氯唑磷在土壤中的降解性能与移动性研究

在实验室与野外田间状态下，研究了氯唑磷农药在砂土，砂壤土及粘壤土中的降解特性，降解速率依次为：砂壤土〉粘壤土〉矿土；其降解半衰期分别为４７．２、５９．８和６７．３ｄ。     

TX100悬浮的多壁纳米碳管在土壤中运移及其对菲迁移的影响

采用柱淋溶实验研究了TX100悬浮的多壁纳米碳管在土柱中的淋溶行为及其对菲在土壤中迁移的影响,并用胶体运移的一级动力学对流-弥散模型对纳米碳管在土柱中的迁移能力进行了估算.实验结果表明,在砂土和粉砂壤土中分别有83.5%和73.4%的多壁纳米碳管能够穿透土柱,模型估算的最远迁移距离均大于200cm,说明多壁纳米碳管有向...     

表面活性剂对二嗪磷在不同土壤中吸附迁移的影响

采用批量平衡法和薄层层析法, 分别研究了不同浓度的3种表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、Tween80和十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB) 对二嗪磷在湖南省具有代表性的6大土类、9种不同母质土壤中吸附和迁移性能的影响. 结果表明, SDBS能够明显地降低各种土壤对二嗪磷的吸附, 促进二嗪磷的迁移作用, 并且吸附平衡系数(Kd)、比移值(Rf)分别随SDBS浓度增大而增大、减小.浓度成显著的负相关和正相关关系.Tween-80和CTAB对二嗪磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移表现出一定的相似性, Tween-80浓度在0.1~2倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)范围内(CTAB浓度为0.80~87.43 mg·L-1), 其Kd值、Rf值分别随表面活性剂浓度增大而增大、减小, 而Tween-80浓度在2~5倍临界胶束浓度的范围内(CTAB浓度为87.43~191.60 mg·L-1.), 则出现与之相反的变化趋势.     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

Effects of common inorganic anions on the rates of photocatalytic degradation of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate over illuminated titanium dioxide

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Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

北京市不同区位耕作土壤中重金属总量与形态分布特征

采集北京市不同区位(中心城区、近郊平原、远郊平原)的代表性耕作土壤-麦粒匹配样品23组,分析不同人类活动强度影响下耕作土壤中重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb)全量、赋存形态以及生物有效性,并探讨其来源差异与健康风险.结果表明:①频繁的交通活动与工业释放致使中心城区(Pb平均含量为35.59 mg·kg-1)土壤呈现出较为明显的Pb富集特征,而长期污水灌溉等农业活动导致了近郊平原局部土壤重金属的明显积累.②土壤中Cu、Zn和Pb主要以残余态(35%～75%)与有机结合态(23%～53%)形式存在,其次是铁锰氧化态(1%～19%),而碳酸盐结合态(n.d.～5%)与离子交换态(n.d.～2%)含量非常少.Pb、Zn和Cu的生物可利用性从中心城区到近郊平原、远郊平原逐渐下降,Cd则呈相反的趋势.近远郊土壤中Cd的离子交换态(13%～31%)与碳酸盐结合态(11%～27%)占有相当高的比例,在4种重金属中生物可利用性最高.③Cd与Zn在麦粒中的含量与土壤中金属的铁锰氧化态含量正相关(P<0.05,r为0.43～0.57);④种植于中心城区与近郊土壤上的小麦籽粒中部分Zn、Pb含量超出了WHO限值,对当地居民健康构成潜在风险.     

Effect of biosurfactant[0] on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the "soft" carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coefficient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 ± 0.007) μg/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

恶唑菌酮的土壤薄层层析迁移特性

在室内模拟条件下研究了农药恶唑菌酮在不同土壤薄板上的移动性能,以及阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂对恶唑菌酮土壤中的迁移影响。结果表明:恶唑菌酮在土壤中的移动性能主要受土壤有机质和粘粒含量影响,它们之间呈显著的负相关性;在低于表面活性剂临界胶束浓度中恶唑菌酮的移动性受到抑制,而在高于临界胶束浓度下恶唑菌酮的移动性明显增大,恶唑菌酮在表面活性剂中移动性的变化是恶唑菌酮和土壤表面吸附位、表面活性剂分子、胶束之间相互作用的结果。     

Clomazone dissipation, adsorption and translocation in four paddy topsoils

IntroductionClomazone,(2 [(2 chlorophenyl)methyl ] 4 ,4 dimethyl 3 isoxazolidinone) ,isasoil appliedisoxazolidinoneherbicideproducedbyFMCCorp .Itisintroducedforannualgrassandbroad spectrumweedsinsoybeans(Rani,1998;Vyas,2 0 0 0 ) .Itisalsocurrentlyregis…     

