小麦地土壤水溶性有机物动态及对土壤铜镉活性的影响：田间微区试验

采用田间微区试验研究秸秆与化肥配施（SM）,猪粪与化肥配施（PM）以及纯化肥（F）3种不同施肥处理下土壤水溶性有机物（DOM）在小麦不同生长阶段的动态变化情况及对土壤中重金属Cu、Cd活性的影响,也研究了上述处理麦田土壤DOM在不同土层中的分布.结果表明,随着小麦的生长各处理土壤DOM均呈不断下降的趋势,特别是在小麦拔节期以前下降趋势更为明显.与施化肥相比,施用有机肥后土壤中DOM含量有明显增加. 施用有机肥后土壤DOM以0～20 cm层最高, 越向下含量越低. 在供试的旱地土壤中DOM主要迁移深度为40 cm,少量DOM可迁移到60 cm.在小麦拔节期之前, 各处理根际DOM含量的动态变化趋势和与之对应的非根际DOM变化趋势基本一致,没有显著差异.但之后随着小麦越冬结束,新陈代谢强度迅速增大,其根际DOM含量也迅速增加, 并在抽穗期达到最大,随后逐渐下降. 试验还发现,在小麦生长过程中根际及非根际土体中土壤交换性Cu的变化与相应的DOM变化趋势极其相似,对3个处理根际和土体共60个土壤样本的DOM与交换性Cu的相关分析表明,二者呈极显著直线相关,说明DOM对土壤Cu的活化有明显促进作用.土壤中Cd的活化虽也受DOM的促进,但其影响不如对Cu那样显著.显然,在重金属污染的旱地土壤中,在当季大量施用新鲜的有机肥可能有增加重金属污染的风险.     

水稻根际与非根际土壤硫素赋存形态转化及其迁移规律

在未污染及重金属污染水稻土上施用不同硫肥处理,通过池栽试验研究硫在水稻根际与非根际土壤中迁移规律及其赋存形态的影响.结果表明,在水稻生育期内,根际与非根际土壤溶液Eh、pH和pe+pH范围分别在93~283 mV和83~254 mV之间、7.5~8.4和7.7~8.4之间、9.1~13.2和9.1~12.5之间.根际土Eh总体上高于非根际土,根际土pH总体上低于非根际土.在根际土壤中,水溶性硫(占总无机硫的41%~81%,下同)吸附性硫(9%~34%)盐酸可溶性硫(8%~24%)盐酸挥发性硫(2%~8%).在分蘖期和抽穗扬花期,水溶性硫和吸附性硫的质量分数,施用石膏处理的显著性高于单质硫处理的;对未污染水稻土,其质量分数显著性高于污染水稻土的.在非根际土壤,水溶性硫(40%~69%)盐酸可溶性硫(18%~41%)盐酸挥发性硫(6%~16%)吸附性硫(0.7%~7.5%).根际土与非根际土壤的无机硫质量分数分别为223~738mg·kg~(-1)和68~128 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有机硫质量分数分别为574~1 647 mg·kg~(-1)和108~391 mg·kg~(-1),总硫的质量分数分别为825~2 287 mg·kg~(-1)和200~477 mg·kg~(-1).水稻根际土中,无机硫和有机硫分别占总硫20%~40%和60%~80%;非根际土为18%~46%和54%~82%.水稻根际土在总硫、有机硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫和盐酸可溶性硫的质量分数分别是非根际土壤的3~11倍、3~5倍、5~7倍,12~20倍、2~3倍,而盐酸挥发性硫的质量分数低于非根际土.     

水分管理对硫铁镉在水稻根区变化规律及其在水稻中积累的影响

选取了酸性矿山废水污灌区重金属污染水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理条件(60%最大田间持水量,80%最大田间持水量,最大田间持水量,前期淹水+抽穗扬花期烤田,全生育期淹水)下水稻根际土壤及其不同器官(稻根、茎叶和籽粒)中硫、Fe和Cd的含量变化.结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的增加,在分蘖期根际土壤中Cd的含量略有升高,在成熟期对水稻根际土壤中Fe和Cd含量的影响不大;水稻不同器官对铁的吸收逐渐增加,对Cd的吸收则逐渐减少,两者呈明显的负相关关系;但抽穗扬花期烤田对水稻各器官对Fe的吸收影响不大,却明显增加了各器官中Cd的含量.除旱作处理外,不同水分管理方式下,土壤中全硫和有效硫含量随着土壤水分含量增加逐渐减少,抽穗扬花期烤田能明显增加根际土壤中总硫和有效硫含量,水稻对Cd的吸收与根际硫含量增加存在协同关系.上述结果证实,水稻对Cd的吸收不仅与Fe吸收有关,土壤中硫的充分供给能显著增加Cd在水稻中的积累.     

