氯基和硫基肥对土壤镉水稻生物有效性的影响

为探明氯基和硫基化肥单施或混施对土壤镉（Cd）水稻生物有效性的影响,选取典型水稻土红黄泥（第四纪红色黏土母质发育）,按不同比例添加氯基肥（KCl、NH₄Cl）和硫基肥［K₂SO₄、（NH₄）₂SO₄］,在3种外源Cd水平下（0、0.5和2.0 mg ·kg^-1）进行水稻盆栽试验,研究土壤pH、Cd形态、水稻植株各部位和糙米Cd富集情况.结果表明,施用氯基和硫基肥均会使土壤酸化,但氯基肥的影响更显著.水稻灌浆期,单施氯基肥较单施硫基肥的土壤pH值平均降低了0.28;水稻成熟期,氯基肥对残渣态Cd具有活化作用,而硫基肥会将酸可提取态Cd钝化为残渣态;氯基和硫基肥混施较单施同种肥料更易促进水稻植株富集Cd;糙米Cd富集量在氯基和硫基肥1 ：1处理时最高,为0.21 mg ·kg^-1（2.0 mg ·kg^-1外源Cd水平）,较单施氯基肥提高了16.4%,较单施硫基肥显著提高了113.3%.因此,氯基肥和硫基肥混施会使水稻糙米Cd富集量上升,为保障粮食品质安全,水稻种植更宜单施硫基肥.     

贡嘎山大气气溶胶中水溶性无机离子的观测与分析研究

2005年12月～2006年11月在贡嘎山东坡海拔1 640　m处,利用大流量滤膜采样器对大气中的气溶胶粒子进行了分级采样,并用离子色谱(IC)分析了气溶胶中水溶性无机成分的含量.结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀中总水溶性无机离子年平均浓度分别为6.46和8.86 μg/m³,其中主要的3种离子SO^2-₄、NO^-₃和NH⁺₄,占PM_2.5和PM₁₀中总水溶性无机离子浓度的82%和85%.Na⁺、 NH⁺₄、 K⁺、Cl^-和SO^2-₄主要分布在细粒子中,NO^-₃、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺在粗细粒子中各占一半.雨季Na⁺与Cl^-相关性明显增强,PM_2.5和PM₁₀中Na⁺与Cl^-的相关系数R²分别为0.87和0.84. PM₁₀中SO^2-₄与NH⁺₄的量浓度比值接近1∶2,表明SO^2-₄与NH⁺₄主要以(NH₄)₂SO₄形式存在.     

遵义市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源解析

为探究遵义市PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,于2018年6月~2019年5月采集了遵义市两个采样点共120个PM_2.5样品,并利用离子色谱法对样品中8种水溶性离子进行了分析。结果表明：采样期间,遵义市PM_2.5平均值为47.6±19.3 μg/m³,呈现冬春高、夏秋低的季节变化特征;8种水溶性离子平均质量浓度顺序为SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^- > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺,平均值为13.74 μg/m³,水溶性离子质量浓度的季节变化与PM_2.5变化趋势相似;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺（SNA）是PM_2.5中主要水溶性离子,占比为83.8%,说明遵义市大气PM_2.5二次污染较严重;相关性分析表明,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄的形式存在,部分以NH₄NO₃的形式存在;[NO₃^-]/[SO₄^2-]小于1,表明固定源为主要污染源;主成分分析结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、交通混合源、土壤、建筑扬尘及农业源。     

天津市高校夏季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

为研究天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征、来源及校内外差异，于2018年7—8月采集天津市9所高校道路扬尘样品，用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性离子（Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）进行分析.结果显示：①水溶性离子占PM_2.5的11.65%，PM_2.5中占比大于1%的离子有Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-，其中Ca²⁺最多，占到总水溶性无机离子的65.75%；②入校道路离子含量（12.76%）稍高于校内道路（11.11%），其中8种离子含量的差异均无统计学意义；CE/AE（阴阳离子当量浓度比）值为9.59（远大于1），PM_2.5呈较强碱性；③NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-、NO₃^-主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形态结合；④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的比值为0.45，说明固定源的贡献更大；⑤天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5主要来源于海盐粒子、燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑水泥尘等.     

