白腐菌生物接触氧化法处理硝基苯废水

文章主要研究了白腐菌生化降解硝基苯废水的效果。利用棉布作载体,生物接触氧化法处理硝基苯废水。当pH为7、曝气强度70L/h时,室温下,连续运行13d后,COD的浓度由6351.46mg/L降解为7.26mg/L,去除率为99.89%;硝基苯的浓度由148.58mg/L降解为0.12mg/L,去除率为99.92%。     

高效细菌挂膜处理菊酯类、杂环类农药废水

利用拟除虫菊酯类、杂环类农药废水作为唯一能源和碳源 ,从被农药废水污染的土壤中分离、筛选出降解能力较强的细菌W1、W2、Y3。 3株菌混合后在废水体系继续培养一定时间获得性状稳定的活性菌液ALMO ,用半软性填料进行挂膜 ,处理菊酯类、杂环类综合农药废水。当进水CODCr为 6 810mg L、3130mg L、1890mg L时 ,经过 2 4h的作用 ,细菌膜对CODCr的降解率分别达到 2 4 8%、4 3 5 %、5 3 4 %。而相同条件下 ,经过长期驯化的活性污泥 ,污泥含量 30 % ,处理进水CODCr浓度为 374 0mg L的废水 ,2 4h后 ,CODCr的降解率仅为 5 6 7%。试验结果表明 ,分离得到的降解菌的活性是相当高的 ,细菌挂膜作为该类废水的第一阶段处理工艺是可行的     

还原氧化法预处理硝基甲苯废水的工程实践

国内某化工企业产生大量的硝基甲苯生产废水,废水量300t/d,进水CODCr质量浓度为8 000mg/L、硝基苯类质量浓度为200mg/L、挥发酚质量浓度为40mg/L,经中和预处理后与其它中浓废水混合后水解生化处理,出水水质COD、色度、硝基苯类、挥发酚稍有超标,改造后采用微电解-Fenton组合工艺进行强化预处理,对工程设计参数和对污染物去除机理进行了探索,并进行了技术经济分析.实践证明,微电解-Fenton组合工艺可以经济有效的预处理硝基甲苯生产废水,COD去除率70%以上,硝基苯类和挥发酚的去除率95%以上,ρ(B)/ρ(C)比值从0.2提高到0.45左右,后续生化处理系统负荷降低,可生化性得到提高,生化出水可稳定达标排放.     

硝基苯生产废水治理研究与设计

选择铁碳还原 兼氧生化 好氧生化工艺治理硝基苯生产废水工程。初步探讨了铁碳池中硝基苯的降解原因是还原、聚合作用造成的。治污设施运行结果表明 ,进水水质 :CODCr90 0mg L ,硝基苯浓度 15 3mg L ;出水水质 :CODCr<10 0mg L ,硝基苯浓度 <3.0mg L ,达到GB8978 96二级排放标准     

改进序批式生物膜法处理青霉素废水的初探

采用改进序批式生物膜法对高浓度青霉素废水进行小试研究 .当进水CODCr为 375 5mg/L时 ,经过最终絮凝处理后 ,出水CODCr在 30 0mg/L以下 ,总去除率达到 90 %以上 .试验确定了好氧段的水力停留时间 (HRT)为 12h .建立了改进序批式生物膜法处理青霉素废水的降解动力学模型 ,并求出了动力学参数Umax和KS,为放大设计提供了依据     

白腐真菌处理阳离子红GTL废水的实验研究

采用白腐真菌去除阳离子红GTL,考察了温度、投菌量、阳离子红GTL浓度、pH、葡萄糖投加量等因素对阳离子红GTL去除效果的影响。结果表明,白腐真菌对阳离子红GTL的最佳降解条件为温度30℃,阳离子红GTL初始浓度200 mg/L,投菌量10 g/L。在此条件下,阳离子红GTL模拟废水经白腐真菌降解45 h处理后,脱色率达98.9%,COD值下降了75%。该菌降解阳离子红GTL符合一级反应动力学。     

UASB-MBR组合工艺处理黄连素废水的中试

为实现黄连素废水的规模化处理,针对黄连素废水可生化性差、有机污染物浓度高等特点,采用UASB-MBR(升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器)组合工艺,利用微生物的生化反应去除废水中的高浓度有机物和黄连素,考察在不同HRT(水力停留时间)下CODCr和黄连素的去除效果,并采用GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)对系统进、出水中的特征污染物进行分析.结果表明:1在UASB与MBR的HRT分别为96、66 h,84、58 h,72、50 h,60、41 h,以及进水ρ(CODCr)和ρ(黄连素)分别为2 030.0~3 660.0和19.0~400.0 mg/L的条件下,CODCr和黄连素的平均去除率均可达到90.0%以上,出水ρ(CODCr)平均值低于150.0 mg/L,ρ(黄连素)平均值低于4.0 mg/L.2UASB与MBR的HRT分别为72、50 h为最佳运行条件.3UASB可以明显降低废水中特征污染物的种类和浓度,UASB出水经MBR处理后,废水中的11种主要特征污染物均得到有效降解.     

“微电解-UASB-PACT”工艺处理高浓度硝基苯类废水

介绍了“微电解 UASB PACT法”处理含高浓度硝基苯类废水的设计、调试、运行的体会。在进水CODCr为 5 6 2 0～ 70 90mg L时 ,经本工艺处理 ,出水水质指标均达到GB8978 1996一级标准 ,其中CODCr平均去除率达到 98%以上。     

硝基苯废水的光降解及其对小麦的复合毒理效应

以紫外灯为光源,研究了废水中硝基苯的降解过程、降解规律以及处理后的硝基苯废水对小麦种子萌发、株高和根长的毒理效应。结果表明:硝基苯的光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;反应活化能为15.3 kJ/mol;在30℃的条件下,400 mg/L的硝基苯废水,在125 W紫外灯照射下,反应8 h时,硝基苯废水的反应速率常数和降解率分别为0.4565 h~(-1)和94.58%;硝基苯污染废水在光降解不同阶段,降解后的中间产物及残留的母体化合物所产生的复合毒性对小麦种子发芽率、植株干重、株高和根长都有不同程度的毒害效应,其中根长抑制率达到30%~80%。     

Fenton法处理腈纶聚合废水

采用Fenton法处理腈纶聚合废水,考察药剂、反应条件等对处理效果的影响,并分析了其作用机理,确定了反应过程中的关键控制因素.结果表明:Fenton法处理腈纶聚合废水时,影响CODCr去除率的因素依次为c(H2O2)反应时间pHc(Fe2+);最佳试验条件〔c(H2O2)为0.2mol/L,c(Fe2+)为28.8mmol/L,pH为2.5,反应时间为150min〕下处理腈纶聚合废水时,进水ρ(CODCr),ρ(BOD5)和ρ(丙烯腈)分别为1200.0,242.1和97.4mg/L,出水分别为301.6,110.0和0mg/L,去除率分别为74.9%,55.0%和100.0%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)由0.2提高到0.36,废水可生化性显著提高,特征污染物丙烯腈得到有效去除.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.