施用给水厂残泥对南北方不同类型农田土壤质量的影响

为评估WTR(给水厂残泥)在农业区污染控制领域的土地应用风险,从土壤理化性质、土壤养分含量、有机质活性、微生物生长和土壤酶活性等五方面,考察了不同WTR添加量(w为0%、2%、5%、10%)对3个南北方农田(土壤)(常州水稻田、寿光和天津蔬菜种植区土壤,依次记做常州土壤、寿光土壤和天津土壤)质量的影响.结果表明:①WTR添加后,各土壤中CEC(阳离子交换容量)提高了23.7%～63.9%;添加WTR有利于调节酸性和碱性土壤pH,使之更适合作物生长,随着WTR添加量由0%增至10%,常州土壤pH由5.45升至6.69,寿光和天津土壤pH则分别由7.57、7.88降至7.26、7.64.②添加适量WTR不会造成土壤中P、K、Fe、Al、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn和Zn等多种有效态元素含量的缺失,特别是在富P(>50 mg/g)土壤中施加2%～10%的WTR,既能满足植物生长对有效P的需求,又能降低P的淋溶风险.③在施肥和不施肥条件下,WTR添加量≤5%时均能增加土壤w(活性有机质),促进土壤微生物生长,提高土壤脱氢酶和总磷酸酶活性.由于WTR对有机P底物的强吸附作用,不施肥条件下,WTR添加量达到10%时,土壤总磷酸酶活性降低了55%;而施加有机肥会削弱或抵消这种不利影响,土壤总磷酸酶活性可提高至未添加WTR时的1.7倍.因此,添加适量WTR能有效改善我国南北方不同类型农田土壤质量.      

Adsorption of Co(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by water treatment residuals

A study on the removal of Co(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by water treatment residuals(WTR)was conducted in batch conditions. The sorption process of Co(Ⅱ) followed pseudosecondorder kinetics, with 30 hr required to reach equilibrium. Using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, a relatively high maximum sorption capacity of 17.31 mg/g Co(Ⅱ) was determined. The adsorption of Co(Ⅱ) was dependent on pH values and was affected by the ionic strength. Results show that Co(Ⅱ) adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process and was favorable at high temperature. Most of the adsorbed Co(Ⅱ) stayed on the WTR permanently, whereas only small amounts of adsorbed Co(Ⅱ) were desorbed. The shifting of peaks in FT-IR spectra indicated that Co(Ⅱ) interacted with the WTR surface through strong covalent bond formation with Fe(Al)–O functional groups. It was concluded that WTR can be a suitable material from which to develop an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Co(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

Adsorption kinetics of the herbicide safeners, benoxacor and furilazole, to activated carbon and agricultural soils

Chloroacetamide herbicides, namely acetochlor and metolachlor, are common herbicides used on corn and soybean fields. Dichloroacetamide safeners, namely benoxacor and furilazole, are commonly used in formulations containing chloroacetamide herbicides. Extensive reports on adsorption of chloroacetamide herbicides are available, yet little information exists regarding adsorption potential of co-applied safeners. Herein, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of selected herbicide safeners to granular activated carbon (GAC) and in agricultural soils are reported. Further, soil column studies were performed to understand the leaching behaviour of the herbicide Dual II Magnum. Equilibrium sorption experiments of safeners to three agricultural soils and one GAC showed that adsorption was best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm. The Freundlich adsorption constant, K_f, for benoxacor and furilazole sorption onto three agricultural soils ranged from 0.1 to 0.27 and 0.1 to 0.13 (mg/g) × (mg/L)?(1/n), respectively. The K_f for benoxacor and furilazole to GAC was 6.4 and 3.4 (mg/g) × (mg/L)?(1/n), respectively, suggesting more favorable sorption of benoxacor to GAC than furilazole to GAC. The sorption to soils was reversible as almost 40%–90% of both safeners was desorbed from three soils. These results were validated in four replicated soil column studies, where S-metolachlor was shown to leach similarly to the safener benoxacor, originating from the herbicide formulation. The leaching of S-metolachlor and benoxacor was influenced by soil texture. Cumulatively, these results show that safeners will move through the environment to surface waters similarly to the active ingredients in herbicides, but may be removed during drinking water treatment via GAC.     

