Effects of ion concentration and natural organic matter on arsenic(V) removal by nanofiltration under different transmembrane pressures

The removal of As(V) from synthetic water was studied using four different nanofiltration (NF) membranes (ESNA-1-K1, NF270, ESNA-1-LF, and HODRA-CORE). The influences of ion concentration, transmembrane pressure (TMP), and the presence of natural organic matter (humic acid, HA) on the arsenic removal efficiency and permeate flux were investigated. The arsenic rejection of ESNA- 1-LF was higher than those of the other membranes in all experiments (> 94%), and the HODRA-CORE membrane gave the lowest removal of arsenic (< 47%). An increase in the ion concentration in the feed solution and addition of HA decreased the arsenic rejection of the HODRA-CORE membrane. However, both increasing of the ion concentration and addition of HA made the rejection increased for the other membranes (ESNA-1-K1, NF270, and ESNA-1-LF). With increasing TMP, for all four NF membranes, increases in both arsenic rejection and permeate flux were observed. The permeate fluxes of the four NF membranes decreased to some extent after addition of HA to the solutions for operating time of 6 hr.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

纳滤膜在地下水除氟中对Cl^-／F^-的选择性分离

荷负电型纳滤（NF）膜在地下饮用水除氟中,对离子F^-的截留率（65％-78％）要高于对离子Cl^-的截留率,且表现出较好的Cl^-／F^-的选择性（离子选择性系数S〉1．5）和Donnan排斥作用。当水溶液中离子F^-和Cl^-单独存在时,随原水F^-浓度增加,NF膜对F^-的截留率由64．3％增至73．0％,当原水F^-浓度小于3．3mg／L时,NF膜出水F^-浓度小于1．0mg／L;而随Cr浓度增加,NF膜对Cl^-截留率由44．7％减小至20％以下。当F^-和Cr共存时,受F^-浓度增加的影响,NF膜Cl^-的截留率逐渐减小;受Cl^-浓度增加的影响,NF膜F^-截留率同样表现出减小的趋势。由S值随r浓度的增加而增大,可知NF在地下水除氟中F^-与Cl^-之间存在明显的竞争关系。     

Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process

Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis （FO） membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic （alginate） fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process.     

微塑料对膜蒸馏处理含锑高盐废水性能影响研究

研究了微塑料在膜蒸馏过程中不同温度、pH、微塑料浓度和微塑料粒径条件下对含锑高盐废水的处理性能及机理.结果表明,随着进料液温度的升高,饱和蒸汽压的增加提高了传质动力,不含微塑料时膜通量由17.4 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至20.7 L·m^-2·h^-1,通量提升了18.9%,含有微塑料时膜通量由15.6 L·m^-2·h^-1提高至18.5 L·m^-2·h^-1,提升了18.6%;pH由3增大至11时,由于重金属锑在不同pH条件下的价态变化及静电排斥作用,重金属锑截留率由98.2%提升至99.6%;微塑料浓度的增加会降低膜通量,提高锑截留效果,这可能是微塑料对溶液中重金属锑的吸附作用及微塑料在膜表面的积聚产生的筛分效应引起的.     

污水深度处理中超滤工艺对有机物的截留模型

基于浓差极化现象和膜孔堵塞效应,建立了污水深度处理中超滤工艺对有机物的截留模型.利用中试试验数据率定模型参数并验证模型的模拟效果.模型验证结果表明,该模型能够较好地模拟超滤工艺出水UV254值随时间的变化特征,基于最优参数得到的模拟值与相应实测值相对误差的绝对值均低于10%.并且模型参数区域灵敏度分析和不确定性分析结果表明,该模型的结构具有较高的可靠性.应用该模型研究了过滤时间、通量和进水浓度变化对出水水质的影响.结果表明,在过滤初期膜孔堵塞效应占主导地位并增加超滤膜对有机物的截留效果,在过滤后期浓差极化现象占主导地位并降低超滤膜对有机物的截留效果;当进水UV254浓度恒为0.1cm-1时,通量从5×10-5m/s增至1×10-4m/s,导致UV254截留率降低13%;当通量恒为5×10-5m/s时,进水UV254浓度从0.2cm-1降至0.1cm-1,使得出水浓度降低50%.因此,模型可应用于模拟进水水质和操作条件对污水深度处理中超滤工艺出水水质的影响,为从预处理、过滤周期和通量等方面改进和优化超滤工艺提供基础.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride by chemical synthesis-membrane distillation method with self-made hollow fiber membrane