肥料对土壤重金属有效态及水稻幼苗重金属积累的影响

为探究施用不同肥料对红黄泥和河沙泥农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd有效态含量的影响,通过盆栽试验,研究了施用7种肥料（猪粪、鸡粪、紫云英、商品有机肥、磷肥、复合肥、化肥）对土壤重金属有效态含量及水稻幼苗重金属积累的影响.结果表明:①红黄泥中复合肥处理能显著增加Zn有效态含量,比对照增加57.0%,猪粪处理显著降低了Cu、Pb、Cd有效态含量,比对照降低22.1%、13.4%、20.0%.②不同处理河沙泥中Cu有效态含量变化不显著,复合肥处理显著增加Zn有效态含量,比对照增加23倍,化肥处理显著增加Pb有效态含量,比对照增加31.6%,施用复合肥显著增加Cd有效态含量,比对照增加30.6%.③红黄泥中商品有机肥、紫云英处理显著增加水稻根Cd含量,且紫云英处理效果更明显,比对照增加1.92倍,猪粪、鸡粪、商品有机肥、磷肥处理均降低了水稻秸秆Cd含量,且商品有机肥作用更明显,比对照降低58.7%.④在河沙泥中商品有机肥、紫云英处理显著增加了水稻根Cd含量,且商品有机肥处理效果更明显,比对照增加4.27倍,猪粪、鸡粪处理均降低了水稻秸秆Cd含量,且鸡粪作用更明显,比对照降低29.2%.研究显示,不同处理土壤中Cu、Zn有效态含量差异明显;磷肥处理能显著降低红黄泥中Pb有效态含量,猪粪、鸡粪、紫云英处理可显著降低红黄泥中Cd有效态含量,复合肥处理能显著增加河沙泥Cd有效态含量;猪粪、鸡粪处理均能降低红黄泥和河沙泥中水稻秸秆Cd含量.      

改良剂连续施用对农田水稻Cd吸收的影响

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了在Cd重度污染土壤上施用有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施1a后,第2a连续施用和不再施用改良剂对稻田土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明,有机肥、石灰单施及石灰与有机肥配施均能显著提高稻田土壤pH值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻各部位Cd含量,第1a有机肥、石灰、石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低35.9%、69.2%和65.4%.与对照相比,第2a连续施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理下,稻田土壤pH值分别显著升高0.27、0.57和1.05个单位,土壤有效态Cd分别显著降低26.6%、29.7%和59.4%;糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低63.1%、79.5%和83.6%,其中,第2a连续石灰与有机肥配施处理下糙米中Cd含量为0.20mg/kg,达到《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2017）中糙米限量值.第2a不再施用有机肥、石灰及石灰与有机肥配施处理的糙米中Cd含量较对照分别显著降低49.2%、69.7%和75.4%.双因素方差分析结果表明其值与连续施用改良剂的处理无显著性差异.上述结果表明,石灰与有机肥配施可有效降低污染稻田土壤中有效态Cd含量和水稻Cd含量,施加后一年内可不施或减少改良剂施用量.     

化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对紫色土壤养分及磷赋存形态的影响

研究紫色土壤养分含量与不同形态磷含量对生物炭配施化肥和有机肥的响应,探明不同施肥处理对紫色土壤养分和磷形态的影响,以期为生物炭在紫色土区的合理农用提供科学依据.采用盆栽试验方法,设置对照(CK)、传统施肥(F)、化肥+20 t·hm-2稻壳生物炭(FP)、化肥+10 t·hm-2稻壳生物炭+10 t·hm-2玉米生物炭(FPM)、有机肥+20 t·hm-2稻壳生物炭(PP)和新鲜有机肥+20 t-hm-2稻壳生物炭(NPP)这6个处理,通过测定土壤养分含量的变化和不同形态磷之间的转化,阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对紫色土壤养分及磷赋存形态的影响.结果表明:①生物炭施用可提高土壤pH值,其中PP和NPP处理的效果最好,其根际土壤pH较F处理分别提高了 1.78和1.87个单位.②配施生物炭(FP、FPM、PP和NPP)处理较F处理能显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量,表现出明显的根际效应,而显著降低速效钾的含量.③与F处理相比,PP和NPP处理能够显著增加植株根部生物量、植株全磷和全钾含量,而显著降低植株全氮含量.④土壤中最主要的磷赋存形态是中度活性磷,其占比为46.64％～57.46％.施用生物炭能够促进土壤难溶态磷向有效磷转化,提高活性磷和中度活性磷的比例,且表现出明显的根际效应.⑤施用生物炭有利于土壤有机磷的矿化,促进NaHCO3-P.向NaHCO3-Pi转化,其中PP处理的矿化作用最明显.配施生物炭可以改善土壤磷营养状况,促进土壤难溶态磷向有效态磷转化,其中PP处理的效果最优.因此,生物炭配施腐熟猪粪是紫色土区最有效的养分管理方式.     

