黄石市某地区土壤重金属污染状况研究

该文以湖北省黄石市某地区土壤为研究对象,选取Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd、As 5种元素作为评价要素,对土壤中重金属含量和污染状况进行了测定和分析。结果表明:研究区域土壤重金属含量较高,Cu、Pb、Cd、As超过了湖北省土壤背景值。单因子污染指数法评价Cu、Pb、Cd、As重金属污染较为突出;潜在生态危害系数法评价厂区周边土壤潜在危害性大;内梅罗综合污染指数法评价污染严重。     

新疆和硕绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险

新疆和硕绿洲采集82个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用地统计法、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并讨论重金属主要来源。结果表明:(1)和硕绿洲农田土壤所有重金属元素含量平均值均未超出国家二级标准的限值,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的2.0、1.51、1.18、2.13和8.47倍。(2)农田土壤Cd与Zn呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。研究区PLI平均值呈现轻度污染。(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Cr、Zn与Pb。农田RI平均值属于轻微生态风险。重金属元素含量、污染与生态风险空间分布格局各不相同。(4)和硕绿洲农田土壤As、Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的影响,Cd受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。Cd是研究区农田土壤主要的污染因子之一,对农田土壤污染及潜在生态风险的贡献较大,农田土壤Cd污染值得关注。     

鄂州市蔬菜地土壤重金属污染评价

为了解鄂州市蔬菜地重金属的污染状况,对鄂州市蔬菜地土壤进行采样,并对其重金属铜、铅、镉、铬、汞、砷含量进行测定。利用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行分析和评价,其中土壤重金属元素单因子污染指数(Pi)由大到小的顺序为:铜(Cu)>汞(Hg)>铬(Cr)>砷(As)>铅(Pb)>镉(Cd)。其中铜、汞、铬、砷属于中度污染,铅、镉处于警戒线中。内梅罗综合污染指数法表明鄂州蔬菜地土壤整体受到了轻度的重金属污染.     

北京土壤重金属分布及评价——以五环以内为例

文章选择北京市五环内土壤为研究对象,对不同环、不同功能区等空间位置变化下的土壤进行了采样和分析,研究了北京市城市土壤重金属Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd的空间分布特征,以期为北京市环境保护和治理以及城市环境规划提供理论依据。研究结果表明,北京市五环以内地区土壤中Cu、Cr、Cd含量均超过背景值。在空间分布上,土壤中4种重金属的含量呈现出由内向外递减的趋势,而公园外重金属含量超过公园内,车流量大、堵车严重地区土壤重金属含量也较高。综合污染评价表明,北京市五环以内地区土壤重金属属于轻度污染,Cr、Cu、Pb属于清洁级,Cd已接近中度污染。     

四川汉源万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构对重金属的响应特征

为了充分挖掘重金属污染地区植物共附生细菌资源,提高重金属污染土壤生态修复的效率,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对四川省汉源县万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草根状茎中共附生细菌多样性和群落结构进行了研究,并分析了共附生细菌群落结构与蜈蚣草根状茎中有效重金属间的关系.结果表明,不同采样点间的蜈蚣草共附生细菌多样性存在明显差异,多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为尾矿矿口弃渣区选矿区农田.基于DGGE回收条带序列的系统发育显示,蜈蚣草共附生细菌包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteria)和弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)等细菌类群.相关性分析表明,共附生细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数均与有效Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)显示,有效As是影响蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构的关键因子,对砷含量较高的采样点,砷对蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落有促进作用,在砷含量相对较低的采样点,共附生细菌群落与砷呈负相关.研究表明,蜈蚣草存在丰富的共附生细菌种群,这些种群受蜈蚣草中有效重金属含量的影响明显,在修复重金属特别是砷污染土壤方面表现出潜在应用价值.     

开都河下游绿洲耕地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险

开都河下游绿洲采集98个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量.基于地统计法,污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法研究耕地土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)研究区Cd含量平均值超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》中Ⅱ级标准的11.08倍.Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的55.42、1.32、1.36、3.40和5.14倍.重金属元素空间分布各不相同,部分区域出现高值区,表明人类活动对耕地土壤环境具有负面效应.(2)研究区耕地土壤Cd呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn呈现轻度污染,As和Mn呈现无污染态势.Cd是污染面积最大,污染程度最高的元素.研究区污染负荷指数PLI的平均值为1.68,呈现轻度污染.(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数(E)的平均值从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr与Zn.研究区综合生态风险指数(RI)的平均值为355.31,属于较强生态风险.(4)研究区耕地土壤As、Cd、Pb和Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制.Cd是研究区耕地土壤主要的污染因子,对PLI和RI的贡献很大,耕地土壤中Cd污染必须关注.     

