土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对相关参数的影响

为了探明四环素类抗生素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程参数的影响,采用室内好氧堆肥法,以土霉素为四环素类抗生素模式化合物,研究了鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中,不同起始浓度土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对堆体温度、pH、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明:①土霉素在鸡粪堆肥初期(0～10 d)降解较快,随后逐渐减缓.在堆肥开始0～10 d内,添加浓度为25 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最快,去除率达67.43%;添加浓度为75 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最慢,去除率仅为45.91%.土霉素在各堆肥处理中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,其相关系数介于0.911 1～0.991 3.②土霉素对鸡粪堆肥过程具有一定的影响.土霉素处理在一定程度上降低了鸡粪堆肥堆体温度升高的速率,缩短了堆肥高温期的时间.③高浓度(100 mg·kg-1)土霉素处理对鸡粪堆肥过程中pH等指标是有影响的,堆肥第42 d时,堆体pH较对照增加4.58%;堆体TN、WSC分别较对照增加12.62%和49.06%;堆体NH4+-N较对照增加35.30%.④土霉素能够在一定程度上降低鸡粪堆肥堆体的腐熟度.当土霉素初始添加浓度低于50 mg·kg-1时,对腐熟度没有太大影响,而当土霉素初始浓度>50mg·kg-1可以显著降低鸡粪堆肥产品的腐熟度,主要表现为NH4+-N/NO3--N>0.5,GI<80%.结果表明,尽管土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥中可以快速降解,半衰期仅为1.79～4.88 d,但当鸡粪中土霉素浓度高于50 mg·kg-1即会抑制堆肥过程的顺利进行.     

添加钝化剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中理化特性的影响

以猪粪和玉米秸秆粉为堆肥原料,通过添加不同用量的重金属钝化剂(粉煤灰、风化煤或膨润土)进行90d的好氧堆肥,研究钝化剂的种类和添加比例对堆肥理化特性的影响.结果表明:所有处理的堆体温度均能迅速升至近70℃,并维持在55℃以上超过一周;随着堆肥时间的延长,各处理堆体含水量逐渐降低,并在90d后达到30%左右,但添加膨润土能减少一次发酵期水分的损失;添加风化煤会导致堆体pH呈现较强的碱性,而添加膨润土会显著提高堆体EC值;随着堆制时间的延长,堆体Cu、Zn全量逐渐增加,但DTPA提取态Cu、Zn所占的比例则逐渐减小;对照处理和添加风化煤的各处理中,雪里蕻种子的发芽率最终均达到90%以上,GI约1.0左右;而在添加膨润土和粉煤灰的各处理中,到90d堆肥结束,发芽率最高仅达80%,仅有2.5%和5.0%添加比例(质量分数,下同)的处理中GI大于0.5,且GI的增加趋势随着膨润土和粉煤灰的添加比例增加而降低.研究表明,钝化剂的添加比例和种类对猪粪好氧堆肥中堆体温度和含水率变化无显著影响;虽然堆肥过程添加重金属钝化对堆肥重金属Cu、Zn有良好的钝化作用,但对堆体的pH和EC影响较为剧烈,对雪里蕻种子的根系生长也有一定的影响.在堆肥中应合理选择钝化剂的种类和添加比例.     

调理剂对厨余垃圾堆肥中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

为了降低厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3这2种恶臭物质的排放,通过向堆肥原料中添加玉米秸秆、木本泥炭和木屑3种调理剂,同时以厨余垃圾单独堆肥作为对照,研究调理剂添加对H2S和NH3排放的影响.结果表明,3种调理剂的添加均促进了有机物的降解和堆体的快速升温,与对照相比,使堆肥进入高温期的时间提前了3~4d;从电导率和发芽率指数来看,添加玉米秸秆处理的堆肥产品达到完全腐熟的要求,而添加木本泥炭和木屑处理的堆肥产品只是达到了无害化的要求;3种调理剂的添加均不同程度减少了厨余垃圾堆肥中H2S和NH3的排放,与对照相比,添加玉米秸秆、木本泥炭和木屑使厨余垃圾堆肥中H2S的累积排放量分别降低了78.7%,50.3%和89.8%,NH3的累积排放量分别降低了53.8%、87.7%和63.9%,可见木屑更能有效控制H2S的排放,而木本泥炭更能有效控制NH3的排放.     

