能源约束与中国可再生能源开发利用对策

根据相关资料显示,可再生资源的合理开发与利用,是可以解决当前中国经济建设发展与能源约束之间矛盾的重要方法。其中,可再生能源指的是可以在自然界循环再生的能源。通常包括潮汐能、太阳能、水能、风能、海洋能等。因此说可再生能源是一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源。而我国在开发可再生能源时遵循的是以人为本,坚持可持续发展的原则,能够从根本上减少环境与资源的压力,改善能源约束局面。     

我国东北地区能源利用效率分析

能源利用效率是衡量能源与经济互动的重要指标.东北地区常规能源利用效率和结构能源利用效率的相关参数显示,造成东北地区能源利用效率低下的主要原因是煤炭对经济贡献率较低和第二产业的高能低效.改善东北地区的能源利用效率,应提高煤炭对经济发展的贡献率、降低第二产业能耗,减少煤炭利用比例、加大第三产业的投入,构建东北地区的循环经济体制.     

可再生能源够用吗之风能撑起半边天

人类社会要实现可持续发展,就必须尽快寻求和开发新能源,特别是可再生的、清洁的能源.可再生能源包括水能、风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能和海洋能等.它们如何被人类开发利用?开发的潜力有多大?这些问题值得关注.     

清洁能源的利用

由能源造成环境污染已成为世人关注的热点问题,因此迫使人们积极开发和利用新的清洁能源.清洁能源通常是指在新技术基础上开发利用的可再生、不产生污染的能源,如太阳能、风能、生物能、海洋能、潮汐能、地热能等.相对常规能源(矿物能源)而言,清洁能源因其具有的可再生无污染的特点,将成为未来经济和社会可持续发展的能源基础.     

滇西北农村生活能源使用现状及生物质能源开发利用研究——以兰坪县和香格里拉县为例

少数民族地区农村能源建设是中国能源可持续发展的一个特殊领域,是资源节约型社会和社会主义新农村建设的重要内容。论文以滇西北的兰坪县和香格里拉县的能源使用情况作为研究对象,通过实地调查,分析了在经济仍处于贫困状态的少数民族聚居的西南山区生活能源利用的特点:兰坪县和香格里拉薪柴的使用分别达85%和98%,而以太阳能、沼气、水能为代表的可再生能源的使用仅有7.0%和1.8%,由此产生了一系列的环境问题。论文对促进现代生物质能源的开发利用提出建议:制定农村能源资源开发利用规划,健全能源政策体系,争取国际经济和技术支持等。     

基于能源利用的市政污泥处置技术的发展研究

市政污泥是污水生物处理过程中产生的城市固废,产量巨大、污染严重."十三五"期间中国污泥无害化处理任务艰巨,常规的污泥处理处置在二次污染、占地、能耗等方面具有局限,影响了在中国的广泛应用.污泥的能源化利用是兼具污泥量削减和新附加值产生的发展方向,本文围绕当前市政污泥能源化的研究、应用领域的发展加以讨论,探讨了污泥能源利用的潜能和存在的主要问题.     

能源可持续利用方程及我国能源环境战略思考

能源是环境问题的核心,环境是能源决策的关键,如何在环境承载能力之内,满足人类对能源的可持续利用,显得十分重要.H.Cabezas教授通过对影响能源利用的多因素分析,提出了能源可持续利用不等式方程.通过方程的分析,得出实现我国能源可持续利用应该采取的策略.     

分布式能源简介及前景

分布式能源作为高效、环保的能源利用方式,越来越被国家和地方政府所接受.本文重点介绍了分布式能源的概念、优势、发展前景和存在的风险.     

优化能源结构 发展可再生能源 布局“十三五”能源规划

<正>"十三五"能源规划将对国家能源布局进行优化。"十三五"能源规划将构建现代能源战略体系,提出提高国内能源产量、优化能源结构、大力发展可再生能源等七大战略任务。优化能源生产布局"十三五"能源生产布局方面,将从"十二五"规划的"五基一带"能源开发布局升级为"五基二带"布局,其中近海油气开发带是"十三五"规划新增内容。在能源输送方面,将形成"四横三纵"输送格局,内外衔接,海陆并举。到2020年,全国煤炭铁路运输能力达30亿吨,成品油输送能力达2.5亿吨,天然气输送能力达4800亿立方米,天然气主干道里程达12万千米,西电东送总规模力争达到3亿千瓦。     

中国的能源现状与可持续发展战略——写在21世纪到来之时

１、能源概论 能提供能量的物质即称之谓能源。能源的种类包括太阳能、风能、地热能、水能、煤炭、石油、电力、核能、薪柴、沼气、天然气、人工合成煤气等等。人们通常把煤炭、石油、电力、薪柴等称之谓常规能源；把太阳能、风力发电、地热能的开发利用、水能中的海水潮汐发电以及核能、沼气、天然气、人工合成煤气等的开发利用称之谓非常规能源，亦称新能源。 从地球诞生之日，人类起源之始，能源就开始为万物的生长、生命的繁衍，提供了必须的保证。太阳、月亮、森林、海洋、河流、湖泊、风雨雷电，以它们无穷的能量，创造了一个适宜于人…     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。