珠江三角洲典型城市农业土壤及蔬菜中的多环芳烃分布

2003年5月采集佛山顺德区8个乡镇36个土壤以及29个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱.质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAH.)进行分析.结果显示,蔬菜中PAHs的平均含量为183.0μg·kg-1,蔬菜中主要的PAHs为低分子量的菲、蒽、(屈)、芘.萘;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较瓜果、豆荚类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,这主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征.蔬菜中PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量不相关,蔬菜中的PAHs含量与PAHs的辛醇/水分配系数(10gKow)大小密切相关.土壤中PAHs平均含量为233.0μg·kg-1土壤中主要的PAHs是菲、荧蒽、芘、(屈)、苯并[b]荧蒽,多数土壤中PAHs含量高于蔬菜中PAHs含量.土壤、蔬菜中分别以4环、2-3环PAHs占优势.     

中国与印度典型城市道路街尘中多环芳烃与黑碳的对比研究

为探讨城市道路街尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)和黑碳(BC)的分布特征,2007年12月～2009年2月,分别在中国的北京、上海、广州和武汉以及印度的加尔各答采集了城市主干道的街尘.样品处理后分别用GC-MS和元素分析仪进行测定.结果表明,中国主要城市道路街尘中PAHs的含量范围为2.30～22.2μg.g-1,主要是以荧蒽、菲、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(ghi)苝为主要的多环芳烃化合物.印度加尔各答PAHs的含量范围为4.85～30.5μg.g-1,呈现出以2环的萘为主要的PAHs化合物.BC在中国主要城市道路街尘中的含量值高于印度的加尔各答,说明了2个国家可能的不同能源结构和能源消耗.相关分析表明,PAHs与BC在不同的城市显示出不同的特点,可能指示了不同的来源.特征比值法表明城市街尘中的PAHs主要来源于机动车排放,其次来源于燃煤.     

博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(PAS-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6. 38～245. 43 ng·m~(-3)和2. 33～74. 76ng·m~(-3);采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布.采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0. 45～18. 10μg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 25～8. 15μg·(m~2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点.整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3～4环PAHs为主.比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧; HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响.     

山西野生连翘生长地土壤PAHs污染特征及风险评价

山西是我国道地药材连翘的主产地之一,为探明连翘生长区土壤的安全性,在连翘成熟期从山西东南部野生连翘生长区采集了70个表层(0～25 cm)土壤样品,采用化学提取和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析方法,探讨了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量与组成特征;利用比值法确定了PAHs的来源,并通过计算污染土壤PAHs的苯并[a]芘(Ba P)等效毒性当量评估了其潜在风险．结果表明,样点土壤PAHs总量(Σ16PAHs)的平均值为1.85μg·g^-1,3环PAHs的占比最高(平均值为76.7%),其中,3环的菲(Phe)和蒽(Ant)的样点检出率为100%;该生长区PAHs主要来源于空气传输与沉降的煤、生物质燃烧和车辆排放的污染物;所有样点土壤Σ16PAHs均达到了Maliszewska-Kordybach提出的农用土壤污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>0.2μg·g^-1),41.4%的样点达到了重度污染水平(Σ16PAHs含量>1.0μg·g^-1),其中,10.0%的样点土壤Ba P的含量大于我国农用土壤筛选值...     

无机盐添加剂对蚊香燃烧产物中多环芳烃分布规律的影响

研究了3种无机盐添加剂(NaCl、Na2CO3和CaCO3)对蚊香燃烧烟气和灰烬中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布规律的影响,采用GC-MS方法分析样品中16种优控PAHs的含量.结果表明,未加添加剂时蚊香烟气中16种PAHs均有检出,其中萘最大(3.109μg.g-1),其次为菲(1.230μg.g-1)、二氢苊(0.495μg.g-1)和荧蒽(0.311μg.g-1),以2～3环PAHs为主,约占PAHs总排放因子的86.0%;灰烬中也以2～3环PAHs为主,但排放总量仅为烟气中的4.7%.添加NaCl和Na2CO3未能起到降低烟气中PAHs排放的作用,甚至导致烟气中PAHs总排放因子和毒性当量出现不同程度增加.比较而言,CaCO3降低蚊香烟气中PAHs排放的效果最佳.随着CaCO3添加量的增加,2～3环PAHs在烟气与灰烬中份额的比值明显增加,而5～6环PAHs在烟气与灰烬中份额的比值明显减少.摩尔分数为2.0%的CaCO3在降低蚊香烟气中PAHs总排放因子和毒性当量方面作用最显著,其PAHs总排放因子较未加添加剂时降低了1.8%,毒性当量浓度降低了86.6%.     

