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1.
为了探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草工程对土壤细菌群落的影响,本文以宁南山区玉米农地为对照,人工柠条地和天然草地为退耕还林还草的处理,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,研究3种植被下土壤细菌的α多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.3种土壤样品中共检测到细菌29门,76纲,135目,250科,375属,682种,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),主要的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、嗜热油菌纲(Thermoleophilia)、芽单胞菌纲(Gemmatimonadetes)、杆菌纲(Bacilli)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria).与耕地相比,林地的优势菌主要是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),草地的是放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria).柠条林地的土壤微生物多样性最高.通过RDA分析发现,影响本研究区域土壤细菌分布的最主要环境因子是全氮和有机质.研究表明通过退耕还林与还草工程明显地改善了土壤肥力和环境状况,改变了土壤细菌群落组成.  相似文献   

2.
大气颗粒物的组分、来源和时空变化特征等方面已进行了广泛的研究,但对占大气颗粒物25%的生物气溶胶中细菌和真菌等微生物群落的研究较少.本文使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和离子色谱仪(IC)分别测定了大气颗粒物中痕量元素和水溶性离子的含量,并结合高通量测序和荧光定量PCR分析了合肥市7~9月大气颗粒物PM1.0、PM2.5和PM10中微生物群落组成及其来源.结果表明,不同粒径下细菌群落多样性无显著差异(ANOVA,P>0.05),雨天细菌和真菌群落多样性均高于晴天,所有样品中细菌群落多样性均显著高于真菌群落多样性(ANOVA,P<0.01);大气中细菌的优势菌门为变形菌门(46.19%)、厚壁菌门(33.42%)、拟杆菌门(10.99%)、蓝藻门(3.33%)和放线菌门(2.11%),真菌的优势菌门为子囊菌门(73.23%)、担子菌门(5.78%)、被孢霉菌门(3.41%)和毛霉门(0.10%);通过分析潜在源环境的指示物种,发现土壤、植物叶片和动物粪便是合肥市大气中细菌群落的主要来源,真菌群落的主要来源是植物叶片和土壤;细菌群落主要受K、Pb、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na+、NO2-和风速(WS)影响,而真菌群落的主要影响因素是V、Mn、Sr、NO2-、NO3-、Na+、Cl-、空气质量指数(AQI)和PM10;此外,在细菌和真菌群落分析中鉴定到了不动杆菌属、链球菌属、肠杆菌属、假单胞菌属、代夫特菌属、沙雷氏菌属、木霉属、链格孢属和曲霉属等9种致病菌,它们可以导致人类和其它生物的多种疾病.本文的研究结果有助于揭示大气微生物的各种特性及其影响因素,以及对人类健康的影响,对后续研究和政府相应政策的制定具有重要的参考价值.  相似文献   

3.
为弄清饮用水O3-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,本研究以我国南方某O3-BAC深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用NovaSeq6000高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季各工艺单元出水及滤砂和活性炭生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH、浊度、CODMn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的要求.夏季细菌群落多样性明显高于冬季,活性炭生物膜的细菌群落多样性高于滤砂生物膜;混凝沉淀、臭氧化和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性的主要工艺单元.水样和生物膜样品绝对优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),且主要菌门组成大体相同,但细菌群落门水平相对丰度存在一定的时空差异,属水平上差异则更为明显.此外,检测到的条件致病菌属主要包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),且其所占核心微生物OTUs数目不受季节性影响.水温和生物可降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)是显著影响细菌群落分布的主要水质参数.以上研究结果表明,O3-BAC深度处理工艺过程中细菌群落具有时空变化特性,并可为饮用水微生物安全保障提供支撑.  相似文献   

4.
彭柯  董志  邸琰茗  郭逍宇 《环境科学》2021,42(11):5424-5432
微生物群落在沉积物和水生态系统中的物质循环中发挥重要作用,是水生态系统与沉积物之间污染物质交换的桥梁.但非常规补给水源扰动和闸坝、衬砌截流为主的城市河道水体和沉积物微生物对比研究并不多见,基于此以高度人工化的北运河京津冀段为研究区域,尝试利用高通量测序结果对水体和沉积物微生物群落组成差异进行分析.结果表明,北运河沉积物较水体具有更高的微生物群落α多样性,β多样性则表现为水体中微生物群落较沉积物群落的相似性更高.变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度在水体与沉积物中无显著差异,且在两种生境条件下均为优势类群.α变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)在水体中的丰度较高,而γ变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ变形杆菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)则在沉积物中有着更高丰度.好氧或兼性厌氧菌为主的水体类群和厌氧菌为主的沉积物类群体现出两者生境差异,沉积物中蕴含的病原菌存在二次释放到水体中的危险.研究结果为揭示高度人工化的、非常规补给水源补充下的和城市河道污染胁迫下的微生物群落变化机制提供科学依据.  相似文献   