沿海城市珠海PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及来源分析

PM_2.5水溶性离子特征研究主要集中在大中型城市,为探讨珠海市PM_2.5水溶性离子特征及来源,2016年6月至12月采集PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱分析9种水溶性离子浓度。结果表明：珠海PM_2.5总离子浓度处于较低水平,离子浓度有季节变化特征,表现为冬季＞秋季＞夏季;夏、秋季PM_2.5呈碱性,冬季显酸性;从夏季到冬季,SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺在总离子中比例有减小趋势,NO₃^-比例有增大趋势。SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺为主要组成成分,占离子总成分的85.07%,表明珠海市大气PM_2.5二次污染较严重,NO₃^-/ SO₄^2-均值0.2,表明以固定源污染为主。从气团聚类、离子相关性、富集因子分析和主因子分析等角度讨论来源和存在形式,珠海PM_2.5水溶性离子受气团影响较大,来自陆地气团的离子浓度高于海洋气团;夏季到冬季,PM_2.5受到80.2%的人为源和海洋源的混合源和16%的农业源贡献,离子主要存在形式有NH₄HSO₄、Mg(NO₃)₂、KNO₃、Ca(NO₃)₂、NH₄NO₃、NaCl、KCl和CaCl₂。     

上海市秋季典型大气高污染过程中颗粒物的化学组成变化特征

于2010年10月1日至11月30日在上海市城区对大气中颗粒物质量浓度及细粒子化学组分进行了在线连续观测,获得了秋季大气灰霾和沙尘等典型污染过程中颗粒物质量浓度和化学组成的变化特性.观测结果显示,在大气灰霾污染过程中PM₁₀和PM_2.5的日均最高浓度分别达到216~293 μg·m^-3和130~204 μg·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值在65%以上,总的可溶性无机离子(TWSII)占PM_2.5质量浓度的50%以上,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的总和占25%~30%.二次可溶性离子(SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺)占TWSII的83.3%~87.5%,OC/EC的比值在5左右,表明在灰霾污染过程中二次组分对PM_2.5的贡献较大;沙尘天气以粗粒子污染为主,TWSII、OC和EC分别仅占PM_2.5质量浓度的27.2%、13.4%和2.0%,二次可溶性离子(SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺)占TWSII的55.7%,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等地壳组分的比例较灰霾天气明显升高.研究结果还显示,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-等二次离子组分的生成与颗粒物中硫与氮的氧化速率有关,在大气灰霾过程中硫转化率(SOR)和氮转化率(NOR)值较高,分别为0.24±0.10和0.15±0.06,说明SO₂通过二次反应生成SO₄^2-的能力较强,在污染的环境下高浓度的NO₂更有利于向NO₃^-转化.     

北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

一种改性微生物吸附剂的制备及其对镉离子的吸附特性

改性生物吸附剂具有更好的重金属离子去除能力,成为近年来研究热点.本研究通过向菌株拉乌尔菌Raoultella sp. X13生长培养基中添加特定盐获得改性吸附剂,并研究了其镉离子（Cd²⁺）吸附特性.研究结果表明,相比原始菌体X13,经KCl、K₂SO₄、KH₂PO₄、（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄Cl改进的生长培养基制备的吸附剂提高了对Cd²⁺吸附效果.其中,NH₄Cl改性的拉乌尔菌Raoultella sp. X13（命名为R5-1）对Cd²⁺吸附能力显著增加,达66.40 mg·g^-1,增加了47.30%.这一显著变化主要依赖于生长代谢引起的细胞表面结构变化.Cd²⁺吸附特性研究结果表明生物吸附过程受溶液pH、初始金属浓度和接触时间的影响.Langmuir等温线模型和伪二级动力学模型更加符合吸附剂R5-l对Cd²⁺的吸附数据. FTIR分析表明R5-l表面存在多种功能位点并可能参与金属离子的结合,例如—OH,—CH₂,N—H, —COO,磷酸盐或硫酸盐等官能团.模拟实验结果表明吸附剂R5-l可以有效修复废水中多种金属离子.因此,本研究获得的改性吸附剂R5-l可以作为重金属Cd²⁺的潜在微生物修复剂,并为高效,简便,环保地制备改性吸附剂提供一定的参考.     