A method of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with a self-made hollow polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was applied to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high Al_b content based on chemical synthesis. The permeate flux and Al species distribution were investigated. The experimental results showed that the permeate flux decreased from 14 to 6 kg/(m²·hr) at the end of the DCMD process, which can be mainly attributed to the formation of NaCl deposits on the membrane surface. The Al_b content decreased slightly, only from 86.3% to 84.4%, when the DCMD experiment finished, correspondingly the Al_c content increased slightly from 7.2% to 8.5%, and the Al_a content remained at 7% during the whole DCMD process. A PACl with Al_b content of 84% at total aluminum concentration 2.2 mol/L was successfully prepared by the chemical synthesis-DCMD method.     

灰色关联分析法评价陶瓷膜运行性能

应用灰色关联分析法对陶瓷膜运行过程中各个操作参数的分析,分别得到影响膜通量和COD去除率的各个参数相关度大小排序分别为：跨膜压差〉滤液粒径〉滤液浓度〉过滤时间〉错流速度;跨膜压差〉滤液浓度〉过滤时间〉错流速度〉滤波粒径。通过对过滤液粒径2．09μm,流速1．0m／s,时间20min,跨膜压差不同的情况,进行跨膜压差和过滤液浓度的实验．寻找合适的最佳运行操作压力为0.15MPa。灰色分析结果表明。跨膜压差和过滤液浓度是影响膜通量和COD去除效果的关键因素。在设计和实际运行过程中．把以上2个因素作为主控因素,对延长陶瓷膜使用寿命和保证COD良好去除效果均有重要意义．     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中PFOS的研究

利用聚酰胺复合纳滤膜去除水中的PFOS,在0.6MPa操作压力条件下过滤12h,研究PFOS浓度、离子种类、总离子强度以及海藻酸对PFOS截留效果的影响.结果表明,随着PFOS浓度增大其截留率也随之升高;溶液总离子强度越大,PFOS截留率越高,当过滤进行到12h时,溶液总离子强度为150mmol/L时,PFOS的截留率比溶液总离子强度为10mmol/L时仍高2.1%;溶液中加入1mmol/L Ca²⁺时PFOS的截留效果优于加入1mmol/L Na⁺时的效果;并且随着二价离子浓度的增加,截留率上升,过滤结束时,Ca²⁺浓度为3mmol/L的条件下PFOS的截留率约为97.5%,高于1mmol/L Ca²⁺存在时PFOS的截留率（95%）;海藻酸存在时PFOS的截留率显著增高,尤其在1mmol/L钙离子存在条件下,过滤12h后PFOS的截留率仍可达到95%以上,但海藻酸会导致膜污染的发生从而引起膜通量下降.     

荷电超滤膜对天然有机物去除及膜污染行为的影响

以Aldrich 腐殖酸溶液为水样,研究比较了溶液环境(pH值、离子强度和钙离子)对荷电改性再生纤维素超滤膜和传统中性未改性再生纤维素超滤膜过滤过程的影响.结果表明, ①pH值主要通过质子化作用影响荷电膜以及腐殖酸分子的荷电量,进而影响荷电超滤过程.溶液pH值从7.5下降到3.5时,荷电超滤膜对腐殖酸的截留率从92%减少到79%,超滤4 h时,膜通量下降从26%增加到36%.②离子强度的改变是通过影响腐殖酸分子的物化性质和静电屏蔽作用来影响超滤过程的.当溶液离子强度为0、 3和100 mmol/L时,初始截留率依次降低,分别为92%、 87%和48%,超滤4 h时,荷电超滤膜的通量下降依次增加,分别为26%、 35%和63%.③Ca2+浓度的影响,需要综合考虑静电屏蔽作用、Ca2+的架桥作用以及滤饼层的压实性等各方面的影响.④pH值、离子强度和钙离子对中性超滤膜过滤行为的影响趋势与荷电超滤膜相似,但其影响程度有着较大的差别.研究结果对荷电超滤膜技术在实际应用中选择合适环境条件提供了参考.     