5.
为揭示酸性矿山废水(Acid mine drainage,AMD)影响下水库水体中细菌群落结构特征及影响因子,对贵州省兴仁市3座受AMD影响与1座未受AMD影响水库样品进行了对比研究,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析揭示细菌群落结构特征,并通过冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)探明影响水体细菌群落变化的主要环境因子.结果表明,受AMD影响水库水体中各主要阳离子(Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni2+)、SO42-浓度及电导率值均高于未受AMD影响的水库,而DOC和pH值均低于未受AMD影响的水库.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是受AMD影响水库水体的主要细菌门类,在3个受影响的水库中均占比95%以上.在属分类水平上,红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和铁氧化细菌属(Ferrovum)是受AMD影响水库水体中的主要菌属;未受AMD影响水库水体细菌群落中,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主要细菌门类,占比分别为48%和29%,主要菌属为发光杆菌属(Ilumatobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter).分析表明,受AMD影响水库细菌群落结构特征与未受AMD影响水库细菌群落存在明显差异,推测DOC、pH及Na+浓度对此差异起主导作用.本研究可为科学认识受AMD影响水体微生物群落与环境因子之间的关系提供依据.  相似文献   

6.
为深入理解厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程微生物群落变化特征,采用ASBR反应器进行厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养,考察了不同培养时间微生物群落组成、多样性及物种网络关系.结果表明,通过逐步提高基质浓度,实现了厌氧氨氧化菌富集,NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率分别为97.6%和95.4%,总氮去除率为84.9%.高通量测序发现,整个培养过程优势菌门(相对丰度>5%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria);富集培养获得的主要厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia,相对丰度从1.42%增长到24.66%;培养过程,微生物群落优势菌群组成未发生变化,但相对丰度呈现显著差异(P<0.05).富集培养过程不同时间,微生物群落α多样性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且存在显著差异(P<0.05);微生物群落β多样性在富集培养过程发生明显空间分异特征,且存在显著差异(R=0.5672,P<0.01).培养过程不同时间,物种网络密度分别为0.188、0.068、0.059、0.18和0.0735;虽然富集培养过程导致微生物间的关联作用变弱,但浮霉菌门相关类群的物种成为网络中的主要节点.  相似文献   

7.
为了探索盐渍化土壤中微生物多样性及群落构成,有效筛选盐渍土壤中耐盐微生物菌群.采用高通量测序技术对采集的河北省滨海盐渍土(原生盐渍化)、设施盐渍土(次生盐渍化)和高产粮田(健康土壤)3个生境的耕层土壤样本细菌和真菌多样性、群落结构、网络关系及其影响因子进行测定.结果表明,与大田土壤相比,设施土壤中OM、AP、AK、TS和EC显著升高,滨海盐渍土壤的TS和EC显著升高,其他养分指标则显著降低.细菌α多样性依次为:设施盐渍土>高产粮田>滨海盐渍土,真菌α多样性则为高产粮田显著高于设施盐渍土和滨海盐渍土.在门和属水平上分析盐渍化土壤的菌群结构,细菌群落中绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)及其菌属和真菌群落中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)及其中有益菌Trichocladium和病原菌Fusarium为盐渍化土壤中的优势微生物类群.土壤EC和TS两个盐分因子是对细菌和真菌菌群分布贡献最大的因子,与绿弯菌门中unclassified_A4b和unclassified_Chloroflexi以及变形菌门中unclassified_α-Proteobacteria等细菌菌属和子囊菌门中Trichocladium、unclassified_ChaetomiaceaeCrassicarponCephaliophoraSodiomyces等真菌菌属呈显著正相关.研究结果为盐渍化土壤修复所需的微生物资源筛选提供了理论依据.  相似文献   

