低氨氮污水SNAD工艺启动-运行效能与微生物生态学特性

采用升流式微氧污泥床膜生物反应器(UMSB-MBR)处理低氨氮、低C/N比污水,考察了同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化(SNAD)工艺启动过程中的运行效能与微生物生态学特性,结果表明:经过厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)及SNAD工艺启动3个阶段,各阶段末总氮去除率(NRE)分别可达(80.85±0.81)%,(84.62±0.10)%及(90.01±0.23)%,SNAD工艺启动成功时,COD去除效率(CRE)为(85.04±0.18)%;宏基因组测序结果表明,氨氧化菌(Aer AOB)优势菌属Nitrosomonas在PN/A阶段得到富集,且氨氧化功能基因(hao、amo)相对丰度上升;厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)优势菌属由Anammox阶段的Candidatus＿Kuenenia转化为SNAD阶段的Candidatus＿Brocadia,厌氧氨氧化功能基因(hzs、hdh)呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明An AOB逐渐适应低DO、低C/N比环境;反硝化菌属Ignavibacterium、unclassified-p-Chloroflexi及反硝化相关...     

养猪废水中试规模亚硝化-反硝化-厌氧氨氧化组合工艺脱氮效能及群落结构分析

与传统硝化-反硝化工艺对养猪废水脱氮处理相比,厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)是一种更为绿色节能的污水生物脱氮工艺,但缺乏成熟的大规模养猪废水处理的工程应用案例.因此,本研究开展厌氧氨氧化技术应用于猪场废水处理的中试项目,采用一体化集装箱式组合工艺,主要包括前置反硝化池、亚硝化池、亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化池(PN-A池).结果表明,中试设备稳定运行阶段,处理规模为2 m³·d^-1,总氮去除率为93.93%±0.44%,有机物(以COD计)去除率为84.43%±0.84%,表现出良好的脱氮除碳能力.高通量测序分析结果表明,Nitrosomonas为系统中主要的好氧氨氧化菌,在亚硝化池和PN-A池都有显著富集,其相对丰度最高可达7.50%;亚硝化池亚硝氮积累率为74.28%,系统能够实现稳定亚硝化.反硝化池中主要的反硝化功能细菌为Thauera和Halomonas.Candidatus Kuenenia是系统中唯一检测到的AnAOB,只存在于PN-A池中,稳定运行期间其在填料上的相对丰度较悬浮污泥中的相对丰度高0.76～10.95倍.综上所述,厌氧氨氧化一...     

火山岩填料曝气生物滤池的SNAD工艺启动特性及功能菌丰度演替

为研究同步亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺在浸没式生物滤池反应器(SBAF)内的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥和富集ANAMMOX的填料启动SNAD反应器.结果表明在60 mg·L~(-1)有机物浓度下,自养脱氮和反硝化实现较好的耦合,并在该浓度下稳定运行了67 d,其总氮去除率最高可达92.0%,COD去除率最高达82.9%,最高总氮去除负荷为2.3 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).与全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺相比,SNAD工艺的平均总氮去除率提高了12.6%.荧光定量PCR结果显示,系统启动后AOB菌的丰度有所增长,ANAMMOX菌的丰度增长了1个数量级,而NOB菌和反硝化菌的数量维持在较低水平(小于10~7 copies·g~(-1)),表明以火山岩为填料的浸没式生物滤池反应器有利于ANAMMOX和AOB的协同生长,可快速实现SAND工艺的启动.     

