磁性竹基炭对Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附机理研究

采用微波辐照技术,以枯竹子为碳源制备了磁性竹基炭(BBMC),并将其用于对重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附去除.同时,分析了吸附时间、pH值、离子强度及初始金属离子浓度等条件对吸附的影响,讨论了BBMC对3种金属离子的吸附特性与吸附机理.结果表明,金属离子在BBMC上的吸附符合Langmuir等温模式和准二级动力学吸附方程;吸附的机理可归结为金属阳离子与BBMC上的H+之间的离子交换作用,且吸附能力可能与金属离子半径有关,呈现出Pb2+Cd2+Cu2+的趋势,重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的最大平衡吸附量分别为16.2、14.0和9.5 mg·g-1.     

球形棕囊藻对Pb2+的吸附动力学

研究了球形棕囊藻对金属离子Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附特性.结果显示,Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附可以分为2个阶段,第1阶段为物理吸附,在10min内快速达到平衡;第2阶段为金属离子向藻内部的迁移,过程缓慢.通过拟合得到了吸附过程的准二级动力学方程,参数k为0.0025 g·mg-1·min-1,qe为19.8 mg·g-1.吸附等温线结果表明.Pb2+在球形棕囊藻上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir来描述,最大吸附量qmax为20.2 mg·g-1.     

酿酒酵母对Ag^＋的吸附特性研究

为了深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附贵金属离子Ag+的特性,研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、初始pH值、温度对废弃酿酒酵母吸附Ag+的影响,并分析了动力学、热力学以及等温吸附特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Ag+的过程进行得很快,当Ag+初始浓度为1mmol·L-1、细胞浓度2 g·L-1条件下,反应10 min,Ag+可以达到平衡吸附量的86%以上.随后在24 h内吸附量缓慢增加,去除率基本维持在51%～55%左右.酵母吸附Ag+的过程可以用准一级和准二级动力学方程描述,后者模拟效果更好.酵母吸附Ag+的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程描述,但Freundlich方程拟合效果较差.当Ag+初始浓度为0～8 mtool·L-1、酵母浓度2·L-1条件下,酵母吸附Ag+的Langmuir理论饱和生物吸附容量为0.385 mmol·g～.在pH 2.0-7.2范围内,吸附量随着溶液初始pH值升高而升高.10～40℃范围内,温度对酵母吸附Ag+的影响不如pH值的影响显著,特别是在低离子浓度下尤其如此.酵母吸附Ag+的较适宜温度为20～30℃.热力学分析表明,酵母吸附Ag+具有自发性、熵增特征.     

酿酒酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)过程中阳离子(K+,Mg2+,Na+,Ca2+)的变化分析

研究了酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中各种阳离子的变化情况.研究结果表明,当Zn(Ⅱ)的初始浓度是0.08～0.8 mmol·L-1,酵母浓度约1 g·L-1,初始pH为5.65,反应38h内,酵母的Zn(Ⅱ)吸附量为74.8～654.8μmol·g-1,去除率达到76.4%～92.8%,pH值升高0.55～1.28.吸附过程中酵母首先快速释放大量K ,其次是Mg2 和Na ,Ca2 的释放量较少,数量级一般可分别达到几百、几十和几个μmol·g-1.以离子交换为基础计算的各阳离子释放量总和一般超过Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量,证明酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的机理之一是离子交换,但不唯一.无缓冲溶液体系酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中溶液pH值升高,H 被吸收,K 等阳离子释放,是生物体细胞的本质属性,与Zn(Ⅱ)是否存在无关,但是Zn(Ⅱ)可以促进阳离子的释放以及降低酵母对H 的吸收,也反映出Zn(Ⅱ)与H 之间可以竞争细胞表面吸附位.死酵母的吸附量低于未处理酵母,与阳离子交换能力关系不大,可能与细胞表面变形导致Zn(Ⅱ)吸附困难有关.     

丝瓜瓤固定简青霉吸附废水中Pb2+和Cu2+的机理

采用一种新型固定载体——丝瓜瓤,固定简青霉(Penicillum sp.),研究其在溶液中对金属离子Pb2 和Cu2 的吸附效果,并探讨其生物吸附机理,分析其动力学特性.实验结果表明,用丝瓜瓤固定简青霉能高效去除废水中Pb2 和Cu2 .研究发现,溶液pH值对吸附过程有较大影响,最佳吸附pH值在5.5附近;最佳吸附温度为25～35℃;溶液浓度在10～500 mg·L-1范围内,固定化简青霉菌对重金属的吸附随金属离子浓度的增加而增加;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;生物吸附平衡时间约为60min.用0.1mol·L-1HCl解吸,循环吸附-解吸5次后,固定化简青霉吸附金属离子的能力几乎不受影响     

