运用经济手段保护环境

环境政策由行政手段向经济手段转变是一个趋势,外部经济性理论是应用经济手段保护环境的理论基础,环境不经济性内部化的方法在经济手段上分为"调节市场"和"建立市场",环境保护经济手段的实施条件和选择准则有利于提高经济手段的有效性.     

环境保护的经济手段及其相关政策

对环境管理中可运用的经济手段及其在国内外的应用作了简要综述、并据此对在我国制定有关环境保护经济手段的政策问题进行了初步探讨。按照经济合作与发展组织的研究,环境保护经济手段可以分为5类:收费;补贴;押金制;建立市场;鼓励金。在我国,制定有关经济手段的政策,需考虑4个因素:①污染者付费;②与管制手段的关系;③激励机制;④操作成本。      

环境管理大趋势——解决环境问题必须采用经济手段

在过去几十年里,许多发达国家主要依靠标准、法制等传统的管理方法来解决各种污染问题.运用这种方法确实使环境质量有了很大改善,但长期实践证明,单靠这种方法很难实现环境管理的长远目标,而且运用这种方法保护环境付出了高于现实的代价,如果仍单靠这种方法解决环境问题,则未来环境改善潜在着要付出更高的花费.这就使人们意识到,要实现环境目标,就必须超越常规方法,在运用传统管理方法的同时,采用经济刺激手段,靠影响,靠市场,来实现长远的环境保护目标.因此,利用经济手段解决环境问题就成为当前环境管理的大趋势.本文旨在简要地介绍一下世界上一些国家使用经济刺激的经验,同时,阐述经济刺激手段在美国的应用,最后对我国利用经济刺激手段保护环境提出一点建议.     

深化环境经济理论研究

环境管理是人类主观采取的一种社会行为,是协调发展经济与保护环境关系、促进社会发展所采取的一类必要手段.环境经济管理则是这类手段之一.我国这一手段的运用尚弱.必须从资源有价的角度强化理论研究和实践应用.     

中国环境经济损益价值评估研究进展

阐述了中国环境经济损益价值评估的理论与方法的来源,水、气、固废、噪声、综合环境经济损失等方面的评估研究.指出国内应用最多的是基于市场的方法,而支付意愿调查法(CVM)的应用则显得不成熟;从业人员多为工程技术背景,经济学基础薄弱阻碍了我国环境经济价值评估工作的进一步发展和完善.     

环境经济政策体系建设的重大成果

2011年10月17日,《国务院关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》（以下简称《意见》）发布施行。该《意见》的一个突出亮点,是专列一个部分即第十三条,并以“实施有利于环境保护的经济政策”为标题,集中规定了19项环境经济政策,在其他部分还另外规定了5项环境经济政策。这是我国环境经济政策体系建设的重大成果,其篇幅之大,覆盖之广,内容之全面,措施之创新,标志着我国环境管理的市场手段更加健全,新时期环境经济政策体系建设日臻完善,堪称我国现阶段环境经济政策之集大成者。     

融入经济主流 用环境经济政策优化经济增长

长期以来,"命令控制手段"一直是我国环境管理的主导和核心政策手段,在市场经济尚不发达的改革开放初期,"命令控制手段"对防冶环境污染和生态破坏发挥了有效的作用.然而,随着经济体制改革的不断深化和市场经济讯猛发展,"命令控制手段"已经难以适应当前社会经济发展形势和环境保护的实际需求,管理手段单一,执行成本高、缺乏激励机制、监管难度大、管理效率低等诸多问题开始凸显.     

我国环境管理中经济手段的应用现状和发展对策

市场经济条件下,在环境管理中采用经济手段的重要作用日显突出,分析目前环境管理经济手段在我国的应用现状以及存在的问题,提出我国实施环境经济手段应具备的条件和应用发展对策。     

《环境保护科学》第六期“环境经济与决策”主题发刊词

正近些年,随着我国市场体系的不断完善,创新利用市场经济手段,建立环境保护的长效机制,综合利用法律、行政和经济等手段开展环保工作受到各方高度重视。我国已经逐步建立以环境法规、标准、准入等强制性政策为核心,环境经济政策为重要手段的环境管理体系。环境经济政策的重要性日益凸显。经过多年的探索发展,我国已经基本建立了环境经济政策体系。随着我国环境保护工作向纵深发展,将更加重视建立公平、合理、长效的环境经济政策体系,环境经济政策建     

流域水质目标管理技术研究:V.水污染防治的环境经济政策

环境经济政策是流域水质目标管理技术的重要组成部分.通过分析国内外的环境经济政策以及主要经济手段的实施现状与特点,指出我国环境经济政策的不足与问题.以流域控制单元为对象,提出水污染防治的环境经济政策的基本内涵和特点,以"分区、分类、分级、分期"为基本理念,研究了适合我国流域水质目标管理的环境经济政策框架与构建思路,并对环境财政、环境投融资、排污收费与污染税、生态补偿与污染赔偿等具体手段进行了阐述,提出环境经济政策的综合实施机制以及相关的政策保障.     

A framework on interactions of climate and energy policy instruments

In this paper we analyze the concept of interactions between policy instruments addressing environmental, energy and climate change issues. Although discussion on such policies has been taking place for almost two decades, their interactions are not so sufficiently explored. Initially, we refer to literature on various types of interactions and we classify them. Furthermore, we construct a qualitative method that can assist policymakers in selecting an optimal policy mix. This method breaks down into numerous components, the areas where different policies interact, and facilitates the unveiling of potential overlaps and complementarities. These areas consist of categories as measure identification, objectives, scope, market arrangements, market flexibility, financing, technological parameters, timing, compliance parameters and institutional setup. In addition, it renders the possibility of combining different options and design elements of policies. Furthermore, a list of various criteria serves as an assessment tool for interactions, where a weighing factor and uncertainty parameters have been added, in order to produce an aggregate indicator of the ex-ante analysis of the policy mix selected. Through this method, we present a complete framework of discernment of diverse forms of environmental policy instruments.     