生物质炭施用对土壤中氯虫苯甲酰胺吸附及消解行为的影响

分别在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中添加0.5%(质量分数)生物质炭,采用批处理等温吸附实验及室内消解实验测定了CAP的吸附等温线及消解动态,目的是揭示不同类型土壤中施用生物质炭对残留CAP的环境行为影响规律,为评估生物质炭田间施用综合生态效应,评价土壤残留CAP的环境污染风险提供理论依据.结果表明,生物质炭施用可提高土壤对CAP的吸附活性,但提高程度因土壤性质不同而异.有机质含量较高的黑土中添加生物质炭,吸附农药Kd值提高了2.17%,而有机质含量较低的潮土添加等量生物质炭后则提高了139.13%.生物质炭施入土壤后其对农药吸附活性受到不同程度抑制.与施入土壤前比较,生物质炭施入黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中后吸附常数KF,biochar分别降低了96.94%、90.6%、91.31%、68.26%和34.59%.CAP在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中的消解半衰期为115.52、133.30、154.03、144.41和169.06 d,而在添加生物质炭的土壤中消解半衰期分别延长了20.39、35.76、38.51、79.19和119.75 d.与吸附实验结果一致,生物质炭施入黑土对延缓农药土壤消解作用最小,而潮土中施入生物质炭效果最明显.本研究表明生物质炭施入土壤后可增强对农药的吸附作用,延缓农药的土壤消解,但影响程度与土壤性质有关.     

给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥对正磷酸盐的吸附特征

以给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥（ferric-alum residuals,FARs）为载体,探究了FARs对正磷酸盐的吸附特征.ICP、SEM和XRD测试结果表明,FARs富含铁铝元素且为无定形结构.批量平衡实验法证实,FARs对正磷酸盐的吸附较符合伪二级动力学模型.在酸性环境条件下,磷的吸附效果最好,当pH值从4.6升至7...     

Deflouridation of water using amended clay

Excessive presence of fluoride (F) in potable water continues to be a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. Hence, the need for a cost effective, simple and user-friendly method for water defluoridation is being felt in such areas. Clay vessels are commonly used in rural parts of India and other developing countries, not only for storing water, but also to get cold potable water during summers. The present study investigates the role of vessels made from locally derived sample of silty clay (C) in water defluoridation. Besides, F sorption by C and its chemically amended forms were also studied to investigate improvement opportunities of clay vessels with regard to their application in water defluoridation. The study revealed C to be a potent F binder and amending it with Al (activated Al₂O₃), Fe (FeCl₃) and/or Ca (CaCO₃) significantly improved its F sorption capacity. F sorption by C amended with Al, Fe or Ca, decreased in the same order. C amended simultaneously with 50 mg/g each of Al, Fe and Ca proved to be the most effective F sorbent at pH≈6. F sorption by amended C followed a rapid kinetics with considerable F being removed within 5 min of shaking. The pilot study employing clay vessels to achieve defluoridation of water exhibited encouraging results suggesting the viability of using chemically amended clay vessels for water defluoridation.     

有机物对人工湿地基质除磷影响研究

以页岩陶粒为基质,在水力停留时间2d,连续进出水条件下,研究分析了进出水中磷素、基质中磷的形态和附着生物量的变化情况.结果表明,基质的除磷效率随有机物浓度的增加而降低,有机物对页岩磷吸附能力有一定的抑制作用.当进水COD浓度分别为100mg/和200mg/L时,其吸附能力分别下降了49%和62%.有机态松散结合磷、腐殖质态磷和钙镁结合磷明显提高,而铁铝结合磷从36.75%分别降到18%和11.77%,证明有机物累积对铁铝结合磷形成的抑制是磷吸附能力下降的主要原因.另外,进水有机物浓度越高,反应器中基质附着的生物膜量就越大,生物膜的厚度可能会影响水中磷元素向基质扩散时传质的过程.     