施用水溶性有机肥条件下水稻对稻田土壤砷镉的提取效能

为了对砷(As)、镉(Cd)复合污染稻田土壤进行清洁修复,开展了田间试验,在施用水溶性有机肥强化As、Cd溶出条件下利用水稻作为修复稻进行提取. 为了评估水溶性有机肥的作用以及水稻的提取效能,分别在水稻分蘖期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期,利用扩散梯度薄膜技术(DGT)原位监测土壤剖面有效态As、Cd浓度的变化;收获时利用分级提取方法揭示土壤As、Cd赋存形态的变化,并分析植株各部位As、Cd的积累量;为了阐明去除根系的重要性,对比分析了保留和去除根系处理间土壤As、Cd浓度的差异. 结果表明,施用水溶性有机肥(OF)促进了土壤As、Cd的溶出释放,例如,OF处理39 d后土壤DGT-As (扩散梯度薄膜提取态As)和DGT-Cd (扩散梯度薄膜提取态Cd)平均浓度分别较空白对照升高了34.2%、54.9%. 水稻单株提取As、Cd总量分别为12.63、1.18 mg,其中根系As、Cd积累量占比分别为97.6%、81.3%. 与保留根系处理相比,移除根系使土壤As、Cd总量分别降低了5%、10%,土壤剖面DGT提取态的As、Cd平均浓度分别降低了41.9%、56.4%,作物易利用态As(F1+F2)和Cd(F1+F2)浓度分别降低了9.8%、6.1%. 研究显示,水溶性有机肥可促进土壤As、Cd的溶出,可作为利用水稻生长及根系移除来降低稻田土壤作物有效态As、Cd的强化策略,为As、Cd复合污染稻田土壤清洁与安全利用提供了一条有益路径.      

硒对菜地土壤镉微区分布及其吸附解吸特性的影响

以南方酸性黄棕壤为研究对象,采用根箱进行小白菜种植,研究了不同剂量的外源硒(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1,以Se计)处理下,小白菜根际与非根际土壤Cd的含量变化;同时,通过Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进一步分析了经Se(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1)预处理并经历过小白菜生长的根际与非根际土壤对Cd的吸附与解吸特性.结果表明,在Cd含量较低(0.50 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,低剂量的Se处理(0.25 mg·kg-1)根际土壤与非根际土壤的Cd含量均高于Se剂量为0、1.00 mg·kg-1的两个处理;在Cd含量较高(5.00 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,不同剂量的Se处理未能对土壤中Cd含量造成显著差异.通过吸附解吸试验及Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附模型的模拟,发现根际土壤对Cd的吸附容量和吸附能力均小于非根际土壤,且根际土壤Cd的非专性吸附比率大于非根际土壤,表明小白菜的生长能够改变根际土壤对重金属Cd的吸附解吸特性,增加土壤中Cd的环境风险;然而,在本实验剂量范围内,外源Se预处理并未显著改变小白菜土壤Cd的吸附解吸特性,尚不足以证明Se通过影响小白菜根系分泌物等微域环境进而改变土壤重金属Cd的吸附解吸等环境化学行为.     

镉污染土壤施硒对植物生长及根际镉化学行为的影响

采用根箱培养的方式,研究了在不同镉污染水平(0.5 mg·kg-1、5 mg·kg-1土壤)的酸性黄棕壤中施用外源硒对小白菜生长、光合特性及根际土壤中镉的化学行为影响.结果表明:镉污染土壤中施硒可显著增加小白菜的生物量,增强小白菜叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率;镉污染严重时,施硒还可提高小白菜的气孔导度;施用适量硒(0.25 mg·kg-1)可显著降低小白菜地上部镉含量,其中镉污染浓度较低(0.5 mg·kg-1)时,该效果达显著水平.在镉污染程度低(0.5 mg·kg-1)的土壤施用适量硒(0.25 mg·kg-1),可显著降低土壤交换态镉含量,其中,根际和非根际土壤交换态Cd含量分别降低了22.20%和43.79%.外源Se有效地降低了土壤Cd的生物有效性,这种作用在Se的施用浓度较低时表现更加明显;当Cd污染浓度较高时,土壤Cd形态分布相对稳定,外源Se对根际和非根际土壤Cd形态分布的影响不显著.研究结果为深入揭示Se对菜地Cd污染的调控机理提供理论参考.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对柠檬根际/非根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

研究不同施肥方式对柠檬根际/非根际土壤理化性质及细菌群落结构的影响,可为果园科学合理地施肥提供理论依据.采用盆栽试验,设置对照(CK)、常规施肥(FM)、有机肥(P)、新鲜有机肥(NP)、 70%化肥+30%有机肥(70FP)和50%化肥+50%有机肥(50FP)这6个施肥处理.采用化学分析、实时荧光定量PCR技术和末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)方法,研究不同施肥处理对根际/非根际土壤的理化性质、细菌16S rRNA基因的丰度和细菌群落结构的影响,并通过冗余分析(RDA)探究影响柠檬根际/非根际土壤细菌群落结构的环境因子.结果表明：(1)化肥减量配施有机肥(50FP和70FP)能显著提高根际/非根际土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮的含量(P<0.05);与常规施肥(FM)和单施有机肥(P和NP)相比,化肥减量配施有机肥处理的土壤有效磷含量提高了24.76%～97.98%,速效钾含量提高了6.87%～45.11%,硝态氮含量提高了18.42%～55.82%.(2)化肥减量配施有机肥能显著提高土壤细菌丰度及土壤呼吸速率(P<0.05),其中50F...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.