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1.
上海PM2.5工业源谱的建立   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
总结统计了我国目前的PM2.5源成分谱,指出我国本土源谱缺乏的现状.我国主要的污染源类如燃煤源、机动车源、道路尘、生物质燃烧源等,在源解析工作中均有借鉴外来源谱的情况.对上海典型工业污染源进行PM2.5源谱测定.研究发现,混合燃料电厂和燃煤电厂主要化学组分相似,但是Ca、Al、Fe在混合燃料电厂排放中贡献更大,Ca占(8.0±4.7)%,而燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中SO42-的贡献可达(23.3%±3.7%).烧结厂和电炉厂的源谱差距较大,烧结厂中SO42- (22.8%±10.0%)、Cl- (20.0%±4.5%)、K (17.2%±8.5%)、OC(13.0%±11.5%)、Ca(12.7%±4.2%)等物种贡献较大,而电炉厂中Fe(38.2% ±0.6%)、Zn(10.4% ±1.2%)等物种含量丰富.不同源类化学组分的显著差异与其工艺过程紧密相关.  相似文献   

2.
针对西安本地源谱缺乏的现状,总结统计了西安目前灰霾特征和主要成因,对西安市燃煤源进行了测定.研究发现,在煤烟尘PM2.5中SO2-4的含量最高(25%),其次为OC(12%)、NH+4(7%)、Cl-(5%).对固定源燃煤与民用散烧煤,不同脱硫方式、脱硝方式和锅炉类型的固定源成分谱分析得出:1.SO2-4及Al、Si、Ca在固定源煤烟尘PM2.5中含量大于民用燃煤,OC与之相反;2.炉内喷钙法PM2.5中SO2-4明显高于其它脱硫法含量;双碱法PM2.5中Na的含量显著高于其它脱硫工艺流程的含量;氧化镁法PM2.5 中Mg含量为各类脱硫工艺中最高;石灰石膏法颗粒物中Mg、Al、Si、Ca等元素含量均高于大多数工艺;3.不同的脱硝工艺中NO-3离子在各类成分谱中的含量极低;4.链条炉与层燃炉PM2.5中OC、EC含量高于循环流化床炉、煤粉炉.  相似文献   

3.
再悬浮装置在大气PM2.5源谱分析中的应用   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为解决PM2.5源解析中无组织排放源的采样问题,在前人基础上发展了一套简便高效的再悬浮采集装置,并对进样量、再悬浮时间等关键运行参数进行了优化,总结了无组织排放源采样分析流程.重复测试表明,双切割头的PM2.5捕集量偏差<8%,粒径分布比率变化不超过5%,显示出再悬浮装置良好的采样平行性和稳定性.将该装置应用于陶瓷工业尘、公路扬尘和二次降尘等3类无组织排放尘及生物质燃烧的源排放再悬浮采样分析,获得了各颗粒源的粒径分布谱和PM2.5无机成分谱,以此对各排放源特征进行有效区分.PM2.5平行样中各化学成分浓度偏差<15%.与其他装置相比,本研究介绍的再悬浮装置简便经济,具有较高的采样效率,在无组织尘排放源谱分析中具有较高的实用价值.  相似文献   

4.
天津市EC和OC气溶胶排放源的估算   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
王娉  马建中 《环境科学研究》2009,22(11):1269-1275
通过调研天津市污染源,在原有NOx,SO2,NMVOC,CO,NH3,PM 10和PM 2.5等污染物的基础上,从工农业生产和居民生活方面计算了天津市各行业、各区县的元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)排放量,对天津市2003年大气污染源排放清单进行了发展和补充. 结果表明:天津市2003年EC排放量为1.30×104 t,OC为2.40×104 t. 从排放源的行业分布来看,燃煤源是天津市EC和OC的重要排放源,对EC和OC排放量的贡献均为42%. 移动源与秸秆燃烧也是较大排放源,移动源对EC和OC排放量的贡献分别为43%和35%,秸秆燃烧对EC和OC的贡献分别为15%和23%. 炼焦、钢铁行业是EC和OC的主要工业源,炼焦行业的EC和OC排放量分别占工业源排放量的47%和23%,钢铁行业的EC和OC排放量分别占工业源排放量的24%和18%. 2003年天津市区对EC和OC的贡献均高于其他区县,其次,武清区、塘沽区对2种污染物的贡献也很高. 民用源的EC排放量在PM 2.5中占33.7%. 集中供热的OC排放量在PM 2.5中占67.6%,在各行业中最高. EC和OC排放量在PM2.5中所占比例最高的区域均在市区,最高值分别为25.0%和43.3%,其次是大港区和塘沽区.秸秆燃烧和移动源的估算误差较小,工业燃煤源的估算误差较大. 秸秆燃烧的正负误差分别为+18%和-16%,工业燃煤源的正负误差分别为+300%和-50%.  相似文献   

