上海新港河道耗氧特性研究及其综合整治措施

通过实验室试验测定，得出了上海市新港河道水体和底泥的耗氧特性曲线，分析了水体和底泥耗氧的阶段历时、阶段耗氧特性及动力学过程。在缺乏河道水质模型的情况下，利用耗氧特性曲线可以估算各个阶段的耗氧量和河道的总耗氧量，为河道充氧设备的选择提供一定的理论指导。通过计算，上海新港河道的总耗氧量约为75．7kg／d。上海宏成实业发展有限公司采用充氧曝气、投加微生物、种植水生植物等措施对河道进行了治理，实践表明，这些措施可以使新港河道的水质有明显的改善。     

曝气充氧条件下受污染河道的水质模型建立及应用

曝气充氧技术是修复受污染河道的主要方法之一.以曝气充氧方法治理修复受污染的上海市新港河道为例,通过理论分析建立了受污染河道的水质模型,确定了模型中参数的识别求解方法,并以实测值与模拟计算结果进行对照.结果表明,溶解氧的平均相对误差为11.38%,其中相对误差低于20%的占83.3%;生化需氧量的平均相对误差为9.16%,其中相对误差低于20%的占91.7%;氨氮的平均相对误差为11.15%,其中相对误差低于20%的占91.7%,除个别点的相对误差较大以外,其余均在20%以内.表明该模型能较好地反映在曝气充氧条件下新港河道水质的实际状况;同时,应用该模型模拟分析了曝气量、流速和底泥悬浮、温度对河道水质的影响,为曝气充氧修复受污染河道的工程设计及运行提供了理论计算方法及依据.     

苏州河河道曝气复氧工程研究结论

在日前召开的“苏州河河道曝气复氧工程方案研究”课题鉴定会上,通过该课题的实验室试验以及计算、分析和论证,对苏州河充氧的作用、效果和曝气工程的可行性得出了以下结论: 苏州河下游水体接纳了过多的污染物,远远超出其自净能力,致使水体的耗氧量大幅超出河道的复氧量,为严重缺氧水体。消除苏州河下游水体黑臭和改善水质的根本措施是削减华漕以下支流对苏州河的污染负荷量。苏州河下游水体黑臭的主要原因是水体处于缺氧状态和水体中存在大量的还原性物质。这些还原性物质在有氧的情况下将被迅速氧化去除,从而消除水体黑臭。实验室试验证明,人工充氧对消除水体黑臭有良好效果,并能削减污染负荷。 目前苏州河下游表层底泥处于厌氧状态并影响上复     

底泥耗氧量（SOD）数学模型与应用

底泥耗氧是自然水体氧平衡中很重要的一部分。底泥耗氧的影响因素众多。目前国内对底泥耗氧研究大多处于实验室阶段,数学模型的应用很少。阐述了底泥耗氧机理及底泥耗氧数学模型的研究进展,重点介绍了国外已成功验证与应用的底泥通量模型的研究情况。利用底泥通量数学模型探讨了苏州河沿岸合流污水泵站溢流对SOD的影响。结果表明：平均每次沿岸合流泵站雨天排江（CSOs）对苏州河底泥耗氧量的贡献是26．5％-41．2％。底泥疏浚短期可能会削减SOD,但CSOs对SOD的影响是长期的。     

综合调水前后苏州河下游水体耗氧特性比较

对综合调水前后的苏州河（北新泾下游）水体耗氧特性进行了定性与定量比较。结果表明，综合调水工程全面实施后，苏州河下游水体的还原性物质耗氧阶段消失，单位水体耗氧量大幅度下降，但难降解有机物阶段的耗氧量仍较高。耗氧动力学模拟计算表明，CBOD耗氧一级反应动力学速率常数（K）在综合调水前后变化不大，而硝化耗氧Logistic动力学速率常数（Kn-log)则明显提高。     