酸和热处理对海泡石结构及吸附Pb2+、 Cd2+性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱及比表面积分析等研究了酸和热处理对天然海泡石结构的影响,并考察不同处理后的海泡石样品吸附重金属Pb2+、Cd2+性能.结果表明,海泡石比表面积均随盐酸浓度、处理时间的增加而略有增大,而结构无明显变化,0.5 mol·L-1 HCl处理时,天然海泡石中的CaCO3未能被完全去除,6.0 mol·L-1 HCl处理72 h时,海泡石比表面积达到最大301.47 m2·g-1.盐酸热处理并不能提高海泡石的比表面积,也不会使海泡石结构产生明显变化.不同类型酸处理对海泡石比表面积提高顺序依次为:HCl>HNO3>H2SO4;海泡石经焙烧后比表面积迅速下降,由100℃的21.44 m2·g-1下降到900℃的0.17 m2·g-1.重金属吸附实验表明,盐酸处理浓度和时间对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能无明显影响;不同酸处理对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能存在一定影响,H2SO4处理后海泡石对Pb2+、Cd2+离子吸附量明显高于HCl和HNO3处理.海泡石焙烧处理后对Pb2+离子吸附量无明显影响,但对Cd2+离子吸附量在焙烧700℃以上时增加明显.     

耐受铅真菌的筛选及其对Pb2+吸附的初步研究

从铅锌矿周围土壤样品中分离、筛选出一株耐铅真菌(命名为PY),对菌株进行了形态观察、生理生化实验及18SrRNA序列分析,并对该菌株的生物吸附性能进行了分析试验.结果表明,菌株PY为镰刀菌属(JQ267373),该菌株在Pb2+浓度550mg·L-1、湿菌量10g·L-1、pH=5.5、25℃、160r·min-1的条件下振荡吸附75min时,对Pb2+的吸附率可达到84%,吸附量为46.2mg·g-1.在Pb2+浓度为750mg·L-1时,其吸附率为77.9%.在25℃时,菌株PY对Pb2+的吸附模型符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程.     

酿酒酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)过程中阳离子(K+，Mg2+，Na+，Ca2+)的变化分析

研究了酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中各种阳离子的变化情况.研究结果表明,当Zn(Ⅱ)的初始浓度是0.08～0.8 mmol·L^-1,酵母浓度约1 g·L^-1,初始pH为5.65,反应38h内,酵母的Zn(Ⅱ)吸附量为74.8～654.8μmol·g^-1,去除率达到76.4%～92.8%,pH值升高0.55～1.28.吸附过程中酵母首先快速释放大量K⁺,其次是Mg²⁺和Na⁺,Ca²⁺的释放量较少,数量级一般可分别达到几百、几十和几个μmol·g^-1.以离子交换为基础计算的各阳离子释放量总和一般超过Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量,证明酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的机理之一是离子交换,但不唯一.无缓冲溶液体系酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中溶液pH值升高,H⁺被吸收,K⁺等阳离子释放,是生物体细胞的本质属性,与Zn(Ⅱ)是否存在无关,但是Zn(Ⅱ)可以促进阳离子的释放以及降低酵母对H+的吸收,也反映出Zn(Ⅱ)与H⁺之间可以竞争细胞表面吸附位.死酵母的吸附量低于未处理酵母,与阳离子交换能力关系不大,可能与细胞表面变形导致Zn(Ⅱ)吸附困难有关.     

巯基乙酸改性橘子皮对Cu2+的吸附性能

研究了经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附性能,并考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、Cu2+初始浓度及温度对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程;;在pH=5.3、25℃条件下的最大吸附容量为70.671mg·g-1;;吸附过程为化学吸附,且经巯基乙酸改性的橘子皮可重复使用5次以上.     

Zn2+和Mn2+处理水钠锰矿后对Pb2+吸附量的影响

分别采用Zn2+和Mn2+处理锰平均氧化度较高的水钠锰矿,对比研究了经不同浓度的Zn2+和Mn2+处理后矿物的锰平均氧化度、d110面网间距、对Pb2+的最大吸附量以及吸附过程中Zn2+和Mn2+的最大释放量等的变化.同时,通过Zn2+和Mn2+与水钠锰矿表面反应行为的不同,进一步明确矿物结构中的八面体空穴数量与重金属吸附量的关系.研究结果表明,水钠锰矿经Zn2+和Mn2+分别处理后,矿物类型未改变,并具有相似的晶体形貌.Zn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,随着Zn2+浓度的增大,水钠锰矿的锰平均氧化度和d110面网间距不变,说明结构中空穴数量未改变,Zn2+通过占据部分吸附点位,导致其对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少为2030 mmol·kg-1.而Mn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,大多数Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+,这些Mn3+部分位于八面体空穴上下方的吸附位点,部分进入八面体空穴中.随着加入的Mn2+浓度增大,Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+而进入八面体空穴的数量增多,锰平均氧化度减小,d110面网间距从0.14160 nm增大至0.14196 nm,说明结构中空穴数量减少,对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少至1332 mmol·kg-1.对比研究结果表明,水钠锰矿结构中的八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.