秸秆添加对厨余垃圾堆肥时H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH3和H2S的排放不但降低了堆肥的养分含量,而且会引发严重的恶臭。以厨余垃圾为研究对象,以玉米秸秆为膨松剂,设置5%、10%、15%、20%(质量分数)4个添加比例(湿基)的堆肥处理,研究秸秆添加量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响。结果表明:从温度来看,仅T4处理未达到无害化和腐熟的要求。氧气不足是造成H2S排放的主要原因,4个堆肥处理的H2S主要集中在前2周排放,随着秸秆添加量的增加,H2S的排放量逐渐降低。与T1处理相比,T2、T3、T4的H2S累积排放量分别降低了35.5%、44.7%、64.2%。各处理NH3的排放趋势与H2S类似,高温期为NH3释放的关键时期,NH3累积释放量占总释放量的62.2%~72.2%,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4的NH3累积排放量分别降低了36.9%、45.2%、76.3%。由此可见,添加适量的玉米秸秆不但能促进厨余垃圾堆肥的进行,明显降低堆肥过程中H2S和NH3的排放,而且可以实现玉米秸秆的资源化利用。     

膨润土调质对污泥堆肥的脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除作用

利用干基添加比例为0~10%钙基膨润土对污泥进行了调质,通过52 d的好氧堆肥研究了调质对堆体温度、pH、水溶性盐分(EC)、有机碳、总氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的影响,并进一步分析了其对污泥脱毒(种子萌发)和重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd)钝化及雌酮(E1)消除的影响.结果表明,污泥经外加膨润土调质后,可以促进堆肥物料的热灭活无害化,能使有机碳矿化率达到15.27%~19.71%;堆肥过程中各处理堆肥pH先降低后升高,最终稳定在6.76~7.05之间,但膨润土调质堆肥pH的波动变缓;添加膨润土的堆肥EC显著低于对照处理(1 132μS·cm~(-1)),整个堆肥过程EC值随着膨润土添加比例的增加而稍有降低.堆肥过程中的总氮含量逐渐增加,但对照处理在堆肥初期存在一定的氮素损失,而污泥经过调质可减少堆肥初期氮素损失;整个堆肥中NH_4~+-N含量先增加后降低,各处理NO_3~--N均呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,表明污泥调质促进NO_3~--N的转化.虽然调质对种子发芽产生一定的抑制作用,但均不影响堆肥的腐熟,且能显著促进重金属的钝化,同时添加膨润土处理显著降低堆料E1含量,添加比例5%处理使E1含量由90.48μg·kg~(-1)降低至28.27μg·kg~(-1).研究表明,膨润土不高于5%的添加比例是适合的污泥调质措施,在污泥堆肥物料的安全化、脱毒及重金属钝化和雌酮消除方面具有较好的应用潜力.     

酸性物质对猪粪秸秆堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响

了解不同酸性物质对堆肥过程中氮素转化和NH_3排放的影响,是筛选保氮添加剂的重要环节,对于堆肥中氮素控制具有重要意义.以新鲜猪粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,磷肥、腐烂苹果和食用醋为添加剂,在实验室进行40 d的静态高温堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、GI、氮素化合物和TOC含量的变化特征.结果表明,CK、P、A和V这4个处理高温期(50℃)均持续了10 d以上,达到高温堆肥化卫生标准.添加磷肥延缓了堆体进入高温期的时间,降低了堆体的pH值,使整个过程的EC值保持较高水平.各处理氮素损失分别为53.1%、36.2%、46.5%和41.5%,主要集中在0~16 d之间,而P和V处理在16~24 d之间仍有20%左右的氮素损失.其中NH_3-N损失占氮素损失的26.0%、11.8%、21.5%和20.2%.添加酸性物质有效降低了堆肥的氮素和NH_3-N损失,其中以添加磷肥效果最好.堆肥结束时,各处理GI均达到80%以上,达到了腐熟的要求.     