珠三角城市河道污染特征及治理措施——以佛山水道为例

随着珠三角经济的发展,区域城市内大量河道被窦闸封闭为纳污河段。这些河段呈半封闭状态,纳污量大,水质恶劣。以佛山水道为例,通过资料调研以及现场调查,确定佛山水道水体的污染特征为水体受耗氧有机物,氮磷等营养元素污染,底泥存在重金属污染,并且是氮磷等营养物质和有机质的蓄积库,水体生态受到破坏。针对佛山水道的污染特征,进行截污工程、污水处理厂的建设、底泥疏浚以及引水冲污等治理措施来治理佛山水道,使佛山水道恢复其水环境功能。     

杭州城区河道水体及底泥污染指标的相关性研究

以杭州城区六条代表性河道水体及底泥污染物实际监测数据为基础,分析研究了pH、营养盐、耗氧类指标、有机物和重金属等污染指标之间的相关关系,为杭州城市水环境的综合治理提供参考。结果表明：（1）河道水体中TN、TP和NH3-N呈显著的正相关,COD。。和BOD,相关性极显著,说明污染具有同源性;（2）河道底泥中的有机质、全磷与全氮有较好的相关性,有机质与四种重金属的相关性由大到小的顺序依次为Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu,四种重金属之间Pb与Cd和zn相关性显著;（3）河道中底泥相对比较稳定,大部分时期底泥中的营养盐和上覆水体中的营养盐没有相关性,底泥对上覆水体的影响较小。     

苏州河底泥的耗氧特征及其与水质的关系

苏州河上海区段底泥中SOD的数据分析表明,市区河段底泥中SOD的大小,与上层河水中COD_(Mn)、DO、BOD_5、NH_3-N的含量均有密切的相关性。在流动水相作用下,研究了水温及流速等主要环境因素对底泥耗氧的影响。提出了市区河段水质模式中的底泥耗氧表达式。指出在市区河段中,底泥耗氧在总的耗氧过程中灵敏度最大,占主要地位。若河流两旁无污染源排入时,约占该河流总耗氧的51％;     

苏州古城区域河道碳氮磷类污染物的分布特征

苏州是水质型缺水城市,节水、减排、控源和截污等工程实施后,水质问题依然严峻.为了解苏州古城区域河道中碳氮磷类污染物的总量及分布特征,提出河道疏浚决策依据,于2019年春季在苏州古城区域采集了20个代表性断面的河道底泥和水体样品,测定了河道底泥的深度,分析了河道底泥和水体样品中碳氮磷类污染指标的含量,评价了河道底泥和水体的污染程度,并预测了换水、引水、降雨和疏浚情境下水质的变化.结果表明,苏州古城区域河道底泥深度在22~1025 mm之间（均值为266 mm）,底泥总质量约为5.2×10⁵ t.底泥中总有机碳、总氮、氨氮、总磷和有效磷平均含量分别为3.4%、2074 mg·kg^-1、140.2 mg·kg^-1、1765 mg·kg^-1和57.2 mg·kg^-1,属中度污染,总磷含量超标点超过90%,环城河污染程度最高,建议优先疏浚.水体中总有机碳、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮、氨氮、凯氏氮、总磷和磷酸盐平均浓度分别为7.8、0.6、13.1、2.5、0.643、1.3、0.18和0.09 mg·L^-1,属重度污染,为劣V类地表水,总氮浓度严重超标.基于沿程碳氮磷类污染物总量的分布情况,苏州古城区域河道疏浚推荐顺序为环城河、古城北部河道、干将河和古城南部河道.降雨情景下,初期径流污染物浓度高,将导致河道水质急剧下降;换水和引水情境下水中总氮总量均减少0.2 t,完全疏浚后水中总氮总量分别进一步减少4.58 t和2.19 t.底泥磷以外源输入为主,可受纳部分水体中的磷,故疏浚后,水体中总磷总量可能增加.     

污染河流底泥释放与耗氧对水质的影响

本文较系统地研究了苏州河底泥对水质的影响。应用底泥释放与悬浮的规律,提出了悬浮释放速率方程,其计算值与实测值的误差不大于30%;根据建立的底泥释放迁移和底泥耗氧过程的数学模式,探讨了苏州河污染底泥释放与耗氧对水质的影响,为苏州河污染底泥的评价提供依据。      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.