系的絮凝动力学和絮体结构.对于高电荷密度的聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC),由于分子量低其初始絮凝反应速度较慢,最终形成的絮体也较小.絮凝过程中,其絮体结构发生重组和排列,分形维数从1.83升高到2.09,所形成的絮体密实.对于低电荷密度的2种阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM),因其分子量大投药量高,絮凝反应速度较快;但其絮体的分形维数较小且在絮凝反应中基本保持不变,形成的絮体结构开放和松散.基于有机高分子对高岭土体系浊度和zeta电位的影响,结合絮凝动力学和絮体结构分析,结果表明,PDADMAC絮凝机理是电中和作用,而随着分子量的增加和电荷密度的降低,CPAM则主要通过吸附架桥作用产生絮凝.     

原子力显微镜分析聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐的吸附和絮凝行为:反离子的影响

通过对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC)改性得到了高分子量的聚二甲基二烯丙基硝酸铵(PDADMANO₃)和聚二甲基二烯丙基硫酸铵(PDADMASO₄).通过电导率,比浓粘度,原子力显微镜,以及高岭土悬浊液絮凝试验的残余浊度,Zeta电位和絮凝指数,研究了一价阴离子(Cl^-,ON₃^-)和二价阴离子(SO₄^2-)对聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐(PDADMAX)的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明:不同的反离子对PDADMAX的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能有显著影响.PDADMANO₃具有更高的絮凝效率和“电中和作用”,而PDADMASO₄具有更宽的最佳絮凝范围和更大的絮体粒径,及更强的“吸附架桥作用”.特别对于聚电解质的吸附和絮凝机理的研究,单个高分子的原子力显微镜图象是一种非常有效地分析方法.     

磁性阳离子型壳聚糖絮凝剂去除Cr(Ⅵ)

以二氧化硅和硅烷偶联剂(KH-570)包裹的磁性Fe3O4作为磁芯,壳聚糖(CS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)作为接枝单体,通过低压紫外光引发合成新型磁性壳聚糖絮凝剂(FSCAD),研究该材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除性能.采用傅立叶变换红外、热重分析、X射线衍射图谱和振动样品磁强计对絮凝剂进行表征,...     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的合成及水处理絮凝效能研究

在强碱性条件下由烯丙基氯和二甲胺反应，先生成二甲基一烯丙基叔胺，分离后再次加入烯丙基氯，于丙酮介质中结晶析出二甲基二 丙基氯化铵，产率达７５％，以复合引发剂引发聚合，得分子得９９．４万的高聚物。絮凝实验证明，最佳投药量一般小于１ｐｐｍ，如果与铝直和，可使浊水达更高的澄清度。     

壳聚糖季铵盐絮凝剂处理丁苯橡胶废水的研究

以壳聚糖(CTS)为母体,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为改性剂,合成了壳聚糖季铵盐阳离子型高分子絮凝剂2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖(HTCC),以其对高岭土悬浊液的浊度去除率为指标优化合成条件,以HTCC分别与PAC及PAM复配,絮凝处理丁苯橡胶废水.结果表明,最佳合成条件为:质量比MCTS: MCTA: MNaOH =1:2:1.2、反应温度60℃、反应时间3h,在此条件下合成的HTCC对高岭土悬浊液的浊度去除率达96.46%;HTCC+PAC复配在pH6.0~8.0对丁苯橡胶废水的絮凝效果较好,出水余浊<2NTU,色度去除率达92.98%,COD去除率达32.0%;HTCC+PAM复配在pH5.0~8.9对丁苯橡胶废水的絮凝效果最好,余浊<3NTU,COD去除率46.0 %,且投药量小, pH适宜范围宽,优势比较明显.以HTCC与PAC、PAM分别复配处理丁苯橡胶废水可减轻后续生化处理的负荷,降低PAC、PAM的投加量,从而减小出水中残余铝和残余丙烯酰胺单体的含量.     

