废醪液用于酒精生产试验获通过

酒清废醪液回用于稀释糖蜜技术是目前废醪液代替清水用于水膜除尘技术的一个重要部分 ,省内目前有将废醪液中和回用或离心后回用的技术 ,而冷却沉淀直接使用尚未见成功报导。巧家糖厂在 2 0 0 0 /2 0 0 1榨季进行废水治理的同时 ,对废醪液用于酒精生产进行攻关 ,经数十次小试 ,采用废醪液稀释糖蜜后 ,成熟醪含酒率在 10～ 11% ,回用量约占废醪液总量的 2 0 % ,其他方面尚未发现不良影响。榨季结束后 ,巧家糖厂将组织有关工程技术人员对该技术实施工业化生产做准备 ,在 2 0 0 1/2 0 0 2榨季实施废醪液用于酒精生产试验获通过@杨隆才…     

酒精废醪的固液分离在我国的应用

综述了国内外酒精废醪处理中的固液分离技术的进展及新成果;指出固液分离技术代表了酒精废醪资源化综合治理的发展方向,研究、开发适合我国国情的固液分离成套技术、设备是全面治理酒精废醪污染的关键。      

酒精废醪液回流复用技术的应用实例

勐棒糖厂一个榨季的实践表明，酒精废醪液回流复用技术有效地削减了废醪液排放量，且对产酒率无明显影响，是一项具有环境效益，社会效益和经济效益的技术。     

糖蜜酒精废醪液浓缩处理技术

糖蜜酒精废醪液浓缩处理技术编者按由国家科委成果管理办公室主持的“酒精糟液浓缩处理技术及其应用交流会”于１９９５年３月１８～１９日在广西南宁召开。参加会议的有来自我国甘蔗、甜菜产区的３５家糖厂、开发公司及轻工总会的科研、设计部门的代表近９Ｏ人。与会代表...     

酒精废醪液在酒精生产中的再利用

精酒废醪液静置冷却后直接回用于酒精生产，按回用40m^3/d计，可减少COD排放约4000kg/d，并能取得一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

糖厂废醪农用可行性分析

糖厂废醪废水治理一直是国内制糖业不惜花费较大人力、物力要解决的问题。由于以前技术所限,未得到很好治理或综合利用。本文根据废弃废醪池中废醪液和废醪淤泥有机质和N、P等元素含量较高特点,建议采取有效方式用于农田施肥,既可治理污染,又可对改良农田起到积极的促进作用。     

味精生产废水综合治理及资源化

本文提出采用化学絮凝、沉降方法除去味精发酵醪液菌体,清液采用浓缩—连续等电点法提取谷氨酸。采用新工艺后,菌体可回收作蛋白饲料,谷氨酸提取率由现在的75%—78%提高至85%,废水量减少一半以上,采用蒸发浓缩处理,回收作有机复合肥,根本解决了味精废水污染环境的问题。      

谷氨酸等电点提取母液综合利用技术

本文介绍了从废母液中絮凝、沉降、过滤除菌体后，清液蒸发浓缩二次再提取谷氨酸，二次再提取后的母液浓缩干燥处理制得有机－－无机肥料。从废母液中回收菌体蛋白，谷氨酸和肥料。谷氨酸二次提取总收得率可达９０％以上。废水经二次蒸发处理后以蒸发冷凝水回用制淀粉浆，生产用水实现闭路循环，无废水排放。     

变废为宝,向治理系统要经济效益的应用实例

用生产废水治理工程中吸附了废醪液的灰渣辅加滤泥(亚法)经预处理后掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做固态茵肥,用循环用于水膜除尘的近50°BX的浓废醪液掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做液态茵肥,使污染环境有肥效的废醪液全部资源化使用,彻底消除了二次污染。     

PSB技术治理酒精废醪液的实践

以PSB技术治理糖厂废醪液,可以使糖厂废醪液实现零排放.其末端产物为光合菌肥,施用于甘蔗、茶叶、水稻、西瓜等农副作物进行试验,结果表明对改良土壤,肥力增效,增加产量,提高作物品质均有较好作用.     

碱法蔗渣制浆黑液循环处理技术研究

对碱法蔗渣制浆黑液良性循环处理技术路线及原理进行研究。研究结果表明 ,此技术路线可行 ,制浆黑液将被全部处理 ,同时实现了液体回用和回收两种实用价值好的产品目标。处理黑液所用的酸化剂转化为制浆药液成分回用于制浆蒸煮 ,得到的浆、纸性能良好。     

Environmentally friendly bagasse pulping with NH4OH–KOH–AQ

Bagasse pulping trials were carried out with NH₄OH–KOH in the presence of anthraquinone for the purpose of reducing or eliminating the black liquor problem in pulping processes. The operating conditions, such as the composition of the cooking liquor, the liquid to bagasse ratio, the maximum cooking temperature and the cooking time at the maximum temperature during the pulping process were investigated systematically to establish optimal pulping conditions. The experimental results indicated that this pulping process is particularly well suited for the pulping of bagasse, where the bagasse was delignified to a low Kappa number value of 11.3, the percentage delignification was 80%, and the pulp yield was 65%. This newly developed pulping process provided a high tensile index of 51.6 N.m/g. The laboratory-scale experimental results were replicated on a pilot-scale process successfully, demonstrating the initial stages of scale-up and also demonstrating a degree of repeatability. There is a good prospect that this process can utilize black liquor, which contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and ammoniacal lignin, as a fertilizer for agricultural production. Hence the black liquor problem associated with the pulping industry can potentially be turned into a benefit through this environmentally friendly bagasse pulping process.     