Utilizing surfactants to control the sorption, desorption, and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system

An integrative technology including the surfactant enhanced sorption and subsequentdesorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the soil-water system was introduced and tested. For slightly contaminated agricultural soils, cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant- enhanced sorption of organic contaminants onto soils could reduce their transfer to plants, therefore safe-guarding agricultural production. After planting, residual surfactants combined with added nonionic surfactant could also promote thedesorption and biodegradation of residual phenanthrene, thus providing a cost-effective pollution remediation technology.0ur results showed that the cationic-nonionic mixed surfactantsdodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) significantly enhanced soil retention of phenanthrene. The maximum sorption coefficient Kd* of phenanthrene for contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants was about24.5 times that of soils without surfactant (Kd ) and higher than the combined effects of DDPB and TX100 individually, which was about 16.7 and 1.5 times Kd , respectively.0n the other hand, TX100 could effectively remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants, improving the bioavailability of organic pollutants. Thedesorption rates of phenanthrene from these treated soils were greater than 85% with TX100 concentration above2000 mg/L and approached 100% with increasing TX100 concentration. The biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in the presence of surfactants reached over 95% in30days. The mixed surfactants promoted the biodegradation of phenanthrene to some extent in 10-22days, and had no obvious impact on phenanthrene biodegradation at the end of the experiment. Results obtained from this study provide some insight for the production of safe agricultural products and a remediation scheme for soils slightly contaminated with organic pollutants.     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

沙土不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了沙土不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响.结果表明,去除腐殖质后的沙土对磷的吸附能力大大降低,其饱和吸附量Qm和吸附分配系数K分别只能达到原样的38.41％和7.42％,说明有机矿质复合体是影响磷在沙土上吸附特征的主要因素;钙键有机矿质复合体的碳标化饱和吸附量为388.35 mg·kg-1,相当于原样的1.51倍,在其所形成的有机矿质复合体中存在着孔隙填充方式的磷吸附;铁铝键有机矿质复合体在对磷吸附中发挥着重要作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量可达500.23 mg·kg-1,相当于原样的1.93倍,其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在铁铝氧化物及水化氧化物对磷的配位吸附.因此,考查土壤对磷的吸附能力时不仅要考虑腐殖质的含量,更要考虑腐殖质的复合形态,它也是影响土壤对磷吸附特征的重要因素.以原样的磷饱和吸附量为基准,钙键有机矿质复合体和铁铝键有机矿质复合体携载的吸附态磷可分别按原样的1.51和1.93倍进行估算.     

微生物对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、苯并［a］芘过程的影响.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与苯并［a］芘都可进行吸附或生物降解,48h液相PAHs浓度达到平衡时,微生物对菲消除了98％,对苯并［a］芘消除85％;接种的样品48h吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程;在接种微生物情况下,沉积物与土壤对菲和苯并［a］芘吸附特征均发生较大变化,对菲的吸附量增大约35倍,而对苯并［a］芘的吸附量却降低了2/3左右;未接种微生物的土壤和沉积物对菲解吸率为20％,接种的样品组为2.9％,而对苯并［a］芘的解吸结果与菲相反,未接种的对照组为4％,接种的样品组为13％.微生物在土壤与沉积物吸附PAHs的过程中起主导作用.     

硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭对模拟农田径流中镉和草甘膦吸附特征

为同时去除农田地表径流中的重金属和农药,利用猪粪制备未改性猪粪生物质炭（简称"未改性生物质炭"）和硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭（简称"改性生物质炭"）,分析比较硫脲改性对生物质炭的pH、元素组成、表面含氧官能团和巯基含量等理化性质的影响,并系统地研究了单一和复合污染体系中初始浓度对两种生物质炭吸附水溶液中镉（Cd）和草甘膦效率的影响.结果表明:①与未改性生物质炭相比,改性生物质炭的pH、O/C（原子比）和H/C（原子比）降低,比表面积增大,含氧官能团和巯基含量增加.②与未改性生物质炭相比,改性生物质炭对Cd和草甘膦的吸附能力增强,最大表观吸附量（Q_max）增加了近3倍;随着Cd和草甘膦初始浓度的增加,未改性和改性生物质炭对Cd和草甘膦的吸附量逐渐增加,增加量最高分别达18.52%和7.60%.③单一污染体系中两种生物质炭对Cd或草甘膦的吸附更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明其对Cd或草甘膦的吸附机理是单分子层的吸附起主导作用.④复合污染体系中,未改性和改性生物质炭对Cd的吸附能力分别增加了25.28%和21.26%,未改性生物质炭对Cd的最大表观吸附量增加了29.34%,但改性生物质炭对Cd的最大表观吸附量降低了47.28%;未改性和改性生物质炭对草甘膦的吸附能力减弱,但最大表观吸附量分别增加了2.63和3.45倍.研究显示,硫脲改性猪粪生物质炭作为一项有前景的新技术,为解决实际环境中的复合污染问题提供了经济环保的技术手段.      