SDS、SDBS胶团强化超滤Cu~(2+)的比较

采用模拟含Cu2+废水,以阴离子表面活性剂SDS和SDBS胶团强化超滤分离Cu2+(Cu2+固定为0.6 mmol/L),通过对渗透通量、渗透浓度、去除率、富集率的比较,从而得出SDS、SDBS分离效果的优劣.结果表明,添加SDS的渗透通量始终高于SDBS[其中SDS平均渗透通量为29.92 L.(m2.h)-1,而SDBS只有16.55 L.(m2.h)-1],渗透浓度始终低于SDBS,当渗透液Cu2+浓度接近为0时,SDBS、SDS所需浓度分别为2 mmol/L和6 mmol/L.SDS的Cu2+去除率和平均富集率高于SDBS(SDS平均去除率为85.06%,平均富集率为4.18;SDBS对应值分别为69.05%,4.05).此外,SDS自身的平均富集率也高于SDBS(SDS为3.89,SDBS为3.13).由此可见,SDS比SDBS更适合去除Cu2+.     

中空纤维复合膜用于回收有机溶剂蒸气的研究

采用新的制膜工艺制备聚二甲基硅氧烷-聚砜中空纤维复合膜.该复合膜对有机溶剂蒸气具有适宜的渗透速度,且对有机溶剂蒸气和空气的分离系数较大.用该复合膜组装φ10×500mm中空纤维膜分离器,以正己烷(C_6)和氮气(N_2)的混合气做分离器性能实验.混合气从中空纤维膜内管进气,考察了压力、进气中C_6的浓度、驰放气流速等操作条件对C_6的渗透速率、驰放气及渗透气中C_6的浓度以及C_6同N_2的分离系数的影响.实验结果表明,进料浓度对分离效果有重要影响;中空纤维复合膜用于从含溶剂蒸气浓度高的废气中回收有机溶剂是可行的.     

超滤法处理含原油污水的研究

本文论述了用聚砜中空纤维超滤膜处理含原油污水的研究,讨论了料液循环速度、操作温度、操作压力和料液浓度对膜传输性能的影响。设计了直径为10.2cm(4英寸)的中空纤维组件和相应的超滤设备,考察了透水速度随操作时间的变化,选用合适的膜清洗工艺,膜透水速度可保持为60L/m~2·h(40℃,1kg/cm~2压力)。工业化实验证明,用中空纤维膜处理含原油污水是成功的,透过液含油量低于10mg/L。该法亦适用于其它种类含油污水的处理。     

膜生物反应器处理生活污水的膜污染研究

本文研究的是采用一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水过程中膜污染问题.试验结果表明:运行初期,由于膜孔堵塞膜通量下降速率较快,但随着运行时间的延长,膜通量下降缓慢且趋于一定值,膜污染也基本保持稳定;膜生物反应器处理高效优质,出水水质不受冲击负荷的影响,膜对部分有机物的截留作用使系统对COD的去除率保持在较高水平上,但膜对总磷的去除不明显;污泥沉降性能与膜污染具有相关性,污泥沉降性能的恶化直接加剧了膜污染.     

反渗透用于APT离子交换废水的处理与回用

试验分别研究了反渗透膜Duraslick RO2540和RE2540-TE对APT冶炼离子交换废水的处理效果。研究结果表明,在最佳压力条件下,Duraslick RO2540膜对Cl-的截留率为91.4%,产水率为16.9%;RE2540-TE膜对Cl-的截留率为93.4%,产水率为17.2%。在压力为1.7MPa,温度为25℃时,浓缩实验结果表明,产水中Cl-浓度和膜的截留率随着时间变化而逐渐增加,但膜通量逐渐减小,且RE2540-TE膜通量下降幅度较大。清洗后,RE2540-TE膜通量损失达到6%,而Duraslick RO2540膜通量恢复幅度为98%。     

Removal of fluoride from water using aluminium containing compounds

Batch adsorption studies were undertaken to assess the suitability of aluminium titanate (AT) and bismuth aluminate (BA) to remove fluoride ions from water. The e ect of pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration, co-ions and temperature on fluoride removal e ciency were studied. The amounts of fluoride ions adsorbed, at 30°C from 4 mg/L of fluoride ion solution, by AT and BA were 0.85 and 1.55 mg/g, respectively. The experimental data fitted well to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as H0, S 0 and G0 indicated that the removal of fluoride ions by AT was exothermic and non-spontaneous while that by BA was endothermic and spontaneous. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and X-ray di raction (XRD) patterns of the adsorbent before and after adsorption indicated that fluoride ions were chemisorbed by these adsorbents.     