甘蔗渣和稻草秸在亚/超临界水中液化的初探

采用亚/超临界水解方法进行了甘蔗渣和稻草秸液化的实验研究,考察了反应温度、质量比(秸秆/水)对纤维素液化转化所得还原糖产率的影响.研究结果表明:(1)反应温度为350℃,固液比为1∶4时,甘蔗渣转化为还原糖的产率与浓度最大,产率达31.8%,浓度为127 g/L;(2)稻草秸在333℃,固液比为1∶3.6时,还原糖产率...     

Do phytotoxic allelochemicals remain in ashes after burning Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed)?

Australia is facing challenges in controlling Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera(boneseed). However, burning has achieved some success in this regard. We aimed to investigate the comparative phytotoxicity of boneseed dried powder and ashes(burnt at 450℃ and250℃). Phenolic compounds in powder and ashes were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu assay and HPLC. The phytotoxicity of boneseed powder and ash extracts was assessed through germination bioassay on Lactuca sativa and the phytotoxicity of litter and ashes was evaluated using field soil, both in growth chamber. Burning of boneseed reduced total phenolics in ashes of boneseed organs by 99% and 100% both at high and low temperatures. The four phenolic compounds that were detected in boneseed were either absent or at negligible levels in the ashes,with inversely related to temperature. Both boneseed ash extracts and litter ash-mediated soil significantly reduced phytotoxicity displaying increased germination, biometric and biochemical parameters of test species compared with unburnt powder extracts and litter powder-mediated soil respectively, with greater reduction of phytotoxicity found for ashes produced at the lower temperature. Interestingly, the ash extracts and litter ash-mediated soil were found to stimulate some of those parameters of the test species compared to control. There was no excessive reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced in test species exposed to ash extracts compared with unburnt powder extracts. These findings suggest that burning of boneseed is an appropriate method of weed control and that this approach will reduce phytotoxicity of this species on native plants.     

Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with spray dried soluble coffee over its entire life cycle and compare it with drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee. It particularly aims to identify critical environmental issues and responsibilities along the whole life cycle chain of spray dried coffee. This life cycle assessment (LCA) specifically uses foreground data obtained directly from coffee manufacturers and suppliers. Aside from energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, water footprint is also studied in detail, including regionalization of water impacts based on the ecological scarcity method 2006. Other impact categories are screened using the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method.The overall LCA results for a 1 dl cup of spray dried soluble coffee amounts approximately to 1 MJ of primary non-renewable energy consumption, to emissions of 0.07 kg of CO_2-eq, and between 3 and 10 l of non-turbined water use, depending on whether or not the coffee cultivation is irrigated and wet treated. When considering turbined water, use can be up to 400 l of water per cup. Pouch – and to a lesser extent metal can packaging alternatives – show lower environmental burdens than glass or sticks.On average, about one half of the environmental footprint occurs at a life cycle stage under the control of the coffee producer or its suppliers (i.e., during cultivation, treatment, processing, packaging up to distribution, along with advertising) and the other half at a stage controlled by the user (shopping, appliances manufacturing, use and waste disposal). Key environmental parameters of spray dried soluble coffee are the amount of extra water boiled and the efficiency of cup cleaning during use phase, whether the coffee is irrigated or not, as well as the type and amount of fertilizer used in the coffee field. The packaging contributes to 10% of the overall life cycle impacts.Compared to other coffee alternatives, spray dried soluble coffee uses less energy and has a lower environmental footprint than capsule espresso coffee or drip filter coffee, the latter having the highest environmental impacts on a per cup basis. This study shows that a broad LCA approach is needed to help industry to minimize the environmental burdens directly related to their products. Including all processes of the entire system is necessary i) to get a comprehensive environmental footprint of the product system with respect to sustainable production and consumption, ii) to share stakeholders responsibility along the entire product life cycle, and iii) to avoid problem shifting between different life cycle stages.     