典型工业生物质锅炉多环芳烃排放特征

选择13个不同类型的工业生物锅炉,利用气相色谱质谱联用技术,对其排放的15种PAHs进行研究.结果显示,Σ15PAHs排放量为0.02~27.8 g·h-1,排放浓度为0.77~3 173μg·m-3,各锅炉之间的排放量与浓度水平差别较大,最大排放量出现在PAHs含量与烟气流量均相对较高的第4号锅炉样品中,最大排放浓度值出现在第13号锅炉样品中.气相的PAHs是主要贡献源,其占比为45.9%~100%,颗粒相中的含量相对较低.组成以苊烯、菲、荧蒽、芘等低中环PAHs为主,各个生物质锅炉组成谱轮廓相近,总体浓度水平C3,4环C5,6环.生物质燃烧源诊断参数[荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)]除了第4号锅炉的气相样品为0.4外,其余均大于0.5.O2与两相中的苊烯、苊、菲、蒽等有明显的正相关性,CO与苊及毒性相对较大的茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝有明显相关性.     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

南黄海中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃含量分布及来源分析

采用气相色谱与质谱联用(GC/MS)技术,在一个航次内对南黄海表层沉积物中16种优先监控的PAHs的污染状况进行了调查,采用菲/蒽、荧蒽/芘、荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)、吲哚芘/(吲哚芘+苯并(g,h,i)菲)等特定比值对PAHs来源进行了分析.结果表明,南黄海表层沉积物中检出PAHs的总含量为90.4～732.65ng·g-1,各站点均以4～6环为主;与其它站位相比,倾废区的HOI站位受到PAHs污染较为明显,无论是16种PAHs总量还是高分子量组分最高值都出现在该站点,虽然该海区沉积物中PAHs的含量没有超出生物影响低值,但苯并(b)荧蒽、吲哚芘和苯并(g,h,i)芘等一些没有最低安全标准的PAHs也有不同程度的检出,对海洋生物具有潜在的毒副作用.PAHs可能来源于原油、生物和煤燃烧造成的污染.     

深圳湾生态系统多环芳烃（PAHs）特征及其生态危害

2004年在深圳湾海域采集海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物样品,并分析其中15种多环芳烃的含量及其相关参数,同时采用210Pb法测定柱状沉积物的年龄.结果表明,海水、悬浮物、表层沉积物和柱状沉积物中总的PAHs含量分别为(69.4±24.7)ng·L-1、(429.1±231.8)ng·g-1、(353.8±128.1)ng·g-1和(321.1±134.6)ng·g-1,各介质优势组分均为菲、荧蒽和芘;1948～2004年期间,深圳湾柱状沉积物中PAH各单体的浓度总体上一直在增加,PAHs的平均沉积通量为89.9ng/(cm2·a);PAH各单体在沉积物/海水中的分配系数(Koc)与其相应的辛醇/水比(Kow)存在明显的正相关性,即可用PAH的Kow值来预测深圳湾海域PAH的Koc.目前,水体与沉积物中PAH含量对该海域的水生生物尚未构成威胁.     

博斯腾湖流域大气多环芳烃污染特征、干沉降通量及来源

本研究使用大气被动采样器(PAS-PUF)和干沉降被动采样器(Pas-DD),分别于2016年采暖期和2017年非采暖期对新疆博斯腾湖流域及周边地区15种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)大气浓度和干沉降进行了观测,并对其污染特征和来源进行了研究。结果表明,采暖期和非采暖期博斯腾湖流域PAHs大气浓度范围分别为6.38~245.43 ng·m-3和2.33~74.76 ng·m-3;采暖期与非采暖期均呈现出居民区湖泊周边塔中的空间分布。采暖期和非采暖期PAHs大气干沉降通量范围分别为0.45~18.10μg·(m2·d)-1和0.25~8.15μg·(m2·d)-1;采暖期居民区PAHs干沉降通量比湖泊周边和塔中采样点高,但在非采暖期塔中采样点高于其它采样点。整体而言,博斯腾湖流域大气及干沉降中PAHs在采暖期显著高于非采暖期,在采暖期与非采暖期均以菲(Phe)、芴(Flu)、荧蒽(Flua)和芘(Pyr)等3~4环PAHs为主。比值法源解析结果显示,博斯腾湖流域大气和干沉降中PAHs主要来源于煤炭和生物质燃烧;HYSPLIT前向和后向轨迹模拟结果表明,非采暖期居民区较高PAHs排放通过大气传输到达博斯腾湖区,经大气干沉降进入水体,可能会对博斯腾湖水生环境造成影响。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.