环境管理经济手段有效性分析

环境管理经济手段能否充分有效地发挥效果对于环境保护的有效开展具有重要的作用。通过论述环境管理经济手段的特点和实际应用的状况,分析了经济手段在环境保护中发挥的作用和存在的问题,提出了加强经济手段有效性的相应对策措施。     

Smart regulation for water innovation – the case of decentralized rainwater technology

“Lead-markets”, “environmental innovations”, and “low-carbon technologies” are some of the modern buzz-words surrounding environmental regulation. But how can governments set the stage for industrial innovation, new and improved products, and the implementation of new, cleaner processes, products and services? The article explores this question with reference to sustainable water technologies, specifically the purchase of decentralized rainwater facilities. It is more ecologically sustainable to process rainwater locally than expanding drainage into the centralized system. However, the market for decentralized water technologies is still a niche one compared to centralized infrastructure. The article therefore evaluates regulative instruments in “smart” support of decentralized technologies.     

基于调整机制的环境政策工具分类与发展趋势

综述了国内外学者与机构对于环境政策分类的研究与实践,基于调整机制对中国环境政策工具进行分类。在分析不同类型政策工具特点的基础上建立环境政策工具类别框架并指出今后环境政策工具的发展趋势是通过工具组合实现工具创新,建立混合型政策工具以应对复杂的环境形势。     

Controlling water pollution from animal wastes: A reconsideration of economic and legislative approaches

Practical approaches to pollution control have involved the determination of an environmental quality standard and the use of various policy instruments, market or non-market, to achieve this desired standard. These ideas have been developed to deal with point source pollution, polluter and pollutant being identifiable. However, environmental problems arising from agriculture tend to involve nonpoint source and, often, indirect pollution. Animal wastes, in particular, have certain characteristics which pose especial problems for pollution control, both in determining and in achieving an environmental standard.In this study, a basis for a standard is suggested, and an animal waste management scheme is proposed which, it is hoped, could be effective in achieving this standard. A linear programming framework is explained for comparing this scheme with alternative pollution control policies in terms of efficiency and changed patterns of agricultural production.     

Why do firms engage in environmental management? An empirical study in China

There are increasing pressures being put on firms, from a number of different sources, such as governmental regulation, community participation and market demand, to engage firms in environmental initiatives. These factors play different roles at various development periods. Government regulation was the major pressure, initially. However, community participation and market demand have become more and more important. Thus a better understanding of the determinant factors that play a role in engaging firms to take environmental management initiatives may help policy makers develop more effective environmental policies. Using data collected from 89 firms in Wujin county of Jiangsu Province, China, this paper developed an index system to evaluate the corporate environmental management performance. Furthermore, we used econometric methodology to identify the main factors that probably shape corporate environmental management performance, including both external pressures and firm characteristics. The results showed that pressures from supply chain, customers, and communities played positive roles in engaging firms to improve environmental management performance. However, the pressure from the regulatory system did not implicate positive effect on environmental management performance when basic compliance is not an issue in the region anymore. The results also showed that firms with larger scale will be more active in engaging in environmental management initiatives. Finally, our results suggest that: (a) regulation's stimulation may be reduced as long as firms have complied with requirements of local environmental standards and other environmental laws; (b) policy makers should pay more attention to market and information instruments; (c) more financial and technical support should be provided to encourage small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve environmental performance.     

Enhancing our understanding of the role of environmental policy in environmental innovation: adoption explained by the accumulation of policy instruments and agent-based factors

The empirical literature reports conflicting findings on the relation between environmental policy and environmental innovation: environmental policy both encourages and impedes environmental innovation, resulting in competing theoretical explanations. To find a way out of this counterproductive debate requires new and complementary insights into the effects of different policy instruments. This research therefore advances an approach in which a set of specific policy instruments as well as firms’ behavior regarding CHP (cogeneration of heat and power) adoption are considered as two distinct factors explaining environmental innovation in the Dutch paper and board industry. Using a longitudinal research design, the focus was not on any single policy instrument but on the accumulation of policy instruments. In addition, we studied intra-organizational factors influencing the adoption decision.Overall, we can conclude that paper and board factories perceive governmental environmental policies to be relevant, but that this constitutes just one of the factors influencing adoption processes, next to intra-organizational factors. The relative importance of such policies varies over time and per adoption process. The role of top-down regulation appears to be limited, whereas interactive regulation turned out to be important for several factories in the latest period of adoption. Positive economic instruments were important in almost all adoption processes, but were not and will never be the most important reason for adoption. The most important reason for CHP adoption appears to be high energy prices in combination with cost price reduction or the threat of additional regulation. For future policies, we recommend the implementation of a specific mixture of policy instruments, attuned to the specific industry and reinforcing each other. Moreover, goals should be consistent over time to avoid risk-averse behavior.     

The intermediary role of an industry association in policy-making processes: the case of the Dutch paper and board industry

In the policy-making process concerning energy and environmental issues, cooperation between government and firms is a means to create a more efficient energy and environmental policy. Intermediary organizations can play an important role in this policy-making process. Aim of this study is to get insight into the role of one specific intermediary organization: the industry association. In this paper, we focus on the Dutch paper and board industry. Important policy themes for this industry are waste water, waste, and energy efficiency. We distinguished four types of governmental policy instruments: top-down regulation, interactive regulation, negative economic instruments, and positive economic instruments. We analyzed the role of the industry association in the policy-making process for all of these four instruments. The results clearly show different (relative) roles of the industry association in different steps of the policy-making processes and for different types of instruments.