共存氯离子对饮用水纳滤除氟的影响研究

采用深井地下水配水试验研究了高氟饮用水纳滤除氟的可行性、膜污染及共存氯离子浓度对纳滤除氟的影响.结果表明,纳滤对原水中的所有共存阴离子均有截留效果,原水F^-浓度低于6 mg/L,纳滤出水的F^-浓度低于1.2 mg/L,能满足农村地区的生活饮用水标准.随着F^-浓度的增加,其截留率下降;进水共存Cl^-浓度的增加,F^-的截留率呈下降的趋势,F^-的截留率降低的百分数在Cl^-每增加1个mol数和氟离子增加0.1个mol数时相当,当Cl^-浓度>220 mg/L时,F^-的截留率有所上升,但变化没有达到显著水平.环境扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析和X-射线衍射(XRD)对膜污染成分分析表明,膜污染主要是晶体颗粒形状规则的无机碳酸钙,柠檬酸+氨水清洗可有效清除污染成分,恢复膜通量.     

壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中铅离子的研究

采用聚醚砜超滤膜,以壳聚糖为络合剂络合-超滤去除溶液中Pb2+,考察了溶液pH值、Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比、离子强度和Ca2+各因素对Pb2+截留率的影响,同时研究了超滤浓缩时间对Pb2+截留率及膜通量的影响.结果表明,溶液pH是决定络合-超滤耦合过程能否进行的关键因素;在pH为6.0, Pb2+/壳聚糖装载量比为0.25时,络合-超滤耦合过程对溶液中Pb2+的截留率达99%以上.溶液离子强度和Ca2+的增加均不利于络合-超滤耦合过程对Pb2+的去除.对浓缩的壳聚糖-铅溶液酸化解络之后,进一步采用全过滤过程回收壳聚糖.回收后的壳聚糖重新用于络合-超滤耦合过程去除溶液中Pb2+,此时对Pb2+的去除率为96.2%,与新鲜的壳聚糖没有明显差别.研究结果显示采用壳聚糖络合-超滤耦合过程能有效去除溶液中铅离子,同时实现壳聚糖的有效回收.     

Advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by nanofiltration: Operational optimization and membrane fouling analysis

Municipal sewage from an oxidation ditch was treated for reuse by nanofiltration (NF) in this study. The NF performance was optimized, and its fouling characteristics after different operational durations (i.e., 48 and 169 hr) were analyzed to investigate the applicability of nanofiltration for water reuse. The optimum performance was achieved when transmembrane pressure = 12 bar, pH = 4 and flow rate = 8 L/min using a GE membrane. The permeate water quality could satisfy the requirements of water reclamation for different uses and local standards for water reuse in Beijing. Flux decline in the fouling experiments could be divided into a rapid flux decline and a quasi-steady state. The boundary flux theory was used to predict the evolution of permeate flux. The expected operational duration based on the 169-hr experiment was 392.6 hr which is 175% longer than that of the 48-hr one. High molecular weight (MW) protein-like substances were suggested to be the dominant foulants after an extended period based on the MW distribution and the fluorescence characteristics. The analyses of infrared spectra and extracellular polymeric substances revealed that the roles of both humic- and polysaccharide-like substances were diminished, while that of protein-like substances were strengthened in the contribution of membrane fouling with time prolonged. Inorganic salts were found to have marginally influence on membrane fouling. Additionally, alkali washing was more efficient at removing organic foulants in the long term, and a combination of water flushing and alkali washing was appropriate for NF fouling control in municipal sewage treatment.     

VOC removal from contaminated groundwater through membrane pervaporation. (Ⅰ): Water- 1,1,1- trichloroethane system

1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA), a common chlorinated organic solvent and volatile organic compound(VOC), was removed from contaminated groundwater by using a bench-scale membrane pervaporation unit. The effects of TCA concentration, temperature, and flow rate on permeation flux and selectivity(a value) of the process were evaluated. In general, higher temperature leads to higher VOC flux but lower selectivity; higher flow rate of TCA feed stream results in higher VOC flux and selectivity, an indication of the effect of concentration polarization; higher TCA feed concentration produces higher TCA permeation, however, the selectivity was virtually unchanged.