低温投加短程硝化污泥下城市污水SPN/A工艺运行特性

以城市污水为研究对象,考察低温条件下通过生物添加强化氨氧化菌（AOB）活性,并进一步提高短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化一体化（SPN/A）工艺脱氮效果的可行性.平行运行2个序批式反应器（SBR） SBR1与SBR²,在间歇曝气条件下运行,控制温度由30℃梯度下降至15℃（30,27,24,21,18,15℃）,随后逐步回升至30℃.在降温与升温过程中,向SBR²中定期投加短程硝化污泥强化AOB活性,SBR1作为空白试验不进行投加.结果表明,30℃时SBR1与SBR²在不外加短程硝化污泥的条件下均可成功启动并稳定运行,脱氮效果均良好;温度降至15℃时,SBR1与SBR²出水NH₄⁺-N分别为36.38,33.10mg/L,总氮去除率分别为30.72%与35.76%,2个反应器脱氮效果均变差,SBR²较SBR1抗低温能力较强;梯度升温至30℃时,SBR1与SBR²总氮去除率分别升至52.43%与63.60%.通过考察SBR1与SBR²菌群活性可知,2个反应器的菌群活性均随着温度降低而降低,但SBR²的AOB丰度活性均高于SBR1;温度回升阶段,2个反应器的菌群活性有所升高,其中SBR²亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）活性受到抑制持续降低,推测这是因为SBR²中的AOB活性得到强化后,产生更多的亚硝酸盐,厌氧氨氧化菌（Anammox）可获得基质增多,造成Anammox活性丰度较高,所以SBR²脱氮效果相对较好.因此,在低温条件下通过生物添加强化SPN/A系统中AOB活性,可提高系统抗温度冲击能力,利于系统脱氮效果的恢复.     

一体式SNAD废水处理系统的启动和稳定运行控制研究

通过小试实验考察了同步半硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化(SNAD)系统启动和稳定化运行的条件。结果显示,通过控制温度、pH、DO、曝气方式以及碱度与进水氨氮的比值,采用人工富集厌氧氨氧化细菌的方法,成功启动了SNAD系统,并且实现了稳定化运行。氨氮和总氮的去除率均可达到90%以上,平均出水硝酸盐和进水总氮的比例可控制在11%以内。另外,在启动过程中还发现,菌体自溶贡献了大部分化学耗氧量(COD),但随着系统的稳定,菌体自溶现象趋于减小。     

城市生活污水SNAD生物膜脱氮特性

通过批试实验研究了同步亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化(SNAD)生物膜的脱氮性能.SNAD生物膜具有良好的厌氧氨氧化和反硝化活性.厌氧氨氧化NH_4~+-N、NCV-N和总无机氮(TIN)去除速率分别为0.121,0.180,0.267kgN/(kgVSS·d);反硝化和亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.211,0.053kg NO_2~--N/(kg VSS·d).SNAD生物膜厌氧氨氧化适宜的pH值范围为5~9,生物膜有助于缓解pH值对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制作用.SNAD生物膜对NO_2~--N和FNA的抑制作用表现出良好的耐受能力.当NO_2~--N浓度分别为100,150mg/L时,对应的FNA浓度分别为70,100ng/L,厌氧氨氧化NH_4~+-N去除速率分别为0.087,0.029kg N/(kg VSS·d).扫描电镜显示,在SNAD生物膜表面主要是一些短杆菌.在SNAD生物膜内部主要为火山口状细菌,应为厌氧氨氧化菌.     

耦合短程硝化反硝化的垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化处理系统构建及微生物群落分析

本研究从某垃圾填埋场计划将现有的垃圾渗滤液短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺改造为短程硝化反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际需求入手,以短程硝化反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中完成厌氧氨氧化启动.探究反应器运行中的脱氮效能、氮容积负荷和氮去除负荷情况,并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析技术对长期运行条件下系统中微生物群落结构演替进行分析.结果表明,反应器经历了149 d后成功启动厌氧氨氧化,稳定运行后的进水总氮容积负荷达到4 000. 00 mg·(L·d)-1,总氮容积平均去除速率达到3 885. 76 mg·(L·d)-1,系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率均超过了95%.运行第250 d时,系统的生物多样性减少,门水平上厌氧氨氧化主要菌群Planctomycetes的丰度达到了54. 94%;属水平上Candidatus Kuenenia为主要菌属,其相对丰度达到了49. 66%.结果证明,在短程硝化反硝化基础上耦合厌氧氨氧化实现垃圾渗滤液深度处理的升级改造工艺具有可行性.     