紫云英对污染土壤上叶菜生长及其镉和铅含量的影响

为降低城郊菜地土壤叶菜可食部分Cd、Pb含量,通过3茬盆栽试验研究了紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)绿肥对重金属污染菜地上的叶菜生长、叶菜镉铅含量及土壤Cd、Pb活性形态(土壤溶液中Cd、Pb浓度及DTPA浸提态)的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,紫云英显著提高了供试生菜和苋菜的地上部生物量;但对DTPA-Cd和DTPA-Pb没有显著影响,对土壤溶液Cd、Pb浓度影响较小,没有显著影响供试生菜和苋菜地上部Cd、Pb含量.因而紫云英可以施用到供试菜地土壤上以提高叶菜产量,且不会提高叶菜Cd、Pb的食物链风险.     

沈阳市城郊农田土壤镉铅污染评价及白菜作物吸收量相关性的研究

本实验是研究冶炼工业烟尘中重金属(Cd Pb)对沈阳市近郊土壤及蔬菜作物吸收量污染程度相关性的分析。根据距污染源不同距离进行Cd、Pb 含量及土壤PH 等的分析,并测其相关程度,对四个郊区方向的测定结果可明显反应出土壤中Cb、Cd的含量距污染源越近其含量越高。为了衡量土壤是否污染,我们将土壤本底值用平均值加二个标准差表示的方法,结合我市郊土壤类型的具体情况,初步探讨了土壤本底值与评价土壤污染的标准。计算结果,其土壤污染范围及含量状况,各区Cd、Pb 平均含量大体是:铅含量北郊>西郊>南郊>东郊。其平均含量北郊为166.60 ppm 西郊为38.02 ppm, 南郊为37.38.ppm,东郊为23.40ppm。镉含量西郊>北郊>南郊>东郊。平均含量西郊略高于北郊,为1.142ppm,北郊为1.085ppm,南郊为0.739ppm 东郊为0.30ppm。白菜对Cd、Pb 的吸收量与土壤的污染程度呈正相关,土壤Cd、Pb 含量越多,在白菜体内累积的亦多。土壤PH 的性质,可直接限制某些重金属的活性及其白菜作物的可给性,PH 越大土壤吸着率越高。测定区土壤PH 值其变化范围多在微酸性——中性之间,没有发现明显的强酸、强碱对Cd、Pb 的转化影响因素。     

杭州蔬菜基地重金属污染及风险评价

为掌握杭州市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染状况,采用野外调查结合室内分析法,就杭州市10个区县30个蔬菜基地中203个土壤样品进行了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Ni含量的分析及评价,并就重金属含量与土壤理化指标进行了相关分析.结果表明,杭州市菜地土壤中Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量均未超标,但部分土壤中Cu、Pb和Cd含量有超标现象.污染指数评价表明,杭州市菜地土壤重金属综合污染等级多为轻度污染,且主要以Cd污染为主.累积评价表明,杭州市菜地土壤重金属多呈中高度累积,亦主要由土壤Cd累积所致.潜在生态风险评价表明,杭州市菜地土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Ni的生态风险轻微,综合潜在生态风险处于中等水平,但Cd存在较强的潜在生态风险.相关分析表明,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd含量受土壤理化性质影响较大.综上,杭州市要做好菜地土壤重金属的污染防治工作,尤其要防范Cd的污染风险.     