5.
王红丽  杨肇勋  景盛翱 《环境科学》2017,38(6):2617-2628
工艺过程源和溶剂使用源是我国大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)最主要的工业来源,近年来源成分谱的研究逐步受到重视.本文总结梳理了2000年以来国内外有关工艺过程源和溶剂使用源排放VOCs特征的相关研究,对比分析了不同研究结果的差异,结合不同研究的对象和方法,探讨了影响溶剂使用和工艺过程源排放成分谱研究的主要影响因素.结果表明,工艺过程源下分的32个三级子类(参照国家《大气挥发性有机物源排放清单编制技术指南》源分类方法)中,有相关研究报道的包括八类;溶剂使用源下分的10个三级子类中,有相关研究报道的包括四类.总体而言,细化的行业研究种类比较少,不同行业排放VOCs组成差异大,可比性较差.污染源采集测试方法对同一行业源排放成分谱研究结果有较大影响.此外,成分谱中VOCs物质名录的不统一也不利于不同研究结果的比较;含氧VOCs是上述两类污染源排放的重要组分,需要纳入测量范围.未来,有必要建立开放交互式的工艺过程源和溶剂使用源排放VOCs成分谱库平台,鼓励并形成不同研究结果的共享及录入机制;并建立相关研究成果数据入库规范,包括研究的对象、方法、地区、时段以及样本量等详细信息,以便开展不同VOCs源成分谱不确定性评判.  相似文献   

6.
鉴于烟台市本地化源成分谱研究缺乏的现状,以及颗粒物精细化来源解析及环境管理的需求,采用NK-ZXF颗粒物再悬浮采样器,对6家烟台市典型工业下载灰源样品进行再悬浮采样,构建6类〔燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉、钢铁(烧结)行业、玻璃行业和垃圾处理行业〕PM2.5源成分谱,并对PM2.5源成分谱特征及其排放颗粒物携带重金属特征进行评估.结果表明:①燃煤电厂PM2.5源成分谱的标识组分包括Si、Cl-和SO42-,其质量分数分别为15.2%、9.3%和7.8%;与燃煤电厂相比,供热锅炉排放的PM2.5中w(OC)偏高、w(SO42-)偏低;生物质锅炉排放的主要组分有K、Cl-和OC等,其质量分数分别为7.4%、13.3%和8.6%;钢铁(烧结)行业PM2.5源成分谱中w(Ca)、w(Fe)和w(Cl-)较高;SO42-和Ca为玻璃行业PM2.5源成分谱的主要组分,其质量分数分别为20.6%、8.2%;垃圾处理行业重金属质量分数最高,其主要组分为Cl-和SO42-.②CD(coefficient of divergence,分歧系数)计算结果表明,各源成分谱有一定相异性(CD范围为0.53~0.70),其中生物质锅炉与垃圾处理行业PM2.5源成分谱差异(CD为0.70)最大.③各典型工业排放PM2.5所携带重金属特征显示,垃圾处理行业排放PM2.5中的重金属质量分数(2.3%)最高,燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉和玻璃行业排放的重金属中Cr、Ni和Cu相对质量分数较高,钢铁行业和垃圾处理行业排放的重金属中Pb相对质量分数较高.研究显示,所构建的烟台市各典型工业排放PM2.5源成分谱特征鲜明,能够反映各行业PM2.5排放特征.   相似文献   