采用生物沥浸法和化学法调理深度脱水污泥的堆肥效果:生产性试验

利用生物沥浸法和以添加石灰与三氯化铁为代表的化学法对污泥进行调理,继而采用隔膜厢式压滤机深度脱水是目前在我国应用较为广泛的工艺,但系统比较两种工艺所产生的污泥的堆肥效果的研究还很鲜见.为此,本试验分别对相同来源的污泥用两种方法进行调理后再用机械脱水,将获得的污泥饼进行工程化高温好氧堆肥,并以相同来源的常规脱水污泥(CS,指含水率80%左右的污泥)作为对照,探究其堆肥过程及产品性质的差异.结果表明,采用条垛式堆肥(条垛底宽2.8 m、高1.2 m、长10 m),生物沥浸污泥(BS)和石灰调理污泥(LS)堆肥所需辅料仅为CS的9.1%.尽管BS堆体中的NH+4-N含量始终最高,但其氨气挥发量仅为LS堆体的9.7%和CS堆体的31.4%.42 d时各堆体的CO2释放速率和水溶性C/N相比堆肥前均明显下降,说明堆体均已腐熟.LS堆肥产品的种子发芽指数(GI)仅为57.3%,而BS堆肥产品和CS堆肥产品的GI均为90%左右,显然后两者对种子的毒害已完全消除.此外,BS堆肥产品中的养分含量(N+P2O5+K2O)明显高于LS堆肥产品和CS堆肥产品,总养分分别高出28.5%和73.0%;其速效养分指标WSN亦分别高出40.6%和102%.综上所述,较之LS堆肥或CS堆肥,采用BS高温堆肥不仅可以显著减少辅料的添加量,且其堆肥过程中的氨气损失少,堆肥产品腐熟度好,养分含量高,因此,污泥生物沥浸处理-高温发酵技术是对推动堆肥后土地利用极有帮助的深度脱水工艺和资源化方法.     

翻堆对强制通风静态垛混合堆肥过程及其理化性质的影响

为了了解翻堆对堆肥过程及理化性质的影响,开展了城市污泥、猪粪强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,试验共设4个处理,分别为升温期(3d)、高温期(10d)、降温期(20d)翻堆处理和不翻堆的对照处理.结果表明:翻堆处理能降低堆肥的挥发性固体含量,减轻其在堆体剖面的差异.升温期翻堆不利于堆体DOC含量的降低及腐熟度的提高.降温期翻堆会减小再次升温速率及其所达到的最高温度.升温期和降温期翻堆,虽然有利于堆体内湿度的均匀分布,但却会缩短高温持续时间、降低堆肥的减容率和脱水率.不同时期翻堆,堆肥的pH和EC有降低的趋势,但总体而言其影响并不是特别明显.在高温期翻堆的处理中高温期持续时间长达15d,堆体减容率高达29%,再次升温的升温速率和所达到的最高温度分别为4℃·d-1和60 5℃,且与其它处理相比,其堆肥的VS、DOC和湿度都较低,GI较大.由此试验表明,高温期翻堆的堆肥处理能提高强制通风静态垛堆肥的堆肥效率和质量.     

调理剂在鸡粪锯末堆肥中的保氮效果

在自动高温堆肥装置中,进行了4种调理剂对鸡粪锯末高温堆肥中的保氮效果实验,分析了堆肥化不同时期各处理中的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、全氮和有机碳的变化.结果表明,几种调理剂的加人对高温堆肥的堆温、pH值、水溶性氨氮、水溶性有机氮、TN和OC指标都有影响.都可降低堆肥过程氮素的损失;对OC的分解都有一定的促进作用.特别是同时添加草炭和过磷酸钙使堆肥高温期延长了5d,使堆制初期和高温期的pH值分别降低了0.89pH单位和0.44pH单位,使OC的降解率增加了60.7%,且使堆制过程中氮素的损失率下降了65.1%,有明显的保氮效果;而单加草炭或过磷酸钙效果次之;加沸石效果不明显.     

堆肥嗜热纤维素分解菌的筛选鉴定及其强化堆肥研究

对采集于农业堆肥高温期的微生物样品进行30d的高温驯化,驯化完成后从中筛选得到15株嗜热纤维素分解菌,经形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA序列同源性比对鉴定为:Bacillus sp3株,Paenibacillus sp1株,Bacillus licheniformis3株,Bacillus subtilis4株,Brevibacillus borstelensis1株,Bacillus coagulans3株.将筛选得到的菌种添加至高纤维素含量的堆体进行效果验证,结果表明添加嗜热纤维素分解菌对堆肥pH变化无显著影响,但可提高堆肥高温期温度、延长高温期并显著地降低堆肥产品的C/N和有机质含量,显著降低纤维素和半纤维素含量,加快堆肥腐熟.堆体有机质降解动力学结果表明,堆体接菌和不接菌处理的有机质最大降解度分别为62.5481%和61.7101%,速率常数分别为0.1250d-1和0.1051d-1,接菌处理的堆肥比对照堆肥提前6d达到稳定.研究表明,添加筛选的嗜热纤维素分解菌能缩短堆肥周期.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.