2nd Generation biofuels a sure bet? A life cycle assessment of how things could go wrong

Biofuels are heavily debated as to their potential to reduce transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. Life cycle thinking gave rise to formal evaluations of the energy balance of such fuels, which led to the vigorously conducted “corn to ethanol” debates. Just as consensus was building on such evaluations came the “carbon debt” insights, a result of applying consequential Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) backed by advanced economic modeling. Increasingly, hopes have shifted to the 2nd generation biofuels, viewed as a “technological home run”. Could this also backfire? We investigate a simple South African case in which there might not be improvements in environmental performance: a sugar mill sells its bagasse, currently used at low efficiency to provide process heat, to an advanced biofuels producer, and buys an equivalent amount of coal without investing in efficiency improvements. Seven scenarios are generated, ranging from the status quo, where no bagasse is diverted, to 100% bagasse diversion, with one scenario including an energy efficiency improvement in the sugar mill. A consequential LCA is applied to the seven scenarios, covering global warming potential (GWP), non-renewable energy use, aquatic eutrophication and terrestrial acidification. A basic financial analysis of the proposed scenarios shows that they are realistic, with potentially lucrative returns. Results show that diverting bagasse without efficiency improvements from its current use to an ethanol bio-refinery would indeed backfire for all environmental impacts studied. The base case outperforms all the other scenarios, with the 100% bagasse diversion scenario emerging the worst. Investments into energy efficiency are therefore a precondition for diverting cellulosic residues into biofuel production.     

烟气脱硫剂制浆系统一体化设计及应用

石灰石粉制浆系统是石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫工艺中脱硫剂浆液干式制备系统的一个主要部分。针对石灰石粉制浆系统传统设计的不足,提出了石灰石浆液罐与粉仓一体化设计的优化方案,具有节省投资、占地小、设计简单紧凑、系统可靠和寿命长的优点,尤其适合我国老小燃煤机组烟气脱硫改造工程。目前已成功应用于多个烟气脱硫工程。     

Utilization of Bagasse Energy in Thailand

Bagasse, a biomass fuel, is the waste generated by the sugar-making process from sugar cane. Sugar making is one of the most important agricultural-produce processing industries for developing countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa. As sugar producing plants need electric power and process steam, co-generation using bagasse as an alternate fuel for petroleum has been in use for some time. Thailand recently became one of the largest sugar exporters by enlarging plant capacities and improving equipment, thus reducing its production cost. In addition, the Thai government promotes power generation using bagasse as a means to combat global warming by raising the purchase price of the surplus power. The industry is in the process of further raising the plant capacity, and improving the power-generating efficiency. This will enable a plant to generate more electric power than its in-plant need so that the surplus power can be sold to the commercial grid. It also plans to become a local power supplier during off-season of sugar making by adding a condensing turbine generator. A typical Thai sugar plant of the latest design generates steam of 4Mpa at the bagasse boiler outlet with the temperature of 400°C at 84% boiler efficiency. With the bagasse LHV of 7,540 kJ/kg and that of fuel oil 41, 840 kJ/kg, and taking 90%as oil-burning boiler efficiency, 5.95 kg of bagasse would replace 1 kg of oil. The Kyoto Mechanism defines CO₂ generation by fuel oil as 2.65 kg per liter. Using 0.85for the specific gravity of fuel oil, the amount of CO₂ generation will be 3.12 kg-CO₂/kg. Therefore, CO₂reduction per ton of bagasse in terms of fuel oil will be: 3.12/5.95 =0.524 kg-CO₂/kg-bagasse. As 1 kg of bagasse generates 2 kg of steam, the CO₂reduction of a 100t/h steam boiler will be112,660 ton/year for an annual operation of4,300 hours, as follows. 0.524 × 100/2 = 26.2 t-CO₂/h, 26.2 × 4,300 =112,660 t-CO₂/year. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A novel approach of preparing press-powders for cleaner production of ceramic tiles

China produces almost half of ceramic tiles in the world. However, serious air pollution and high energy consumption in the preparation of ceramic press-powders by traditional wet process (WP) have become major barriers for the sustainable development of ceramic tile manufacturing industry. A novel cleaner production process, named by the authors as Droplet-Powder Granulation Process (DPGP), was proposed and tested in this work. Droplet-powder granulator, a key facility of DPGP, was designed. In the granulator, ceramic suspension was directly sprayed to form fine suspension droplets and ceramic dry powder was simultaneously jetted and dispersed to enwrap, insulate and adsorb the suspension droplets so as to form coarse granules that were then rolled, tamped and dried into press-powders. Lab experiments of preparing press-powders by DPGP were carried out. The as-prepared DPGP press-powders consist of solid granules with nearly spherical shape and approximately normal grain size distribution, and present favorable flowability and relatively high bulk density, with the similar properties of the press-powders as those prepared by WP. Moreover, as compared with WP, DPGP can reduce both pollutant emission of 98% dust, 65% sulfur oxides and 71% nitrogen oxides and resource consumption of 24% energy and 69% water. Therefore, DPGP is an innovative approach for cleaner production of ceramic press-powders.     

清洁生产制工艺的研究

研究了在无水环境下，利用低级醇与甘油酯的酯交换反应，生成脂肪酸酯和甘油，然后将脂肪酸酯化的二步法制工艺。在实验室条件下，利用本工艺研制成黄白色肥皂粉末，产率为98％；甘油的回收率为8％（重量比）；醇的一次循环蒸出率为85％，本工艺将反应过程缩短为1～2h，大大节省了能源，符合绿色设计的要求。