New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge for heavy metals

The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb2+and Zn2+in aqueous single-metal solutions. A p H value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55°C. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes, and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients(above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit(p = 0.0838 and 0.0782 for Pb2+and Zn2+, respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of complexation(between –NH2,-CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange(between –COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between functional groups and metal ions.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr（Ⅲ）

Loofa sponge （LS） immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana （LSIBCS）, isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana （FBCS） from 10-300 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr（Ⅲ） ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr（Ⅲ） biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr（Ⅲ） could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order： EDTA 〉 H2SO4 〉 CH3COOH 〉 HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr（Ⅲ） binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from wastewater.     

Batch studies of adsorption of copper and lead on activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) prepared from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. bark was tested for its adsorption capacity for Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ). The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and temperature. The best adsorption of both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) occurred at pH 5, where the adsorption reached equilibrium within 45 min for the whole range of initial heavy metal concentrations (0.1-10 mmol/L). The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-...     

Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) on extracellular polymers from Bacillus sp.F19

Biosorption can be an effective process for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions.The adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution on the extracellular polymers (EPS) from Bacillus sp.(named MBFF19) with respect to pH,incubation time,concentration of initial Cu(Ⅱ),and biosorbent dose was studied.Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) is highly pH dependent.The maximum uptake of Cu(Ⅱ) (89.62 mg/g) was obtained at pH 4.8.Biosorption equilibrium was established in approximately 10 min.The correlation coeffcient of mor...     

Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals

A novel nanoadsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions is reported.Cotton was first hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs).CNCs were then chemically modified with succinic anhydride to obtain SCNCs.The sodic nanoadsorbent(NaSCNCs) was further prepared by treatment of SCNCs with saturated NaHCO 3 aqueous solution.Batch experiments were carried out with SCNCs and NaSCNCs for the removal of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+.The effects of contact time,pH,initial adsorption concentration,coexisting ions and the regeneration performance were investigated.Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption equilibrium time of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ was reached within 150 min on SCNCs and 5 min on NaSCNCs.The adsorption capacities of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ on SCNCs and NaSCNCs increased with increasing pH.The adsorption isotherm was well fitted by the Langmuir model.The maximum adsorption capacities of SCNCs and NaSCNCs for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ were 367.6 mg/g,259.7 mg/g and 465.1 mg/g,344.8 mg/g,respectively.SCNCs and NaSCNCs showed high selectivity and interference resistance from coexisting ions for the adsorption of Pb 2+.NaSCNCs could be efficiently regenerated with a mild saturated NaCl solution with no loss of capacity after two recycles.The adsorption mechanisms of SCNCs and NaSCNCs were discussed.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass: A potential biosorbent for chromium ions removal

The Cr(III) sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values (2–6) under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10–50 mg/L and the chemical compositions of Cr-Cu and Cr-Cd. The Cr(III) sorption capacities were slightly dependent on pH, and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.86 mg/g at pH 3. The sorption capacities increased with increase in the initial metal concentration, whereas it was suppressed by the presence of Cu(II) and Cd(III) in the solution. The Cr(III) sorption equilibrium was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms. The sorption mechanisms were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main mechanisms were ion exchange coupled with a complexation mechanism. Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass represents a potential for Cr(III) ion removal from aqueous solution.     

Effect of pH on transport of Pb（2＋）,Mn（2＋）,Zn（2＋）and Ni（2＋） through lateritic soil： Column experiments and transport modeling

This study investigated the e ects of pH on the transport of Pb2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ through lateritic soil columns. Model results by fitting the symmetric breakthrough curves (BTCs) of bromide (Br??) with CXTFIT model suggested that physical non-equilibrium processes were absent in the columns. The heavy metal BTCs were, however, asymmetrical and exhibited a tailing phenomenon, indicating the presence of chemical non-equilibrium processes in the columns. The retardation factors of Pb2+ were the largest of the four metal ions at both pH 4.0 (33.3) and pH 5.0 (35.4). The use of Langmuir isotherm parameters from batch studies with HYDRUS-1D did not predict the BTCs well. Rather the two-site model (TSM) described the heavy metal BTCs better than the equilibrium linear/nonlinear Langmuir model. The fraction of instantaneous sorption sites ( f ) of all four metal ions on the lateritic soil was consistently about 30%–44% of the total sorption sites.     

