基质投加方式对污泥碱性发酵性能的影响

为了研究低温条件(15±2)℃下投加方式对剩余污泥碱性发酵的影响,将剩余污泥分别在NaOH、KOH、Ca(OH)2和混合碱(Ca(OH)2和KOH) 4种碱性(pH=10±0.2)系统中进行发酵,并在系统稳定后依次改变污泥投加方式(1次投加污泥、平均2次投加和平均3次投加),分别对发酵体系的剩余污泥溶液化、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、挥发性脂肪酸(SCFAs)和关键酶(水解酶和辅酶420(F420))进行研究.研究发现,4种碱性发酵体系中,不同投加方式对剩余污泥的水解和酸化性能具有显著的影响,其中SCOD随着污泥投加次数的增加略有减小,但是发酵液中可溶性的蛋白质和多糖有增加趋势.水解酶活性随着污泥投加次数的增加而降低,但是在NaOH和KOH发酵体系中,辅酶420随着投加次数的增加而增大,混合碱发酵体系中其活性基本不变,而在Ca(OH)2发酵体系中其活性则降低.NaOH、KOH和混合碱发酵体系产酸能力随投加次数的增加而下降,但是Ca(OH)2 发酵体系酸化能力则先增大后少量降低,由此发现,Ca(OH)2发酵体系水解及产酸能力较为稳定,同时该体系中乙酸/SCFAs最大,高于其他发酵体系的10%左右.     

混合外源菌强化剩余污泥微氧水解产酸

利用外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌的方式促进了剩余污泥水解产生短链挥发性脂肪酸（SCFAs）的产量,考察了混合投加模式下污泥水解溶出的正磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解性COD的浓度,研究水解过程胞外聚合物（EPS）组分中蛋白质及多糖的变化特征.结果表明,在酵母菌和醋酸菌投加量分别为10和20g/L时,发酵第5d实现了最高的SCFAs产量,达到719mgCOD/gVSS,其中乙酸含量为328.78mgCOD/gVSS,占总SCFAs的45.72%.投加两种菌显著促进了剩余污泥水解产生SCFAs,且以乙酸为主.外源菌投加促进了水解酸化过程氨氮和正磷酸盐的释放,最佳反应条件下最大释放量分别为80.66和22.38mg/gVSS,有利于从剩余污泥中回收氮磷.投加外源菌后EPS中的蛋白质和多糖从内层向最外层释放,为污泥水解产酸提供底物.外源投加酵母菌与醋酸菌是促进剩余污泥水解酸化的有效手段.     

不同预处理的木薯渣水解液生物酸化特性比较

木薯渣富含纤维素,是理想的沼气生产原料。由于木薯渣含水量大,颗粒分散,不易固态发酵,作为沼气生产原料需对其进行水解处理。不同的水解方式得到的水解液对后续酸化过程的产酸速率和酸分布都有很大影响。对经过酶处理和水热处理得到的木薯渣水解液进行了生物酸化处理。结果显示,与直接投加木薯渣相比,投加酶水解液、投加150℃水解液水解20min和150℃水解液水解45min后,反应器达到最大产酸量所需的时间由96h分别缩短至30,48和24h,最大产酸量由4558mg/L分别增加至5277,6209和4734mg/L,且3种水解液在酸化24h后挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)均达到最优分布,其中乙酸和正丁酸之和占总VFAs的90%左右。根据产酸速度及酸分布情况得出,木薯渣最佳可溶化方法为150℃高温水解20min,后续生物水解酸化时间为24h。     

矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化的影响

通过向剩余污泥发酵系统中加入不同剂量的矿化垃圾的方法,探究了矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化过程的影响.结果表明,添加1/3g/g TSS(总悬浮固体)剂量以内的矿化垃圾能显著提高WAS的水解、酸化过程,且矿化垃圾的最佳投加量为1/3g/g TSS,在此条件下,试验组SCOD/TCOD以及最大产酸量(183.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为6d)均高于空白组(79.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为10d).机理研究表明,矿化垃圾能够促进污泥的溶解、蛋白质和多糖的水解以及氨基酸和葡萄糖的酸化.在投加矿化垃圾的反应体系中与水解、酸化有关酶的活性也均高于空白试验组,进一步证实了矿化垃圾能够强化污泥厌氧发酵的水解酸化反应.     

pH值对剩余污泥暗发酵产氢的影响

pH值是影响剩余污泥暗发酵产氢的重要因素,为了寻求暗发酵产氢的最佳pH条件,试验研究了中温(37±2)℃条件下不同pH值(4~11)对剩余污泥暗发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,当pH=10时剩余污泥的H2产量最大,发酵132 h时累积H2产量为21.1 mL/gVSS。剩余污泥暗发酵水解、酸化和产甲烷阶段的试验分析表明:pH=10时H2产量最大的主要原因是pH=10的条件促进了污泥的水解和产酸,却抑制了产甲烷菌的活性,因此H2的产量显著增加。     