宿南矿区土壤重金属含量特征及其来源解析

为研究淮北煤田宿南矿区土壤重金属含量特征,测试了土壤中重金属Fe、Mn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu的含量,采用地累积污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染进行评价,并运用多元统计分析对重金属污染来源进行解析。结果表明,Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu的均值含量不超过土壤环境质量二级标准;综合评价结果显示,Cd污染累积程度明显,且Cd是最主要的生态风险因子;聚类分析将重金属划分为具有相似地球化学过程的3组,即Ⅰ类(Fe、Ni和Pb)、Ⅱ类(Mn、Cu和Cd)和Ⅲ类(Zn和Cr);主成分分析从重金属元素中筛选出3个主成分(PC1、PC2和PC3),PC1(Mn、Cu和Cd)表示为煤矿开采与道路煤尘扩散污染,PC2(Fe、Ni和Pb)解析为土壤母质与尾气排放作用,PC3(Zn和Cr)表示交通运输与农业生产活动污染。     

Use of Azotobacter sp.as an indicator to detect the toxicity of heavy metals in soils

A physiological strain of microorganism - Azotobacter sp. has been adopted as an indicator to detect the toxicity of heavy metals in soils. The concentration of heavy metals to which Azotobacter sp. was behaving initially to have the resistance to heavy metals is defined as the critical poisoning concentration. The method of physiological threshold adopted can have a quantitative determination with reproducible results. The determined critical poisoning concentration is basically consistent with the results of heavy metals and arsenic toxicities to the bacteria reported recently in literatures. Total 9 typical soils, including 6 zonal soils and 3 purple soils, in the whole country were determined for the toxicities of 5 heavy metals and arsenic to Azotobacter sp. that resulted in 48 critical poisoning concentrations.     

拉拉铜矿区土壤重金属含量及其污染特征

分析了拉拉铜矿区土壤中重金属含量,并运用地积指数对其污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,拉拉矿区是Cu、Cd、Hg污染严重的区域,而Cr、Pb、As污染不明显。与中国土壤元素背景值相比,矿区土壤中Hg含量平均增加了13.4倍,Cd含量平均增加了19.5倍,Cu含量平均增加了4.9倍。运用Muller地积指数进行评价,证明拉拉矿区Cd属于强-极强污染;Hg属于强污染;Cu以中等污染为主,部分强污染;Cr属于无-中污染;Pb以无污染为主;As属于无污染。矿区土壤重金属污染程度由高到低依次为:Cd>Hg>Cu>Cr>Pb>As。建议重视矿区Cu、Cd、Hg等重金属的污染问题,加强重金属的生态健康效应研究。     

餐厨废水中解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌的互作效应研究

针对餐厨垃圾无害化和资源化处理过程中产生的餐厨垃圾废水处理难题,探讨餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基制备复合液态菌肥过程中菌株间的互作效应。将解磷菌、固氮菌及解钾菌在餐厨废水中单独和混合接种,通过测定菌悬液细胞密度的变化来研究它们之间的互作效应。研究表明,在餐厨垃圾废水中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌对圆褐固氮菌有促进作用,与解钾芽孢杆菌之间存在拮抗作用,同时圆褐固氮菌与解钾芽孢杆菌之间亦存在拮抗作用,3个菌株的混合培养中解磷巨大芽孢杆菌为优势菌种。研究结果同时显示,利用餐厨垃圾废水可以制备合格的复合菌肥。     

Isolation of Cr(VI) reducing bacteria from industrial e uents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

Isolation of Cr(Ⅵ) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

贵州中部山区煤矸石堆场周边污染水稻土重金属的释放特征

通过对贵州中部山区煤矸石堆场周边污染的水稻土及上覆水进行调查与采样分析,探讨污染水稻土有效态重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb)含量的变化及其释放特征。研究结果表明:不同程度污染水稻土中Cd、As和Hg的含量及部分水稻土中的Cu含量超过了土壤环境质量二级标准,随着水稻土污染程度的增加,土壤有效态Cd的含量出现明显的增加,中度污染水稻土和重度污染水稻土有效态Cd的平均含量分别比轻度污染水稻土增加了1.30、2.60倍;在水稻生长期间(6~8月),污染稻田上覆水中均出现Cd的超标,中度污染稻田和重度污染稻田上覆水Cd的平均浓度(三次采样)分别比轻度污染稻田的上覆水高11.3%和27.3%。污染水稻土淹水1~30d期间,上覆水Cd的浓度出现不断地增加,淹水20d后中度及重度污染水稻土上覆水Cd均出现超标。因此,煤矸石堆场周边污染稻田排水的Cd会产生明显的二次污染。     

Use of Azotobacter sp.as an indicator to detect the toxicity of heavy metals in soils

A physiological strain of microorganism - Azotobacter sp. has been adopted as an indicator to detect the toxicity of heavy metals in soils. The concentration of heavy metals to which Azotobacter sp. was behaving initially to have the resistance to heavy metals is defined as the critical poisoning concentration. The method of physiological threshold adopted can have a quantitative determination with reproducible results. The determined critical poisoning concentration is basically consistent with the results of heavy metals and arsenic toxicities to the bacteria reported recently in literatures. Total 9 typical soils, including 6 zonal soils and 3 purple soils, in the whole country were determined for the toxicities of 5 heavy metals and arsenic to Azotobacter sp. that resulted in 48 critical poisoning concentrations.     

