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1.
通过水培实验,研究了李氏禾净化含重金属生活污水的效果。结果表明,李氏禾能有效地去除含重金属生活污水中COD、NH3-N、TP、铜、铬和镍,经8 d的水培实验后,水样中不同初始浓度目标污染物的去除率都较大。COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达80.6%~95.8%、94.8%~98.6%和95.7%~98.7%,铜、铬和镍的去除率分别达84.8%~97.8%、99.4%~99.7%和79.7%~90.7%。在试验初始阶段,各污染物的去除速率较快。增加COD、NH3-N和TP的初始浓度可加快Cu、Cr和Ni的去除速率。  相似文献   

2.
水体/底泥生物基城市河道富营养化水体修复试验研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
周慧华  宋晓光  吴革  谢鑫源 《环境科学》2013,34(10):3879-3887
针对城市水体富营养化现状,自主研发了水体生物基、底泥生物基和微动力涡轮水循环曝气系统.水体生物基对水体中COD、NH+4-N和TP的去除效果,平均去除率分别为82.33%、98.00%和54.73%;底泥生物基在投加5 d内可达到20%以上的底泥减量率,上覆水曝气可有效缓解由底泥有机质降解而引起的营养盐释放;由水体/底泥生物基相结合并辅以微动力涡轮水循环曝气系统的组合技术,在中试试验中表现出较好的水体营养盐去除及底泥有机质降解效果,COD、NH+4-N、TP的去除率分别为52.0%、33.6%、23.4%,河道底泥中有机质成分由试验前的38.20%降至试验结束时的12.20%.  相似文献   

3.
内循环SBR反应器无厌氧段实现同步脱氮除磷   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14  
研究了内循环SBR反应器在模拟城市生活污水处理中脱氮除磷的效果.结果表明,在曝气时间为4h,曝气开始时DO浓度为6mg·L-1,pH值7~8时,反应器对COD、NH4 -N、TP均有较好的去除效果,进水中COD浓度、NH4 -N浓度、TP浓度分别由170~260mg·L-1、20~30mg·L-1、8~20mg·L-1降到出水的4~48mg·L-1、0~2.0mg·L-1和0~1.4mg·L-1,COD、TIN(NH4 -N NO3--N N02--N)的去除率分别为89.7%±6.5%、70%左右,NH4 -N的转化率为97.4%±3.6%、TP的去除率为95.6%±4.4%.在本研究的实验过程中反应器进水后未经过传统除磷理论认为所必须的厌氧段而直接曝气,TP的去除效果仍然良好且运行稳定,这和传统的理论与研究有所区别.  相似文献   

4.
杭州城区河道水体及底泥污染指标的相关性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以杭州城区六条代表性河道水体及底泥污染物实际监测数据为基础,分析研究了pH、营养盐、耗氧类指标、有机物和重金属等污染指标之间的相关关系,为杭州城市水环境的综合治理提供参考。结果表明:(1)河道水体中TN、TP和NH3-N呈显著的正相关,COD。。和BOD,相关性极显著,说明污染具有同源性;(2)河道底泥中的有机质、全磷与全氮有较好的相关性,有机质与四种重金属的相关性由大到小的顺序依次为Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu,四种重金属之间Pb与Cd和zn相关性显著;(3)河道中底泥相对比较稳定,大部分时期底泥中的营养盐和上覆水体中的营养盐没有相关性,底泥对上覆水体的影响较小。  相似文献   

5.
高碳氮负荷下同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
赵永贵  黄钧  杨华 《环境科学》2011,32(11):3405-3411
在4 L反应器中,以补加葡萄糖和硫酸铵的猪场废水为基质,不接种活性污泥,加入粉末状活性炭对废水土著微生物进行预固定.通过批次进水并控制运行条件(逐渐提高COD、NH 4+-N负荷、缩短沉降时间、提高曝气量)培养同时脱氮除碳好氧颗粒污泥,研究了该好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮除碳功能及对高碳氮负荷冲击的响应.结果表明,成熟好氧颗粒污泥为土黄色不规则球状,粒径为0.5~3.5 mm.COD和NH 4+-N负荷分别在4.80~12.6 kg.(m3.d)-1和0.217~0.503 kg.(m3.d)-1时,好氧颗粒污泥对COD的去除率〉94%,对NH 4+-N的去除率〉98%.当COD和NH 4+-N负荷分别提高至15.70 kg.(m3.d)-1和0.723kg.(m3.d)-1并运行4 d后,反应器内絮体激增,颗粒沉降变差并开始破碎,NH 4+-N去除率下降至81.6%.排出部分污泥并降低负荷继续运行,颗粒污泥的NH 4+-N去除率可迅速恢复至98%以上.本研究培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的同时脱氮除碳功能,可以耐受高COD和NH 4+-N负荷的双重冲击.  相似文献   

