Ca2+与CO32-协同作用对MAP结晶法去除污泥厌氧消化液中磷的影响

以模拟厌氧消化液为处理对象,进行了磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶实验,考察了p H值、CO2-3、Ca2+以及CO2-3和Ca2+共存对磷酸铵镁结晶反应的影响;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对产物进行了表征.结果表明,随着p H值升高,磷的去除率显著提高,并在p H值为9.5时得到具有良好沉降性能的针状MAP晶体;CO2-3的存在会使磷去除率降低,在实验设定CO2-3浓度最大的条件下,磷去除率降低约17%,同时CO2-3会削弱Ca2+对MAP结晶反应的贡献,但并不改变MAP晶体形态和纯度;Ca2+存在则可以提高P去除率,但对MAP结晶反应抑制作用显著,当体系中n(Ca)/n(Mg)0.65,产物主要以无定形磷酸钙盐为主;在Ca2+与CO2-3共存的体系中,Ca2+可有效地消除CO2-3对除磷效果的影响,随着两者浓度的增加,产物Ca CO3含量增多,磷酸盐则主要以MAP形式沉淀.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理制药废水试验研究

制药废水由于制药原料化学纯度较高,废水中常含高浓度氮、磷污染物,采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法可同时回收两种元素不仅可以有效同时去除两种污染物,而且可以得到附加值较高的磷酸铵镁盐,因此本研究用磷酸铵镁化学沉淀法小试实验处理制药废水,讨论了磷酸铵镁沉淀法pH、晶种、初始浓度对P0^3- 4和NI-14同时去除的影响。试验结果表明：投加镁盐,在pH=9．5的条件下,可去除90％PO^3- 4,同时可去除15％NH4,在Po^-3 4和NH4浓度较低时,投加晶种可使Po;一去除率提高20％,该法渴望为制药废水处理提供创造经济效益的经验。     

基于PHREEQC程序的磷酸铵镁结晶法污水处理工艺模型化研究

为揭示溶液物化参数对磷酸铵镁结晶工艺回收氮、磷的影响,利用地球化学水质模型程序PHREEQC 2.11计算了涵盖实际工况条件下可能存在的溶液体系的磷酸铵镁饱和度指数,对溶液组分的浓度效应进行了模型化热力学评估.模拟溶液体系含磷10～600 mg·L-1、镁24～720 mg·L-1,其氨氮与磷的摩尔比为1～40,温度为25℃,pH值为6.0～12 0.计算结果表明,磷酸铵镁的饱和度指数与氮、磷、镁的质量浓度分别呈对数函数关系,并随任何一个因子的增大而增大;与溶液pH值呈多项式函数关系,结晶反应的最佳pH值为9.0,并随溶液中氨氮与磷摩尔比的增大而略升;此外,磷酸铵镁的饱和度指数与溶液离子强度呈幂函数关系,随离子强度的增大而减小.适当调节溶液的镁盐浓度和控制溶液pH值,是调控磷酸铵镁结晶反应,实现氮、磷回收的2种主要手段.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱除生活污水中氮磷的研究

针对低有机物高氨氮浓度的生活污水,经UASB处理后的厌氧废水,氮含量较高,磷基本未除去,处理出水效果欠佳的情况,提出磷酸铵铗沉淀法脱除生活污水中的磷以及部分氨氮。初步确定了影响磷酸铵镁沉淀反应因素为pH值,Mg^2＋：PO4^3-：NH4^＋,反应时间t。最优反应条件为：pH=8．5,Mg^2＋：PO4^3-：NH4^＋=1．2：1：1,反应时间t=1min。磷的去除率可高达94．0％,氨氮的去除率达71．5％,为低浓度的生活污水的后续生物处理创造了良好的条件。     

三种有机酸对磷酸钙法回收模拟养猪场污水中磷的影响

采用磷酸钙(Calcium Phosphate,CP)结晶法回收模拟养猪场污水中的磷,考察了不同pH值条件下,3种有机酸(柠檬酸、丁二酸和乙酸)对模拟污水中磷去除率的影响,并利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对结晶产物进行了表征.结果表明,CP结晶反应的最佳pH值约为9.5.在相同pH值条件下,柠檬酸对CP结晶反应中磷的去除效率和速率均有显著影响,高浓度柠檬酸能够完全抑制CP结晶反应,导致磷的去除率小于5%.相比之下,丁二酸和乙酸对磷的去除效率和速率影响不明显.3种有机酸对CP结晶产物的形状没有明显影响,所得产物均呈不定形的块状,但产物体积大小会随有机酸浓度升高而明显减小.不同浓度丁二酸和乙酸存在条件下均能得到羟基磷酸钙(Hydroxylapatite,HAP)晶体,但柠檬酸的存在会影响所得产物晶形.     