PM2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ion concentrations decreased faster in urban than rural areas in China

We investigated variations of PM_2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions chemical characteristics at nine urban and rural sites in China using ground-based observations. From 2015 to 2019, mean PM_2.5 concentration across all sites decreased by 41.9 µg/m³ with a decline of 46% at urban sites and 28% at rural sites, where secondary inorganic aerosol (SIAs) contributed to 21% (urban sites) and 17% (rural sites) of the decreased PM_2.5. SIAs concentrations underwent a decline at urban locations, while sulfate (SO₄^2–), nitrate (NO₃^–), and ammonium (NH₄⁺) decreased by 49.5%, 31.3% and 31.6%, respectively. However, only SO₄^2– decreased at rural sites, NO₃^– increased by 21% and NH₄⁺ decreased slightly. Those changes contributed to an overall SIAs increase in 2019. Higher molar ratios of NO₃^– to SO₄^2– and NH₄⁺ to SO₄^2– were observed at urban sites than rural sites, being highest in the heavily polluted days. Mean molar ratios of NH₃/NH_x were higher in 2019 than 2015 at both urban and rural sites, implying increasing NH_x remained as free NH₃. Our observations indicated a slower transition from sulfate-driven to nitrate-driven aerosol pollution and less efficient control of NO_x than SO₂ related aerosol formation in rural regions than urban regions. Moreover, the common factor at urban and rural sites appears to be a combination of lower SO₄^2– levels and an increasing fraction of NO₃^– to PM_2.5 under NH₄⁺-rich conditions. Our findings imply that synchronous reduction in NO_x and NH₃ emissions especially rural areas would be effective to mitigate NO₃^–-driven aerosol pollution.     

宿迁市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源分析

为了研究宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的季节特征和来源,于2017年5月至2018年1月在宿迁市水汽通道上的3个监测点位采集了171份PM_2.5样品,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度以及9种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明,宿迁市PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子的年均浓度为（44.08±34.61）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5质量的41.8%,9种水溶性离子浓度大小排序为ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺）,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是主要的离子组分,占总水溶性无机离子浓度的75.6%.ρ（NO₃^-）/ρ（SO₄^2-）年均值为1.53±0.88,表明移动污染源对PM_2.5的贡献高于固定污染源.水溶性无机离子相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺与NO₃^-、SO₄^2-可能以（NH₄）₂ SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.结合主成分分析,水溶性无机离子主要来源于二次转化、工业源、生物质燃烧和扬尘.PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度在冬季呈显著正相关,水汽传输在冬季更容易对PM_2.5浓度增长有促进作用.     

鸡粪腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合铜的变化

以鸡粪为材料,添加不同比例的铜锌进行腐解试验,研究了腐解过程中不同溶性腐殖质结合态铜(水溶性、氢氧化钠溶性、氢氧化钠-焦磷酸钠混合液溶性)浓度的动态变化、受锌含量的影响及其与有效铜的关系.结果表明,粪肥原样H2O-Cu(水溶性腐殖质结合态铜)占其全铜量的10.97%,在腐解过程中先上升后下降;随着粪肥中添加铜量的增加(1:1、2:1、3:1处理),H2O-Cu占其全铜的比例相应减少了(平均分别占其全铜的比例的7.10%、5.18%和3.74%);H2O-Cu随着腐解时间延长呈增加趋势;在腐解的后期(45、60d),粪肥中锌含量的增加会降低H2O-Cu含量.腐解初期粪肥原样NaOH浸提腐殖质-铜(NaOH-Cu)占其全铜量的70.87%,随腐解进行其比例大幅度下降;NaOH-Cu占其全铜的比例随着加入铜的增大而有所下降,分别为55.59%、46.04%和38.08%,且随着腐解时间延长呈下降趋势;粪肥中锌含量的增加对NaOH-Cu含量变化影响较小.粪肥原样中NaOH-Na4P2O7提取腐殖质结合态铜(NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu)占其全铜量的24.29%,随腐解过程呈增加趋势,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu量随着加入铜量的增加而增加,占其全铜比例的15%～25%;粪肥中锌含量增加对NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu有促进作用.粪肥添加铜锌后,3种浸提剂提取的可溶性腐殖质结合态铜有55%～80%分配在NaOH的溶液中,10%～30%分配在NaOH-Na4P2O7碱性混合液中,0～10%在水溶液中;随加入铜含量和锌含量的增加,NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu平均分配比(占3种町浸提性腐殖质-Cu的比例)增加,NaOH-Cu和H2O-Cu的分配比减少.相关性分析结果表明:H2O-Cu、NaOH-Cu和NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu之间显著正相关,它们与有效铜之间呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).     