废铁屑对剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的影响

为探明废铁屑（RSI）对中温厌氧消化特性的影响,利用RSI为外源添加剂研究其投加对剩余污泥厌氧消化水解酸化、产气效率以及污泥表面形态的影响.结果表明:①剩余污泥酸化水解产物VFAs的主要成分是乙酸,其含量随RSI投加量的增加呈先升后降的趋势.②RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进乙、丁酸型发酵,抑制丙酸型发酵,进而提高剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.③当RSI投加量分别为0、1、5、10、20和30 g/L时,累积甲烷产率分别为135.4、141.9、159.2、178.9、209.3和180.7 mL/g（以VS计）,甲烷含量分别为51.2%~56.4%、53.9%~58.6%、58.1%~62.5%、59.5%~68.3%、61.1%~71.2%和51.9%~61.4%.RSI最佳投加量为20 g/L,与空白组相比,累积甲烷产率和甲烷含量分别提升了54.6%和23.0%.④结合扫描电镜-X射线能谱（SEM-EDX）分析方法发现,在厌氧消化过程中微生物可促进RSI的溶解,且随RSI投加量的增加,消化污泥表面的铁元素含量也随之增加.⑤RSI的投加会提高蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,但若投加量过高则会产生负面效应.研究显示,外源添加剂RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.      

温度对超声波与碱促进污泥厌氧产酸的影响

课题组前期研究表明,超声波和碱联合作用可显著促进污泥厌氧发酵产酸。在此基础上,该研究专门考察了温度对超声波与碱联合促进污泥发酵产酸的影响。研究结果发现,在10~37℃范围内,挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的产量随着温度的升高而增加,10℃条件下,VFAs产量为1 078 mg/L,37℃时,VFAs产量提高到3 705 mg/L。当温度提高到55℃时,VFAs产量反而下降至2 469 mg/L。机理研究表明,10~55℃范围内,碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶4种水解酶的活性随着发酵温度的升高而逐渐增强,有利于污泥中大分子有机物向小分子有机物的转化,与产乙酸、丙酸和丁酸密切相关的产酸酶的活性均在37℃时最高,55℃条件下各产酸酶活性较37℃均有大幅度下降。温度对水解产酸反应动力学的研究表明,在温度不高于37℃的条件下,产酸动力学参数随着温度的提高而增大,继续提高温度则减小,这正是VFAs产量在37℃时最高,55℃时显著下降的原因所在。     

市政污泥发酵产VFAs的预处理工艺研究进展

市政污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)强化城市污水脱氮除磷是污泥处理、处置的有效方式之一,实现了污水处理行业“以废治废”的目的。水解环节是污泥发酵产酸的限制性步骤,对污泥进行预处理提高污泥水解效率是解决污泥发酵产酸产率和产量低的有效途径之一。目前报道的污泥预处理方法众多,改善发酵过程的机理和效果不尽相同。总结和对比分析了目前常见的促进污泥发酵产VFAs的预处理工艺,阐述了各预处理工艺的原理、特性和应用效果,对比分析了其经济成本,综合分析了当前存在的问题,并对未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为污泥发酵产酸工程方案设计和优选提供文献借鉴。     

典型酸碱条件下NO2-对剩余污泥水解产酸的影响

控制温度35℃,在典型pH值条件下(酸性5.0,碱性9.0)对比研究了NO2-对剩余污泥水解酸化性能的影响.结果表明:投加亚硝酸盐促进了剩余污泥的水解,提高了总可溶性COD(SCOD)产量,且随着时间的进行,酸性时比碱性时水解程度更高,到第28d时,总SCOD浓度由高到低依次为B1(pH=5且加NO2-),B2(pH=9且加NO2-),B4(pH=9且未加NO2-),B3(pH=5且未加NO2-);B1,B2,B3和B4中总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)最高浓度分别为4476,4303,1350和2921mg/L,表明亚硝酸盐同样增强了污泥的酸化程度,并且酸性条件时促进作用更大.除此之外,酸性且投加NO2-的条件可以有效减少氨氮的释放.     

CaO2投加量及投加方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生短链脂肪酸的影响

以污水处理厂剩余活性污泥作为研究对象,在中温条件下,按照不同投加量和投加方式投加过氧化钙（CaO₂）进行预处理,考察其对污泥发酵产酸和产甲烷的影响,以期确定CaO₂最佳投加量和投加方式.结果表明,在（35±1）℃条件下,投加CaO₂可提高剩余污泥发酵液pH值,从而促进有机物的快速溶出.在同样投加剂量条件下,一次性投加比多次投加更有利于污泥的溶解以及短链脂肪酸的积累.当一次性投加0.2g CaO₂/g VSS时,发酵液中乙酸浓度在第7d达到最高值（169mg COD/g VSS）,同时乙酸在6种主要酸中所占比例达到最大（71.0%）.与一次性投加方式相比较,多次投加CaO₂对产甲烷的抑制作用较小,不利于SCFAs的积累.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.