三峡澎溪河流域消落区与岸边土壤磷形态特征

选取了落干期澎溪河流域6个消落区点位,分析了消落区土壤磷形态分布特征,并探讨了各形态磷之间的相关性.结果表明,(1)采用SMT法测定了消落区土壤总磷、无机磷和有机磷含量,其总磷TP含量均值为575.29 mg·kg~(-1),有机磷OP含量均值为91.23 mg·kg~(-1).(2)采用Hedley法分析了消落区土壤磷的5种赋存形态,其中WA-Pi、PA-Pi、Fe/Al-Pi等3种易迁移的无机磷形态之和占可提取Pi的11.61%,且低于岸边土壤;WA-Po、PA-Po两种生物可利用性较高的有机磷形态含量之和占可提取Po的22.28%,而中活性有机磷Fe/Al-Po占可提取Po的66.30%,且消落区土壤各形态Po含量均低于岸边土壤,又以Fe/Al-Po含量差异最大.(3)消落区土壤TP与活性较强的WA-Pt、PA-Pt呈显著相关,表明消落区土壤活性磷含量主要受TP影响;各形态磷之间不具有显著相关性,表明不同形态磷的来源可能不同;消落区土壤Fe/Al-Pt与土壤有机质OM呈显著相关,表明土壤有机质的含量可能影响铁铝结合态磷含量.在淹水条件下,消落区土壤磷组分的释放对上覆水体的潜在影响不容忽视.     

兽药金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附特征研究

通过振荡平衡吸附试验,研究了兽药金霉素在鸡粪和猪粪上的吸持特征并对其吸附机制和影响因素进行探讨.结果表明,金霉素能被畜禽粪便强烈吸附,吸附过程属于快速吸附,吸附等温线呈非线性,能用Freundlich模型很好地描述;雨水很难解吸被粪便吸附的金霉素,存在解吸迟滞现象,用甲醇、3 mol/L NaCl和3 mol/L MgCl2 3种溶液仅分别解吸出了18.3%～20.4%、18.7%～19.4%和55.7%～57.6%被粪便吸附的金霉素.金霉素在畜禽粪便上的吸附受pH和离子强度影响,随pH值和离子强度增大吸附量减少,二价钙离子体系比一价钠离子体系对吸附的影响大.表明有机质吸附和阳离子交换可能是金霉素在畜禽粪便上主要的吸附机制.     

给水厂污泥改良生物滞留填料除磷效果的研究

通过静态吸附实验研究了土壤、给水厂污泥对磷的吸附特性,采用生物滞留模拟柱,考察生物滞留技术对城市径流中磷的去除效果,评价以给水厂污泥改良填料的可行性.结果表明,给水厂污泥对磷的吸附能力远大于土壤.在进水磷浓度为1.0 mg·L-1条件下,传统填料模拟柱出水总磷随着进水量的增加浓度逐渐增大,而改良填料模拟柱表现出稳定的长期去除效果,经7个月的连续运行,改良填料模拟柱出水总磷的浓度仍小于0.050 mg·L-1,满足地表水Ⅲ类水质标准.根据静态吸附实验估算结果,相同的控制条件下,添加4%给水厂污泥的改良填料对磷的吸附能力约为传统填料的4倍.无定型铁铝的沉淀、吸附作用是改良填料截留进水中磷的主要机制,工程应用中可在填料中添加4%~5%比例的给水厂污泥以提高生物滞留设施控制受纳水体富营养化的效果.     