从生产钼酸铵的废水中萃取回收铜的研究

介绍了从钼酸铵生产过程产生的含铜酸性废水中萃取回收铜，再从回收铜后的废水中回收硫铵的研究。对含铜１３０ｇ／Ｌ的废水，经过处理后，制备出符合国际标准的硫酸铜和硫铵。     

Release behavior of copper and zinc from sandy soils

The concentrations and chemical forms of copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) in surface soils directly influence the movement of Cu and Zn. In this study, thirteen sandy soil samples with a wide range of total Cu and Zn concentrations were collected for evaluating the relationships between Cu and Zn release and extraction time, ratio of soil to water, pH and electro;yte types. The results indicated that Cu released in batch extraction that represents long-term leaching was mainly from exchangeable, and carbonate bound Cu fractions, and Zn released in the batch extraction was mainly from its carbonate bound fraction. However, the Cu and Zn leached from the soils using the column leaching that represents short-term leaching were mainly from their exchangeable fractions. Soil column leaching at different pH values indicated that the amounts of leached Zn and Cu were greatly affected by pH. The Cu and Zn release experiments with varying extraction times and ratio of soil to water suggest that long-term water-logging in the soils after rain may increase contact time of the soils with water and the release of Cu and Zn to water from the soils, and total amounts of Cu or Zn released from the soils increase, but the Cu or Zn concentration in the surface runoff decrease with increasing rainfall intensity. The increased Ca concentration in soil solution increased stability of organic matter-mineral complexes and might decrease the dissolution of organic matter, and thus decreased the release of Cu-binding component of organic matter. However, high concentration of Na in the soil solution increased the dispersion of the organic matter-mineral complexes and increased dissolution of organic matter and the release of Cu from the soils.     

Micronutrient dynamics in some wetland soils of south-eastern Nigeria

The inventory of profile distribution of total iron(Fe),zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn) and copper(Cu) were determined in three different soil horizons each of the wetland soils selected form Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK)and Nkana(NA) in Ini Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.Total Fe ranged between 3.25 and 4.15ppm.The average contents were 3.72,3.91 and 3.62ppm in Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK) and Nkana(NA)soils respectively.The total value of Zn also ranged between 2.4 and 4.9 ppm with the average content in each soil being 28.27,17.73and 36.53 ppm respectively.The amount of Fe and Zn in these soil profiles were strongly correlated with the clay content and high levels of organic matter of 3.70%,2.47%and 2.5% respectively.The content clearly reflected a poor drainage conditions.In all the soil profiles Mn and Cu were detected in at least one of the soil horizons.However, Mn and Cu were not detected in the soil horizons at Nkari.Generally , the relative inventory of these micronutrients appeared to be influenced by pH,drainage pattern,organic matter and clay contents of these soils.The inventory of total values of the wetland soils considered are assessed in the light of establishing a baseline information.     