6.
生物炭覆盖对底泥污染物释放的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
李扬  李锋民  张修稳  吴召富  于辉 《环境科学》2013,34(8):3071-3078
为研究生物炭对底泥污染物释放的影响,将芦竹茎、芦苇茎、花生壳及玉米芯利用限氧升温炭化法烧制成生物炭(Biochar),在模拟反应器中覆盖在受污染底泥上,研究生物炭对上覆水NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、COD及PO34--P浓度的影响,并计算各指标累积释放量及释放速率;同时测定了生物炭可溶性NH4+-N和PO34--P的释放量.结果表明,未覆盖生物炭的对照组上覆水氨氮浓度在第25 d达到最大值4.27 mg·L-1,之后稳定在4.02 mg·L-1左右,而4种生物炭处理组在第25 d以后,氨氮浓度稳定在0.3 mg·L-1以下,其中芦苇处理组抑制效果最明显,氨氮累积释放量减少了85.61%;4种生物炭组COD累积释放量较未添加生物炭处理组减少了28.83%~30%;玉米芯生物炭处理组磷酸盐浓度高于对照组,芦竹及花生壳处理组对底泥磷的释放抑制效果较好.生物炭NH4+-N和PO34--P的释放量在前3 d最大,花生壳生物炭组氨氮释放量最大,为36.79mg·kg-1,玉米芯生物炭处理组磷酸盐释放量最大,为70.64 mg·kg-1.结果表明生物炭对底泥NH4+-N、COD及PO34--P的释放有削减作用,具有应用到污染水体底泥修复的潜力.  相似文献   

7.
植草沟控制道路径流污染效果的现场实验研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
黄俊杰  沈庆然  李田 《环境科学》2015,36(6):2109-2115
在合肥市滨湖新区建造了2条不同形式的植草沟,在实际降雨条件下监测2种植草沟的进、出水流量与水质,考察其对道路径流的水质净化和污染负荷控制效果.结果表明,植草输送沟(设施Ⅰ)与干植草沟(设施Ⅱ)均能有效去除径流中的TSS、COD、Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn等污染物,设施Ⅰ对TSS及COD的去除率中值分别为67.1%、46.7%,设施Ⅱ对TSS及COD的去除率中值分别为78.6%、58.6%,设施Ⅱ出水中Pb、Cu、Zn这3种重金属离子浓度均可达到地表水Ⅴ类水的要求;2种植草沟在部分降雨事件出水中均存在氮、磷物质的释放现象;2种植草沟对TP的去除受进水浓度的影响,去除效果随进水浓度的增加而逐渐提高,设施Ⅰ和设施Ⅱ对TP的平均去除率分别为14.7%和45.4%;设施Ⅱ对TSS、COD、TP、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的负荷控制效果优于设施Ⅰ;在土壤渗透性能差、地面坡度小的地区,使用干植草沟可以取得较好的水质控制及污染负荷削减效果.  相似文献   

8.
新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.  相似文献   

9.
高氮城市生活垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5  
采用"两级UASB-缺氧-好氧系统"处理高COD与高NH4 -N的城市生活垃圾渗滤液.180天的试验结果表明:UASB1(一级UASB)与UASB2(二级UASB)最大COD去除速率分别为12.5、8.5 kg·m-3·d-1,UASB1的NOx--N的最大去除速率为3.0 kg·m-3·d-1.系统COD去除率为80%~92%,出水COD为800~1500 mg·L-1.原渗滤液的NH 4-N为1100~2000 mg·L-1,A/O工艺的最大NH4 -N去除速率为0.68kg·m-3·d-1;在17~30℃,通过NO-2-N累积率为90%~99%的短程硝化,NH4 -N的去除率在99%左右,出水NH4 -N小于15 mg·L-1.回流处理水和二沉池回流污泥中的NOx--N分别在UASB1和A/O工艺的缺氧段实现完全反硝化,使系统无机氮TIN去除率达80%~92%.同时高效的反硝化为硝化提供了充足的碱度,使A/O工艺pH大于8.5,维持较高的游离氨浓度,结果表明,高游离氨(FA)是导致短程硝化的主要因素.以pH作为控制参数调控A/O工艺的曝气时间,可以有效的抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的增长,实现种群优化和稳定的短程硝化.  相似文献   

10.
杭州市余杭区典型农村暴雨径流污染特征   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
为探讨南方经济发达地区农村暴雨径流污染特征,选择杭州市余杭区的漕桥与蒲家头两个典型建制村,采集了屋顶、场院、农田和污水汇集口这4种下垫面的3次降雨过程中的径流水样,重点分析了氮、磷和重金属元素(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As、Pb)浓度,对比了不同下垫面3次暴雨径流中污染物的浓度差异和年污染负荷.结果表明,在漕桥暴雨径流中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为16.19、21.01、0.74、1.39和2.39 mg·L-1;在蒲家头暴雨径流汇中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为3.10、15.69、0.90、0.78和3.58 mg·L-1;暴雨径流中各重金属浓度均低于国家地表水Ⅱ类标准.与地表水标准比较,漕桥和蒲家头TP的EMC分别超出地表水Ⅴ类标准1.9倍、3.5倍,TN分别超标1.8倍、1.2倍.另外,农田下垫面中的TSS和COD年污染负荷最高.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

16.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

17.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

18.
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.  相似文献   

19.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

20.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

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