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.     

毛木耳对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)生物吸附的动力学和吸附平衡研究

以毛木耳(Auriculariapol ytricha)子实体为生物吸附材料,研究起始pH值、反应时间、重金属浓度这3个因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的影响及其吸附特性.结果表明,pH是影响毛木耳子实体吸附重金属离子的主要因素,最适起始pH值为5;在10mg·L-1重金属浓度下,毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附率分别为94.12%、96.22%、99.94%、99.19%;准二阶动力学模型比准一阶动力学模型能更好地描述毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的吸附过程;Langmuir等温模型能较好地拟合毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的等温吸附过程;毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.09、8.36、23.57和3.64mg.g-1;毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的化学反应机理可能为离子交换反应.     

改性甘蔗渣对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附行为研究

为提高废弃甘蔗渣对重金属离子Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力,文章采用简单的方法制备了乙二胺四乙酸二酐(EDTAD)修饰的甘蔗渣。经FTIR分析,有大量的羰基修饰在了甘蔗渣的表面,为其吸附重金属离子提供了更多的活性位点。实验结果表明:经过修饰后的甘蔗渣对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附量分别为46.46 mg/g、119.36 mg/g,是未修饰的3.69和12.31倍,且均能在20 min内达到最大吸附量并保持平衡,其吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,且吸附过程遵循二级动力学模型。在pH 4~7范围内,修饰SCB对Cd2+和Pb2+具有较高的吸附能力。除此之外,在Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+共存的情况下,修饰SCB对Pb2+仍能保持较高的吸附量。修饰后的甘蔗渣对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力有了显著提高,且具有一定的抗干扰能力,有望应用于实际工业废水处理。     

Sphaerotilus natans对Zn~(2+)吸附的研究

以球衣菌作为生物吸附剂,研究了球衣菌对Zn2+吸附过程中的影响因素,包括吸附时间,pH,菌龄等。结果表明:Zn2+浓度为1.0mg/L,菌体浓度为0.5g/L,菌龄32h,pH7.0,吸附时间30min时,吸附的效果最好,吸附率达到77.2%,吸附量为3.86mg/g。吸附作用是一个快速的过程,30min就基本达到平衡。     

好氧颗粒污泥细菌藻酸盐对Cu~(2+)的生物吸附和机制探讨

以好氧颗粒污泥中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备干藻酸钙吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附研究.对比了不同pH值和吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响,同时对吸附过程进行了模型拟合,测定了该吸附剂的解吸性能,并用傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析对吸附机制进行了探讨.结果表明,藻酸钙对Cu2+的吸附反应是一个比较快速的过程.当Cu2+初始浓度为100 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.7g/L时,吸附最佳pH值为4,吸附能力为67.67 mg/g.吸附过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附过程中有离子交换和pH值升高现象发生,溶液中的Cu2+与吸附剂上Ca2+交换的同时需要有H+的参与来维持电荷平衡.傅立叶变换红外二阶导数光谱和原子力显微镜分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥藻酸钙吸附剂中MG嵌段与Cu2+和Ca2+结合的方式不同,Cu2+能与吸附剂表面的MG嵌段发生螯合,使藻酸钙表面的结构更加有序.以100 mmol/L HCl为解吸剂,解吸效率可达到91%.     

水中Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)与腐殖酸、膨润土的相互作用研究

研究了Cu2+、Ni2+与腐殖酸以及膨润土与腐殖酸的共存吸附剂的相互作用,考察了相互作用时间、初始pH、温度对相互作用的影响.结果表明,金属离子的去除率随时间增加而增大,吸附量随温度升高而增大.初始pH对Cu2+、Ni2+的去除率影响很大,pH在中性范围附近Cu2+、Ni2+的去除率可以达到最大.吸附动力学实验表明,Cu2+、Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附符合伪二级吸附速率模型,并得到Cu2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上吸附的活化能Ea分别为17.01和38.49 kJ.mol-1,Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上吸附的活化能Ea分别为15.15和13.35 kJ.mol-1,表明吸附过程以物理吸附为主.Cu2+、Ni2+在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附符合Langmuir等温线模型.得到的ΔH0、ΔS0和ΔG0表明金属离子在腐殖酸及共存吸附剂上的吸附是一个吸热、熵增、自发的过程.     

芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理含铜废水研究

用芽孢杆菌干菌体生物吸附去除废水中的铜离子,试验了pH、接触时间、初始铜离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铜的影响,结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH值5.0、初始铜离子浓度200mg/L、吸附时间不超过30min有最大吸附量16.27mg/g;此时去除率为16.27%,且25℃吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温模型与Freundlich等温模型;因此用芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理低浓度含铜废水可行、经济。     

市政污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附特性

采用市政污泥在300℃缺氧条件下制得污泥生物碳,研究了污泥生物碳添加量、溶液pH及吸附反应时间对溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+吸附效果的影响,并分析了各因素影响机制及污泥生物碳对重金属的吸附机理. 结果表明,污泥生物碳对溶液中重金属的去除率与重金属水合离子半径呈负相关,随着污泥生物碳添加量的增加,溶液中重金属的去除率不断增加,但单位吸附量总体上呈下降趋势. 重金属吸附量随溶液pH的增加而增大,当溶液初始pH为6.00时,污泥生物碳对溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量最大,分别达42.941、25.769和12.484mg/g. 伪二级动力学方程可有效描述溶液中重金属离子在生物碳上的吸附过程,重金属在污泥生物碳表面的吸附主要受化学反应控制,Pb2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的平衡吸附量分别为39.747、6.849和10.004mg/g,达到吸附平衡的时间为Pb2+＞Zn2+＞Cu2+.      

HHMHC对Cu2+、Ni2+的萃取性能

以对羟基苯甲酸为原料,通过化学修饰合成得到上沿羧基化的杯[6]芳烃羟肟衍生物,即5,11,17,23,29,35-六羧基-37,38,39,40,41,42-六羟肟酸甲氧基杯[6]芳烃(HHMHC),采用IR对其结构性能进行表征,并探讨了溶液初始pH值、初始重金属离子(Cu2+、Ni2+)浓度、萃取时间、温度等因素对HHMHC萃取重金属离子的影响.结果表明,在温度为30℃时HHMHC萃取Ni2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值分别为5.0、6.0,萃取平衡时间均为30min.用准二级动力学模型(R2>0.99)和Freundlich等温模型(R2>0.999)均可较好的拟合其萃取过程,通过计算萃取过程的热力学参数,得到Gibbs自由能(ΔG0)和焓变(ΔH0)均小于0,表明萃取反应是一个自发的放热反应.通过红外光谱图分析和考察溶液pH值对萃取分配比的影响,探讨HHMHC萃取Cu2+、Ni2+的机理,结果表明此萃取过程除了存在阳离子交换机理外,还存在与冠醚萃取相同的离子配位萃取,参与配位作用的主要是羟肟基团(–CONHOH).     

粘土基多孔陶瓷吸附处理Cu~(2+)废水

文章以粘土为骨料,蛭石为改性剂,通过添加造孔剂法制备了粘土基多孔陶瓷吸附剂,研究了溶液中Cu2+初始浓度、pH值以及蛭石添加量对多孔陶瓷吸附性能的影响。结果表明:多孔陶瓷吸附Cu2+的最佳条件为添加蛭石1%,溶液pH为5;当初始浓度为20~100 mg/L时,Cu2+吸附率达到82%~62%,吸附平衡时间为1.5~6 h;吸附动力学表明多孔陶瓷对Cu2+的吸附大致分为两个阶段;其吸附行为可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述。     

毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)对水中铬的去除特性研究

以毛木耳子实体(Auricularia polytricha)为生物吸附材料,通过批量实验研究起始pH值、反应时间、生物量、Cr浓度等因素对毛木耳子实体吸附去除水中铬的影响及吸附特性。结果表明:铬的生物吸附过程明显受溶液pH影响,其中总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳去除pH分别为2.0和1.0;48 h后生物吸附达到平衡,生物吸附剂的最佳浓度为4 g/L;A.polytricha对Cr的最大吸附容量为113.8 mg/g;在整个吸附过程中伴随着Cr(Ⅵ)转化为Cr(Ⅲ)。生物吸附剂的X射线光电能谱显示:吸附在生物吸附剂表层的Cr大都呈+3价。在等温实验中Freundlich模型能较好地模拟毛木耳子实体对Cr的等温吸附过程,同时准二级模型很好地拟合了生物吸附Cr的过程。毛木耳(A.polytricha)子实体在去除水体中的Cr方面具有很强的潜力。