遵义松林Ni-Mo矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染及农作物健康风险评价

采用ICP-MS分析了贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区表层土壤（旱地土和水稻土）及6种农作物样品的重金属Cu、Zn含量。结果显示,矿区旱地土Cu、Zn含量分别为31.3～148.5和101.0～346.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为65.1和233.0 mg/kg;水稻土Cu、Zn含量分别为46.3～67.3和169.0～358.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为55.8和234.0 mg/kg;两种类型土壤Cu、Zn含量均高于贵州省土壤背景值（Cu,32.0 mg/kg;Zn,99.5 mg/kg）和参照样品（Cu,23.3 mg/kg;Zn,82.0 mg/kg）。采用单因子指数法对矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染程度进行评价,结果显示大部分土壤样品为轻污染和中污染,部分土壤样品达Cu、Zn重污染等级。矿区农作物样品中粮食类和蔬菜类样品的Cu平均含量分别为3.64和5.81 mg/kg;Zn平均含量分别为22.54和35.79 mg/kg。运用危险商法对矿区农作物的健康风险进行评价,水稻和白菜Cu、Zn复合污染的健康风险指数大于1（分别为2.83和2.90 mg/kg）,表明这两种农作物对人体健康产生影响的可能性较大,其余作物（玉米、甘薯、辣椒、萝卜）复合污染的健康风险指数小于1,对人体健康产生影响的可能性小。     

加压氨浸法选择性回收废线路板中的铜、锌和镍

以氨水-铵盐缓冲溶液作为浸出试剂,氧气作为氧化剂,在高压釜中通过加压氨浸法回收废弃印刷线路板中的铜、锌和镍,分别研究了浸出时间、氨水浓度、铵盐浓度、搅拌速率、氧气压力、温度和不同种类铵盐对浸出效果的影响,并得到浸出的最优工艺条件:铵盐选择碳酸铵浸出效果最佳,浓度为1 mol/L,氨水浓度为4 mol/L,搅拌速率为70...     

游离和固定化SRB污泥处理含锌废水比较研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硫酸铵包埋法对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)进行固定化处理。以含锌废水为处理对象,利用内聚营养源固定化小球与游离污泥做对比实验,考察硫酸根去除率、锌离子去除率、出水COD值等因素,并借助EDX分析小球内部锌离子含量。实验结果表明,采用内聚营养源固定化小球,硫酸根去除率为55.7%,锌离子去除率达98%,出水COD<100mg/L,进行多次循环实验,出水锌离子浓度仍达到污水综合排放二级标准;采用游离污泥,硫酸根去除率为46.1%,锌离子去除率为98.2%,出水COD1800mg/L以上,用于二次处理废水,锌离子去除率仅为60.4%。固定化小球循环处理废水四次后,每克固定化小球内部锌离子含量为0.04364mg。     

不同氧化还原条件下土壤中Cd/Zn/Cu共运移特征及数值模拟

以重金属离子镉（Cd）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）为研究对象,通过室内土柱混合置换实验和数值模拟方法,分析了5种不同氧化还原电位（E_h）对Cd、Zn、Cu在土壤中运移的影响.结果表明,不同E_h下,Cu的竞争吸附能力均大于Cd和Zn,移动性较小;并产生了“滚雪球效应”,导致出流液中Cd和Zn的浓度大于输入浓度.与原土相比,E_h的增加或降低均促进了Zn、Cd的迁移速率,但对实验周期内回收率的影响不同;E_h的增加促进了Cu的迁移.两点非平衡模型（TSM）和单点非平衡吸附模型（OSM）较好地模拟了重金属的迁移,且进一步表明了土壤对重金属的吸附受吸附反应速率的限制（f<0.7）.在复合污染土壤评价和防治中,不仅要考虑E_h的影响,还要关注由竞争吸附所产生的浓度叠加效应,避免低估重金属的污染风险.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

生物脱氮系统对重金属的耐受性研究

工业废水和生活污水合并集中处理是未来城市污水处理厂的趋向。根据工业废水中常见的Cu2+和Zn2+两种重金属离子,研究了生物脱氮系统对Cu2+和Zn2+的耐受性。试验发现ρ(Cu2+)>0.5 mg/L对生物脱氮系统中COD和TN的去除产生明显的破坏作用,ρ(Cu2+)>5 mg/L对NH 4+-N的去除影响较大,对硝化过程产生抑制作用。ρ(Zn2+)>30 mg/L时对生物脱氮系统的有机物、NH 4+-N和TN的去除产生明显的影响。通过逐渐提高Cu2+、Zn2+浓度对生物脱氮系统进行驯化,可显著提高微生物对重金属的适应性和耐受性,保证污水处理效率。