8.
分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
好氧不产氧光合细菌(aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB)以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度(以pufM基因计)变化范围为(6.70±0.43)×103~(2.69±0.15)×104 copies·mL-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属(除未分类菌属外),优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)和甲烷菌属(Methylobacterium sp.),两者隶属α-变形菌(α-Proteobacteria),其中慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)占比于11月最高,高达60%以上(除10 m外),此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属(Rubrivivax sp.),隶属β-变形菌(β-Proteobacteria).AAPB不同属间存在较强的互作关系,如红杆菌属(Rhodobacter sp.)与小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum sp.)呈正相关,噬氢菌属(Hydrogenophaga sp.)与慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium sp.)呈负相关等.AAPB种群结构组成及分布差异显著,主要受T、TN、NO3--N和光照强度影响,且由环境因素综合调控.如10月水深0、5和15 m水体AAPB种群结构受水温(T)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)显著影响,12月水深5 m水体AAPB种群结构受光照强度、pH、溶解氧(DO)和叶绿素a(Chla)显著影响等.研究结果对解析分层型水库水体AAPB丰度和多样性的时空变化特征具有指导意义,并为探索AAPB种群结构的水环境驱动因素提供理论依据.  相似文献   

9.
刘晓华  魏天兴 《环境科学》2021,42(9):4489-4499
为分析不同植被恢复模式下土壤细菌群落特征,探讨微生物在植被恢复过程中对黄土高原退耕还林区土壤生态系统的作用,采用高通量测序技术,以山西吉县典型森林生态系统人工林(人工刺槐林、人工油松林)、天然次生林和荒草地为研究对象,分析其土壤细菌α多样性、群落结构特征、功能预测以及土壤环境因子与细菌群落的相关性.结果表明,各恢复模式共得到25门、66纲、129类、240科、392属、760种和2213 OTUs;细菌群落的丰富度存在显著差异,均表现为草地 > 天然次生林 > 人工刺槐林 > 人工油松林.在门分类水平上,天然次生林和草地与人工林之间群落的相对丰度变化存在差异性,但差异性不显著.α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和δ-Proteobacteria在天然次生林土壤中的相对丰度要高于其他4种恢复模式,而在草地中的相对丰度最低.在土壤环境因子中TN和pH对土壤细菌群落的影响较大,优势细菌门类与TN和pH具有显著相关性,其中TN与Actinobacteria (放线菌门)呈显著正相关,pH与Proteobacteria (变形菌门)呈显著正相关,与Actinobacteria (放线菌门)呈显著负相关,而Acidobacteria (酸杆菌门)与TN和pH均呈显著负相关关系.土壤细菌群落主要涉及细胞运动,信号转导机制,氨基酸转运和代谢、辅酶的运输和代谢等24个二级功能,均表现出功能上的丰富性.本研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林区植被恢复的效益评价提供良好的数据基础,并为人工林的合理经营提供科学依据.  相似文献   

10.
张萌  刘彦伶  魏全全  芶久兰 《环境科学》2020,41(10):4690-4700
为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%(MB0)、0.5%(MB0.5)、1.0%(MB1.0)、2.0%(MB2.0)和4.0%(MB4.0),研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮(TN)和硝态氮(NN)含量分别提高35.79%~365.26%和122.96%~171.80%,微生物量氮(MBN)含量降低34.10%~59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮(AN/TN)、硝态氮/全氮(NN/TN)和微生物量氮/全氮(MBN/TN)呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB0处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度提高了1.76~2.11倍,而酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)相对丰度均出现不同程度的降低,均以MB4.0处理降幅最为显著.同时,酒糟生物炭的施用还增加了一些土壤功能细菌的相对丰度,如链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、极小单胞菌属(Pusillimonas)等,降低了溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)和芽孢杆菌属(Gemmatimonas)等优势菌属的相对丰度.此外,冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBN/TN、NN和MBN是引起土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要氮素环境因子,而且MBN/TN、MBN与奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)均呈显著正相关性,说明短期内酒糟生物炭的施用可以显著降低氨氧化古菌和硝化细菌的丰度,抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化速率,提高土壤氮素有效性.综上所述,短期内施用酒糟生物炭可以提高黄壤氮素养分,改变土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,并可以通过抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化作用有效阻控土壤氮素淋溶发生的风险,提高土壤氮素有效性.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

17.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

18.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

19.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

20.
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.  相似文献   

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