经饮水亚慢性铝染毒对大鼠血铁及相关蛋白水平的影响

为了探讨慢性铝暴露对大鼠铁代谢的影响,将100只4周龄清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分成摄铝组(430mg·L-1,以Al3+计)与对照组(蒸馏水),饮水染铝,每隔30d处死染铝大鼠和对照大鼠各10只,实验周期为150d.同时,在不同时间点(30d、60d、90d、120d、150d)测量大鼠体重,并进行协方差分析.最后,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法、固相竞争ELISA和比色法检测血浆Al、Fe、转铁蛋白(TF)、可溶性转铁蛋白受体(sTfR)含量及总铁结合力(TIBC).结果表明,在摄铝前期(90d前),染铝对大鼠体重无显著影响,而后期(120d后)染铝对大鼠体重抑制作用较大.在实验周期内,各时间点间对照组血浆中各指标均无显著差异,摄铝组随着时间的延长各指标变化较大.各时间点摄铝组血浆中Al含量及Al/Fe均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组血浆中Fe含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),60、90、120d时均显著低于对照组(p0.01),150d时显著高于对照组(p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组血浆TF含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),90d后显著高于对照组(p0.05;p0.01);30、60d时摄铝组TIBC与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著高于对照组(p0.01);30d时摄铝组sTfR含量与对照组相比无显著差异(p0.05),其后各时间点均显著低于对照组(p0.01).由此可见,铝可干扰大鼠体内铁的代谢,影响铁的生物学作用.     

对开展农村环境联片整治的重要性的初步认识及建议

随着农村经济的不断发展,农村环境污染日趋严重。虽然吉林省在农村环境污染防治和生态保护方面取得了一些成效,但农村环保工作仍然十分薄弱。农村环境连片整治示范项目以饮用水水源保护和人居环境质量改善为主要目标,重点支持农村饮用水水源地保护、生活污水和生活垃圾污染治理、畜禽养殖污染治理与综合利用等项目。基于吉林省农村环境存在的共性问题和污染成因分析,有关人士提出了“切实保护农村饮用水源地,加强村庄生活污染治理力度,畜禽养殖污染治理,工矿企业污染治理,农业面源污染治理”等五方面治理措施,有利于促进全省农村环境的有效改善。     

Influence of organic amendments on the sorption of pentachlorophenol on soils

The influence of pH on the sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) onto three organic amendments, char, humic acid (HA) and peat, and the effect of organic amendments on PCP sorption to three kinds of soils were evaluated. The sorption of PCP on these sorbents fitted the Freundlich model well, suggesting that PCP sorption isotherms were nonlinear with exponential coefficient (N) value lower than 1. The PCP sorption capacity on three organic amendments and the N values increased with decreasing pH. The sorption capacities were in the order: char > HA > peat. Organic amendments resulted in an enhancement of sorption capacities of soils. The N values of PCP sorption on soils were decreased by char amendment and increased by HA and peat amendments. This study demonstrated that application of traditional organic amendments led to the enhancement of PCP sorption by soils. This information may aid both in predicting environmental fates of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds and in developing remediation strategies for them.     

Alum split applications strengthened phosphorus fixation and phosphate sorption in high legacy phosphorus calcareous soil

High phosphorus (P) saturation arising from historic P inputs to protected vegetable fields (PVFs) drives high P mobilisation to waterbodies. Amendment of soils with alum has shown potential in terms of fixing labile P and protecting water quality. The present 15 month pot experiment investigated P stabilisation across single alum application (Alum-1 treatment, 20 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before the maize was sown), alum split applications (Alum-4 treatment, 5 g alum/kg soil incorporated into soil before each crop was sown i.e. 4 × 5 g/kg) and soil only treatment (Control). Results showed that the Alum-1 treatment caused the strongest stabilisation of soil labile P after maize plant removal, whereas the P stabilisation effect was gradually weakened due to the transformation of soil non-labile P to labile P and the reduced active Al³⁺ in soil solution. For the Alum-4 treatment, soil labile P decreased gradually with each crop planting and was lower than the Alum-1 treatment at the end of the final crop removal, without any impairment on plant growth. The better P stabilisation at the end of Alum-4 treatment was closely correlated with a progressive supply of Al³⁺ and a gradual decrease of pH, which resulted in higher contents of poorly-crystalline Al, Fe and exchangeable Ca. These aspects were conducive to increasing the soil P stabilisation and phosphate sorption. In terms of management, growers in continuous cropping systems could utilise split alum applications as a strategy to alleviate P losses in high-P enriched calcareous soil.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.