响应面法优化MAP沉淀去除回收尿液中磷的研究

基于模拟尿液的组成特点,利用Box-Behnken Design实验及响应面法对磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀去除回收尿液磷过程中反应pH值、Mg²⁺与PO₄^3-物质的量比(Mg/P比)及Ca²⁺与PO₄^3-物质的量比(Ca/P比)3个重要影响因素(分别表示为X₁、X₂、X₃)及各因素之间的交互式影响进行考察,并利用SEM、FTIR、ICP和XRD表征手段分析结晶沉淀组成和晶形特征.实验结果表明,回归方程中X₁、X₂、X₃、X₁X₃、X₂X₃、X₁²、X²₂、X₃²对磷去除率影响显著;当反应pH值和Mg/P比范围分别在8.5~9.5和1.0~1.2之间时,磷去除率响应值能达到99%.产物表征结果表明,模拟尿液中K⁺和Na⁺对结晶干扰较小;当Ca²⁺的浓度相对较低(Ca/P比小于0.25)时,沉淀中MAP的纯度高于85%,晶体形状大部分为斜方形;当Ca²⁺的浓度相对较高(Ca/P比大于0.25)时,沉淀中的MAP下降明显,晶体形状开始不规则,杂质增多;当模拟尿液中Ca/P比为0.5时,MAP纯度仅有约70%.     

化学沉淀法去除稀土湿法冶炼废水中钙与高浓度氨氮研究

离子型稀土湿法冶炼过程中会产生大量氨氮废水,由于废水中含有大量Ca2+,而Ca2+是影响磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氮效率的重要因素.向废水中投入Na2CO3固体生成CaCO3沉淀物,去除废水中的Ca2+,再利用磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀法去除废水中的氨氮.实验采用响应面实验设计方法中的中心复合设计法,利用响应面分析法对磷酸铵镁沉淀法反应参数进行优化,得到最优反应条件及最优反应条件下沉淀产物.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)对最优反应条件下两种沉淀物进行分析.结果表明,当n(Ca2+)∶n(CO23-)=1∶1.05,搅拌速率为1 500 r.min-1,反应时间为30 min时,Ca2+去除率接近100%;对除钙后废水进行磷酸铵镁法脱氮处理的最优反应条件为:pH=9.03,n(Mg)∶n(N)=1.20,n(P)∶n(N)=1.1,反应时间为30 min,搅拌速率为1 000 r.min-1,氨氮去除率达到95.40%,剩余总磷浓度为5.65 mg.L-1;沉淀物分别为纯净的CaCO3及MgNH4PO4.6H2O.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理7-ACA综合废水试验研究

采用磷酸铵镁(MAP)沉淀法对高氨氮7-ACA综合废水进行了预处理试验研究,以Na2HPO4和MgCl2.6H2O作为沉淀剂,探讨了初始反应pH值、n(Mg2+):n(PO43-)/:n(NH4+)投配比及反应时间等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。结合结晶物SEM分析,确定预处理的最佳工艺条件为:初始反应pH 9.0、n(Mg2+):n(PO43-):n(NH4+)投配比1.0:1.1:1和反应时间20 min。平行试验结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,当进水氨氮浓度为1 020~1 190 mg/L时,处理后出水氨氮浓度为小于150.0 mg/L,氨氮去除率在85.0%以上,残磷量小于40.0 mg/L,为7-ACA综合废水的后续生化处理创造了有利条件。     

海水MAP法去除N、P废水实验研究

海水中富含大量的镁盐,利用镁盐和废水中的氮、磷生成白色的磷酸铵镁沉淀,可以实现废水中氮磷的脱除。本研究首先测出海水中镁的含量,然后根据镁含量设计正交试验开展研究。实验结果表明,对于废水中氮元素的去除,时间因素的影响程度较大,对于废水中磷元素的去除,pH值的影响程度较大;当pH=9.5,n(Mg2+):n(NH4+):n(PO34-)=1.3∶1∶1.08,反应时间为60 min时,氮磷的去除率可以达到63.01%和95.39%。因此,利用海水中的镁盐,去除废水中的氮磷元素,可以实现海水资源的有效利用,同时,可以提高去除氮磷的效率,降低废水处理的费用。本研究可实现氮磷废水处理的同时,实现海水资源化利用。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

本试验采用磷酸铵镁沉淀法（MAP）处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,采用MgCl2.6H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O为沉淀剂,研究了该方法脱氮的主要影响因素并得出了最佳处理条件,即在室温条件时,pH值为10～10.5、反应摩尔比n（Mg2＋）：n（NH4＋）：n（PO43-）为1.2：1.0：0.9时,对于本试验中的垃圾渗滤液来说,为最佳反应条件,对氨氮的去除率可达到97%以上,达到国家杂用水水质标准中对氨氮的要求。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.