土柱淋洗法修复铬污染土壤的水力梯度优化试验

针对重金属污染土壤的修复,淋洗法是一种比较成熟的方式,但目前研究主要聚焦于淋洗剂的选择,而关于水力停留时间对淋洗效果影响的研究相对较少.水力梯度是影响水力停留时间的重要因素,优化水力梯度能够缩短修复周期,降低淋洗成本,有效提高淋洗效率,为现场淋洗修复工程应用提供参考.本文针对人工制备的不同质地的铬污染土壤进行了土柱淋洗试验,探究了土柱淋洗过程中不同水力梯度条件下淋出液的pH值、淋洗液渗流速度和淋洗前后不同类型土壤中Cr（VI）及总Cr含量的变化情况,并根据土壤中Cr（VI）、总Cr去除情况对水力梯度进行了优化,研究结果表明淋洗铬污染土壤的最佳柠檬酸浓度为0.15 mol·L^-1,淋洗铬污染壤土、砂质壤土和砂土的最佳水力梯度分别为7.2、3.6和1.2,总Cr去除率分别达到82.86%、77.27%和82.15%.     

恩诺沙星在含水氧化铝和含水氧化铁上的配位吸附及配位增溶效应

采用批平衡试验方法,研究了恩诺沙星(ENR)在含水氧化铝(HAO)和含水氧化铁(HFO)上的吸附行为.结果表明,恩诺沙星在两类不同含水氧化物上的吸附可以用Langmuir等温方程描述,其中,吸附平衡常数K_L (HFO) > K_L (HAO).当溶液中NaCl的浓度在0.01~0.50 mol·L^-1之间时,恩诺沙星的最大吸附量随着溶液离子强度的增大呈下降趋势,但吸附低浓度的恩诺沙星时,离子强度对吸附量的影响不大,表明此时两类含水氧化物对恩诺沙星的吸附均以配位反应为主.实验还发现,在较强的酸性或碱性环境中,恩诺沙星的吸附量都明显减小,配位吸附主要发生在pH为5~8的范围内,配位点主要发生在C-3羧基的位点上,形成ENR∶M (金属离子) =1∶1型的配合物,同时生成的表面配合物促进了恩诺沙星的溶解.     

岩性对垃圾渗滤液污染晕中污染物衰减的影响

用细砂、砂土和粉砂土为材料,通过土柱模拟实验,分别从空间和时间研究不同岩性的土壤对垃圾渗滤液污染晕中污染物衰减的影响。实验初期,砂土和粉砂土对TOC的去除率分别达到96.56%和99.87%,而细砂仅达到62.78%,但3种土壤对NH+4-N的去除率均高达98%以上。实验末期,细砂、砂土和粉砂土对TOC的去除率已分别降至57.79%、65.59%和67.29%;但砂土和粉砂土对NH+4-N去除率仍高达87.38%和90.13%,而细砂自第18天时已被穿透。因此,3种土壤对污染物的衰减能力为粉砂土>砂土>细砂。     

再生水灌溉对土壤团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的形态及分布的影响

为了解再生水灌溉对砂质紫色土土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同粒级团聚体中分布的影响,比较了四川省彭州市灌溉年限分别为3a和8a的2个再生水灌溉区土壤中不同粒径团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的分布及化学形态.结果表明,再生水灌溉区土壤有机碳、氮和磷主要分布在>2mm和2mm的大粒径团聚体所占比例下降,向较小粒径转化;>0.25mm团聚体中有机碳和氮含量显著上升,在所有5个粒级的团聚体中磷素含量都有显著提高.再生水灌溉还有利于紫色土重颗粒态有机碳和颗粒态氮的形成,且灌溉时间越长,效果越明显.在除<0.053mm的其它4个粒级团聚体中,再生水灌溉区土壤中交换态磷及钙结合态磷比例上升,而铁铝结合态磷比例下降.综上,再生水灌溉有效的改善了砂质紫色土土壤的有机碳库、氮库和磷库,长期灌溉可以减少人工施肥量.     

广西刁江沿岸土壤As,Pb和Zn污染的分布规律差异

分析了刁江流域矿区尾砂和上、中、下游地区土壤剖面重金属的含量. 结果表明:刁江流域上、中、下游地区都不同程度受到As,Pb和Zn的污染. 上游(距污染源16 km)表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)与尾砂相当,分别高达2.4×104,5.6×103 和1.2×104 mg/kg,下游拉烈和百旺(分别距污染源154和192 km)2个采样点表层土壤中w(As),w(Pb)和w(Zn)的平均值分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)三级标准的47.05,1.81和5.48倍. 表层土壤中w(As)和w(Pb)随采样点距污染源的距离增加呈幂函数下降,w(Zn)呈线性下降,表明Zn在流域内的迁移能力大于Pb和As. 土壤剖面中3种重金属的质量分数均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,在土壤剖面的迁移能力表现为Zn>Pb>As. 总体上看,刁江流域土壤污染与尾砂中重金属的形态及其迁移特征密切相关,尾砂的排放控制和治理应该是刁江流域污染整治的关键.      