耦合内源反硝化实现厌氧氨氧化工艺深度脱氮

为实现厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺的深度脱氮,在厌/缺氧运行序批式反应器(SBR)的厌氧段投加乙酸钠(100mgCOD/L)实现了内源反硝化与Anammox的协同脱氮,并考察了反应器的脱氮性能和微生物种群结构变化.结果表明,耦合内源反硝化可明显提升Anammox工艺的脱氮性能,系统的总无机氮(TIN)去除率由79.07%±2.63%提高至97.00%±1.35%,出水TIN降低为(3.30±1.49)mg/L.典型周期数据表明厌氧段合成的内碳源如聚羟基脂肪酸酯可为后续内源反硝化作用提供电子供体,但不对Anammox的反应速率产生影响,基于物料平衡分析表明系统的氮素主要通过Anammox作用去除(PAMX:PEDN=98.27%:1.73%).乙酸钠的投加刺激了系统中反硝化菌Thauera的大量增殖,但随着具有内源反硝化能力的Denitratisoma丰度上升,促进了Anammox菌Candidatus Brocadia的丰度恢复,实现了Anammox系统的深度脱氮.     

连续流SNAD工艺处理猪场沼液启动过程中微生物种群演变及脱氮性能

为了实现合建式连续流同步部分亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification,ANAMMOX,and denitrification)工艺处理实际猪场沼液,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制溶解氧(DO)为(0.4±0.1)mg·L~(-1),首先通过逐步提高模拟进水氨氮浓度来实现SNAD工艺的启动,然后实现SNAD工艺处理实际猪场沼液的稳定运行.同时,采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR(qPCR)技术对反应器启动前后及沼液替换成功时关键生物种群进行分析.结果表明,150 d左右可实现SNAD工艺的启动, 298 d完成实际沼液的替换,其出水(NO~-_3-N+NO~-_2-N)/ΔNH~+_4-N小于0.11,对NH~+_4-N和TN的平均去除率为63.26%和55.71%.高通量测序结果表明,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,相对丰度50.78%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 13.34%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes, 9.26%)是沼液替换成功时污泥中的优势菌门;主要优势脱氮菌属Nitrosomonas的相对丰度由启动前1.55%增加到1.98%;两类具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能菌Candidatus_Brocadia和Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度分别从启动前0.01%和未检出(0.01%)增加到4.66%和4.18%;Denitratisoma作为主要的反硝化菌,丰度由启动前未检出(0.01%)增加到2.06%.qPCR结果表明,与接种污泥相比,沼液替换成功后AOB、ANAMMOX菌和反硝化菌的含量均有明显增加.将SNAD工艺用于实际猪场沼液处理,可实现高效稳定脱氮,节约后续处理成本.     

溶解氧对Anammox滤池内功能菌群及活性的影响

针对目前厌氧氨氧化系统内微生物的研究,主要以厌氧氨氧化菌本身这一情况,本研究对长期稳定运行的Anammox滤池内微生物菌群结构进行了测定,同时测试与分析了滤池内厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）、氨氧化菌（AOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）和反硝化菌（DNB）的关键动力学常数,探究了溶解氧（DO）浓度从0.2mg/L增加至1.5mg/L,AnAOB、AOB以及NOB活性的变化.结果表明,长期稳定运行的Anammox滤池是一个以厌氧氨氧化功能为主,多菌群共存的混合体系.滤池内厌氧氨氧化活性最高,为5.3mgN/（gVSS·h）,同时系统内DNB和AOB也具有一定活性.DO在0.2~1.5mg/L范围内,AnAOB活性变化不大;随着DO浓度增加,AOB比氨氧化速率从0.76mgN/（gVSS·h）增加到1.08mgN/（gVSS·h）,通过Monod方程进一步得到AOB氧半饱和常数（K_O2,AOB）为（0.106±0.010） mg/L,表明系统内AOB对氧具有极高的亲和力;整个过程基本检测不到NOB的活性.厌氧氨氧化系统中主要功能菌群共存,且相互竞争底物.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.