太滆运河流域农田土壤重金属污染特征与来源解析

为探明太滆运河流域农田土壤重金属污染分布特征及主要影响因素,保证土壤环境质量及农产品安全.采集并分析了太滆运河流域118个农田表层土壤样品中Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd等8种重金属元素含量.以太湖流域土壤背景值为评价标准,利用单因子指数和内梅罗指数评价土壤重金属污染状况,利用多元统计分析与地统计分析相结合的方法,对土壤重金属空间分布及来源进行解析.结果表明:8种重金属元素(Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cd)的平均含量分别为63. 25、0. 25、7. 83、35. 24、77. 25、31. 48、38. 37和0. 16 mg·kg~(-1),除Cr和As外,其余元素含量均超过太湖流域土壤背景值.土壤样点重金属含量多低于国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值.内梅罗综合指数显示87. 29%样点的土壤重金属呈现轻度污染,5. 93%样点呈现中度污染,6. 78%样点呈现重度污染,整体已经超过警戒值,处于轻度污染状态.流域农田土壤中Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd受到农业活动和大气沉降的共同影响; Cr和Ni则受成土母质以及工业生产活动的共同影响; As则主要来源于成土母质.     

A meta-analysis of heavy metals pollution in farmland and urban soils in China over the past 20 years

A total of 713 research papers about field monitor experiments of heavy metals in farmland and urban soils in China, published from 2000 to 2019, were obtained. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the level of China's heavy metal pollution in soils, mainly focusing on eight heavy metals. It was found that the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in China were 0.19, 30.74, 85.86, 25.81, 0.074, 67.37, 27.77 and 8.89 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the background value (0.097 mg/kg), the Cd content showed a twofold (0.19 mg/kg) rise in farmland soils and a threefold (0.29 mg/kg) rise in urban soils. The decreasing order of the mean I_geo was Cd (1.77) > Pb (0.62) > Zn (0.60) > Cu (0.58) > Hg (0.57) > Cr (0.54) > Ni (0.47) > As (0.28). Nearly 33.54% and 44.65% of sites in farmland and urban soils were polluted with Cd. The average concentrations of eight heavy metals were not sensitive change in recent two decades in farmland and urban soils. The average P_n values for urban (2.52) and farmland (2.15) soils showed that heavy metal pollution in urban soils was more serious than that in farmland, and the middle Yangtze River regions, where industrial activity dominates, were the most polluted. The meta-analysis comprehensively evaluated the current pollution situation of soil heavy metal, and provided important basis for soil management and environment prevention in China.     

西南高镉地质背景区农田土壤与农作物的重金属富集特征

为探明高地质背景区农田土壤与农作物系统中重金属富集与转运特征,通过对采自重庆黑色岩系高镉地质背景区的土壤和农作物样品进行分析,并与其他典型黑色页岩区域进行对比研究.发现研究区部分农田土壤pH极低; Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn显著富集.土壤样品Cd的超标率为100%,其次为Cr和Ni,91. 3%的土壤样品Cd污染级别为严重污染及以上.土壤Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的残渣态占比为80%以上,Cd和Pb较低;弱酸提取态Cd占比27. 0%±6. 4%,Zn和Ni次之.黑色岩系母质风化导致研究区土壤重金属富集,Cd是区域内的特征污染元素,其生物有效性较高,并易于在农作物中富集. Cd的转运系数高于其他元素,农作物中Cd的富集和污染程度最高,特别是叶类蔬菜,平均Cd含量(干重)高达11. 5 mg·kg~(-1),不适于种植和食用;部分农作物Cr超标,存在一定风险.因此,有必要对研究区农田土壤进行污染等级划分,实行科学管控,并进行农作物种植结构调整,以保障当地人群健康.