复合微生物絮凝处理红薯淀粉废水的研究

利用胶质芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母能利用水溶性淀粉和蛋白质的特性,直接用红薯淀粉废水培养,并用它们产生的絮凝作用处理红薯淀粉废水。结果表明,在适量氯化钙助絮凝作用下,仅以2.5%的絮凝菌液,在pH值9.5的条件下,絮凝率高达97%,红薯淀粉废水的COD去除率达到65%,pH值8.0左右。经复合微生物絮凝剂处理得到的沉淀物是富含蛋白质的营养物质,干燥后可以制备成高级饲料。     

聚合铝基复合絮凝剂用于城市纳污河道废水处理

以城市纳污河道废水为处理对象,聚合氯化铝-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（PAC-PDMDAAC,代号JYF-1）复合絮凝剂为处理药剂,在室内模拟化学强化一级处理（CEPT）现场工艺,进行了烧杯絮凝实验,主要考察废水中颗粒物、有机物和氮磷的去除效果,以及pH和表面负荷率（SOR）对絮凝效果的影响,分析了投药前后废水中颗粒物粒径分布和电荷特性的变化,讨论了JYF-1药剂的作用机理及其在CEPT工艺中的应用. 结果表明,聚合铝基复合絮凝剂JYF-1比传统的PAC拥有更好的絮凝效果,对pH和SOR的适应能力更强. JYF-1对非溶解性污染物的去除要好于溶解性污染物的去除,8 mg·L^-1的JYF-1对COD和溶解性COD（SCOD）的去除率分别为76.72%和64.31%,处理后出水的可生化性大幅提高,BOD/COD从处理前的0.23增加到处理后的0.53. JYF-1具有良好的除磷效果和一定的脱氮效果,当JYF-1投量为12 mg·L^-1时,溶解性总磷（STP）的去除率可达到90%以上,总磷（TP）的去除率可达到80%左右,总氮（TN）去除率为20%左右. 将JYF-1应用于CEPT工艺,可以无需改变现有的设备和工艺,以更少的投药量获得更好的出水水质,产生更少的污泥,是值得推广应用的高效低价絮凝剂.     

疏水缔合阳离子型高分子絮凝剂合成与性能研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)、疏水单体CXDMC为原料,通过自由基水溶液共聚合法制备了疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂P(AM-DMC-CXDMC),考察了不同合成工艺条件下得到的不同结构的聚合产物的絮凝性能。研究结果表明,疏水单体种类、含量及絮凝剂浓度均对絮凝效果有较大的影响;疏水单体为C4DMC和C8DMC、疏水单体含量为1mol%、絮凝剂加量为20mg/L时,综合絮凝效果较好。用所制备的疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂和普通阳离子型絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)分别处理硅藻土模拟水与城市生活污水,结果发现,疏水缔合阳离子型絮凝剂处理效果优于阳离子型絮凝剂。     

Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on the flocculation properties

A series of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) modified carboxymethyl chitosan, denoted as CMC-CTA) with different substitution degrees of CTA were prepared successfully. The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA sample was kept almost constant. The solubility of the various flocculants showed that, higher cationic content of flocculants caused a better solubility. The flocculation experiments using kaolin suspension as synthetic water at the laboratory scale indicated that the substitution degree of CTA was one of the key factors for the flocculation properties. With the increase of cationic content, the flocculants were demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage requirement. Flocculation kinetics model of particles collisions combining zeta potential and turbidity measurements was employed to investigate the effects of the cationic content of the flocculants on the flocculation properties from the viewpoint of flocculation mechanism in detail. Furthermore, flocculation performance using raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtze River at the pilot scale showed the similar effects to those at the laboratory scale.     

Surface modification of polypropylene non-woven fibers with TiO2 nanoparticles via layer-by-layer self assembly method: Preparation and photocatalytic activity

Polypropylene (PP) meltblown fibers were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. The fibers were first modified with 3 layers of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) and poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) to improve the anchoring of the TiO₂ nanoparticle clusters. PDADMAC, which is positively charged, was then used as counter polyelectrolyte in tandem with anionic TiO₂ nanoparticles to construct TiO₂/PDADMAC bilayer in the LbL fashion. The number of deposited TiO₂/PDADMAC layers was varied from 1 to 7 bilayer, and could be used to adjust TiO₂ loading. The LbL technique showed higher TiO₂ loading efficiency than the impregnation approach. The modified fibers were tested for their photocatalytic activity against a model dye, Methylene Blue (MB). Results showed that the TiO₂ modified fibers exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity efficiency similar to that of TiO₂ powder dispersed in solution. The deposition of TiO₂ 3 bilayer on the PP substrate was sufficient to produce nanocomposite fibers that could bleach the MB solution in less than 4 hr. TiO₂-LbL constructions also preserved TiO₂ adhesion on substrate surface after 1 cycle of photocatalytic test. Successive photocatalytic test showed decline in MB reduction rate with loss of TiO₂ particles from the substrate outer surface. However, even in the third cycle, the TiO₂ modified fibers are still moderately effective as it could remove more than 95% of MB after 8 hr of treatment.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride by chemical synthesis-membrane distillation method with self-made hollow fiber membrane