7.
PM2.5是公路机动车主要污染物之一,对沿线居民的呼吸健康有直接的危害,因此有必要在公路建设环境影响评价中增加对交通源PM2.5扩散浓度的评估。本文通过分析空气质量模型AERMOD、PM2.5排放清单测算模型MOVES以及建模数据需求,在交通量调查、气象数据预处理以及道路源PM2.5排放清单测算的基础上,应用AERMOD模型评估了我国某高速公路沿线PM2.5的浓度分布水平。结果表明:在研究路段沿线下风向距路肩400m范围内,均受到公路交通源PM2.5污染(PM2.5净浓度≥4μg/m3)的影响;AERMOD模型可以精细化地评估道路机动车PM2.5对空气质量的影响,为道路沿线PM2.5浓度分布评估提供了一套研究方法,其评估结果对道路规划环境影响评价具有重要的参考价值。  相似文献   

8.
本文分析了PM2.5源解析技术原理、不足及实际应用,提出了PM2.5源解析技术发展趋势,具有积极的现实指导意义。  相似文献   

9.
鉴于我国本地化源谱(源成分谱)数量不足的现状,采用稀释通道系统对燃煤源和工业过程源进行采样,建立了4类燃煤锅炉(链条炉、流化床、往复炉和煤粉炉)和6类工业过程源(炼铁、铝焙烧、铝煅烧、砖瓦炉、水泥窑头和窑尾)的PM2.5成分谱,并对源谱特征进行研究.结果表明:① 不同源谱组分特征差异明显.水泥窑炉排放的PM2.5中,w(Ca)、w(Si)、w(OC)、w(SO42-)较高,分别为8.51%~14.18%、5.69%~11.80%、3.47%~15.56%、8.67%~16.85%;燃煤锅炉中Al(4.50%~8.67%,质量分数,余同)、OC(6.44%~15.33%)、SO42-(9.85%~22.87%)组分贡献较大;炼铁和铝冶炼工艺源谱中主导化学组分分别为Fe(8.57%~9.88%)和Al(11.81%~16.58%);砖瓦炉颗粒物源谱中主要组分为SO42-、NH4+、Si等.② 不同污染源PM2.5成分谱的分歧系数结果显示,流化床和煤粉炉、水泥窑头和窑尾源谱较为相似,其分歧系数分别为0.26和0.28,其余源谱间均存在一定差异.进一步计算组分差异权重(R/U)发现,往复炉源谱中组分Zn、Sn与其他3类锅炉有明显不同.流化床/煤粉炉源谱中的Si、Ni,窑头/窑尾源谱中的K、Mn、OC组分差异显著,可以作为区分相似源谱的标识组分.与其他研究建立的源谱相比,燃煤源谱中w(EC)和w(SO42-)偏高.钢铁源谱中w(EC)和w(NH4+)较其他地区偏高,w(Pb)偏低;工业过程源谱中,w(Cl-)较SPECIATE相关源谱偏低,而w(Ⅴ)和w(Cr)偏高.鉴于颗粒物源谱受到不同燃料种类、燃烧方式和烟气控制设施等影响而存在差异,源谱的准确性和代表性还需进一步测试和验证.   相似文献   

10.
广东省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究   总被引:33,自引:9,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
本研究根据收集的广东省人为源活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法、排放因子和GIS技术,建立了该地区2010年3 km×3 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2010年广东省SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、BC、OC、VOCs和NH3排放总量分别为867.8×103、1607.0×103、7476.0×103、1397.6×103、633.2×103、50.5×103、98.3×103、1436.5×103和578.3×103t.固定燃烧源是SO2和NOx的最大排放贡献源,CO排放主要来自道路移动源、固定燃烧源和生物质燃烧源,扬尘源和工业过程源是主要的PM10和PM2.5排放源,生物质燃烧源是最大的BC和OC贡献源,VOCs排放主要来自有机溶剂使用源、道路移动源和工业过程源,NH3排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和氮肥施用.东莞、佛山和广州是主要的SO2、NOx、CO和VOCs排放城市,广州、清远和梅州是最主要的PM10和PM2.5排放城市,BC排放集中在广州、深圳、东莞、佛山等珠三角城市,OC的重要排放城市为湛江和茂名,NH3排放主要分布在茂名、湛江和肇庆.空间分布结果显示,广东省NH3排放高值区分布在粤西和粤东地区,其他污染物排放高值区则主要分布在珠三角城市群.本研究建立的排放源清单仍具有一定的不确定性,建议后续研究加强大气污染源排放的基础研究,进一步完善该地区的排放源清单,以期为区域大气污染预报预警和污染控制措施的制定提供重要基础数据.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

18.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

19.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

20.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

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