微生物群落驱动AM真菌、生物炭及联合改良沙化土壤作用潜力

沙化土壤作为土地荒漠化的重要过渡形式,实现其有效恢复对减缓土地荒漠化进程意义重大.本研究显示,丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌和生物炭已应用于沙化土壤改良过程,但二者联合对沙化土壤改良影响研究较少;此外,细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用尚不清楚.采用温室盆栽试验的方法,分别设置对照处理（CK）、单独接种AM真菌处理（RI）、单独施加生物炭处理（BC）和二者联合改良处理（BC_RI）,研究不同改良方式对小果白刺（Nitrariasi birica Pall.）菌根侵染率、生物量、矿质营养元素（N、P、K、Ca和Mg）含量及土壤有机碳、营养元素（全N、全P和全K）、水稳性团聚体组成影响.采用高通量测序技术,考察细菌和真菌群落在沙化土壤改良过程中的作用,结合多元分析手段,探究不同改良方式改良作用机制,旨在为合理有效改良沙化土壤提供基础数据和理论依据.结果表明,接种处理（RI和BC_RI）小果白刺根系均观察到明显的菌根侵染现象,但RI和BC_RI处理间菌根侵染率无显著性差异.与CK相比,RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部生物量和地上部N、K、Ca和Mg含量,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了小果白刺地上部、根部生物量及N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量;BC_RI处理与RI和BC相比,根部生物量及P、K、Ca和Mg含量显著增加.与CK相比,BC和BC_RI处理显著增加了土壤有机碳含量,RI处理使得土壤全N含量显著增加了152.54%,BC处理使得土壤全P和全K含量分别显著降低了12.5%和18.18%.各处理0.25~0.05 mm粒径土壤团聚体比例最高,BC_RI处理能够显著促进大粒径（>0.25 mm）土壤团聚体形成.与CK相比,RI和BC_RI处理显著降低细菌、真菌群落Sobs指数和Shannon指数;各处理细菌及真菌菌门组成及丰度存在显著差异性.RDA及网络分析结果显示,AM真菌、生物炭及二者联合改良方式对土壤基质环境及土壤微生物群落结构影响显著,不同改良方式下微生物分子生态网络关系发生显著变化,不同改良处理中核心物种组成具有差异性;BC和BC_RI较RI处理,网络连接密集程度更高且核心物种组成更丰富;生物炭与AM真菌联合,弱化了Rhizophagus intraradices的核心作用,并增强其他微生物（特别是细菌菌种）的核心地位.SEM结果显示,AM真菌和生物炭施用通过直接影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构,进而实现对植物生长及土壤性质变化的影响,微生物群落结构差异（特别是微生物间的互作关系变化）是导致土壤改良效果差异的主要驱动力.综上所述,不同改良方式对沙化土壤改良效果影响具有差异性,微生物群落在土壤改良过程中具有关键影响作用,AM真菌和生物炭联合对加速沙化土壤生态恢复具有潜在优势和应用价值.     

Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies

The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200?nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100?nm PEG-AgNPs and 40?nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates.     

土壤无机离子在非均匀电场作用下的迁移

研究了非均匀电场对不饱和沙壤土中的NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的迁移特征,揭示利用非均匀电场向土壤中注入营养物和电子受体的特性.结果表明,非均匀电场能有效地增强土壤中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的移动性,在1.0V/cm电压梯度下不饱和沙壤土中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的电迁移速率分别高达22.0,16.5cm/d;在非均匀电场中无机离子主要通过场强较大的区域迁移;切换电场极性可以方便地控制土壤中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的运移,同时能促使NO3-转化为NO₂^-.利用非均匀电场的迁移和富集效应,可以有效地向土壤中注入无机离子或者将污染离子从土壤中分离出来.     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

模型模拟土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响

为推动再生水安全灌溉,本研究运用ENVIRO-GRO模型模拟了不同土壤性质、植被条件下土壤盐分的分布规律及累积趋势,探讨了土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响.研究发现,不同土壤初始含盐量下,经多年重复模拟后最终达到统一的平衡状态;而不同土壤质地下,随着灌溉年份的增加,壤土、黏壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐增加直到平衡,砂壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐减少直到平衡,平衡时土层中的ECe值砂壤土〈壤土〈黏壤土.3种植被下,大叶黄杨、油松的土壤ECe值增加量小于早熟禾;土壤盐分在土层中的空间、时间分布也均有所不同.此外,不同模拟情景下,土壤盐分累积都不会影响植被的生长（黏壤土除外）,但均出现轻度盐渍化（砂壤土除外）.