A method of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with a self-made hollow polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was applied to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high Al_b content based on chemical synthesis. The permeate flux and Al species distribution were investigated. The experimental results showed that the permeate flux decreased from 14 to 6 kg/(m²·hr) at the end of the DCMD process, which can be mainly attributed to the formation of NaCl deposits on the membrane surface. The Al_b content decreased slightly, only from 86.3% to 84.4%, when the DCMD experiment finished, correspondingly the Al_c content increased slightly from 7.2% to 8.5%, and the Al_a content remained at 7% during the whole DCMD process. A PACl with Al_b content of 84% at total aluminum concentration 2.2 mol/L was successfully prepared by the chemical synthesis-DCMD method.     

Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

纳米TiO2-PAC复合絮凝剂的制备及絮凝效果研究

将溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2粉体与缓慢加碱法制得的PAC通过超声反应聚合制得纳米TiO2-PAC复合絮凝剂。通过絮凝实验表明：TiO2-PAC无论是在去除悬浮物,还是在降低CODG和色度方面,均优于普通PAC和AlCl30絮凝过程是纳米TiO2的强吸附作用和PAC的吸附电中和、吸附架桥和沉淀网捕作用共同作用的结果。     

利用秸秆微生物产絮凝剂的提取及性质分析

文章对一株利用秸秆粉——无机氮源培养基的细菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂进行了粗提和性质分析。该絮凝剂对于高岭土——氯化钙悬浊液的絮凝率达93.96%,效果较好。将该细菌接种在液体培养基中,于恒温摇床发酵培养,经测定,主要絮凝成分位于发酵液上清液中,对发酵液上清液进行热稳定性和pH稳定性实验,结果表明,该絮凝剂在室温25℃、pH为7条件下絮凝效果最好。采用乙醇法对发酵液上清液进行提取,即可得该微生物絮凝剂粗品。经Molish反应及茚三酮反应显色可知,该絮凝剂含有糖类及蛋白成分,经苯酚硫酸法测定其中糖含量占湿重的11.666%,经考马斯亮蓝法测定其中蛋白含量占湿重的0.586 4%,经薄层层析分析得,该微生物絮凝剂含有的主要糖类成分为阿拉伯糖。     

一种复合型絮凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

以氯化铝、双氰胺、甲醛等为原料制备出一种有机无机复合型絮凝剂(OICF),并用于福州市红庙岭卫生填埋场垃圾渗滤液的预处理试验,系统考察了其对渗滤液进行处理时的最优条件。试验发现,OICF对渗滤液原水、厌氧池出水和二沉池出水有很强的絮凝和脱色效果,废水的COD去除率可分别达到81.0%、34.86%和48.74%以上,色度去除率均可达到50%以上。对比试验结果表明,OICF处理垃圾渗滤液的絮凝综合性能明显优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)。     

聚硅酸铝铁-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂的制备与应用

采用聚硅酸铝铁与壳聚糖复合,制备低成本、高絮凝性能的新型无机-有机复合絮凝剂。结果表明:最佳复合条件为pH值1.4～2.0、原料配比(质量比)1:1、最佳温度70～80℃、反应时间16h。并将该絮凝剂用于造纸废水的处理实验,在投加量每500mL为5mL时,其对废水浊度、色度和COD的去除率分别为94.5%,61.5%和78.7%。     

生物柴油副产物甘油的去杂工艺条件研究

采用絮凝的方法,对桐油制备生物柴油副产物甘油的去杂工艺条件进行了研究。考察了不同絮凝剂及絮凝剂用量、pH值、搅拌时间、反应温度等条件对甘油絮凝去除杂质的效果和甘油回收率的影响。结果表明:采用硫酸铝絮凝剂,在絮凝剂用量为0.2%,pH值为6.0,搅拌时间为5 min,反应温度为20℃的条件下去杂效果最好,甘油回收率为80.45%。