除草剂灭草烟在土壤中的吸附、脱附

对咪唑啉酮类除草剂灭草烟在8种土壤的吸附、脱附进行了研究,对振摇时间、温度、土壤pH值的影响作了探讨,并对吸附、脱附常数与土壤的理化性质的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,灭草烟在土壤中吸附常数和土壤〔H^＋〕（OM％）呈正相关,灭草烟在土壤中脱附的难易程度与土壤有机质含量呈负相关     

Adsorption and desorption of herbicide monosulfuron-ester in Chinese soils

Monosulfuron-ester is a new, low rate, sulfonylurea herbicide that is being promoted for annual broadleaf and gramineal weed control; however, there is a lack of published information on its behavior in soils. The adsorption and desorption of monosulfuronester by seven type soils were measured using a batch equilibrium technique. The results showed that the Freundlich equation fitted its adsorption and desorption well, and the Freundlich constant values (Kf-ads) ranged from 0.88 to 5.66. Adsorption isotherms were nonlinear with 1/nf-ads values < 1. Soil pH, organic matter (OM), and clay content were the main factors influencing its adsorption and desorption. Adsorption and desorption were negatively correlated with pH 4.0–8.0 while positively correlated with OM and clay content. The adsorption of monosulfuron-ester was mainly a physical process, because its free energy (ΔG) in seven soils was less than 40 kJ/mol. Monosulfuron-ester adsorption by three soils increased with increasing CaCl2 concentration using CaCl2 as a background electrolyte. Monosulfuron-ester desorption was hysteretic in all tested soils.     

除草剂甲基磺草酮在土壤中的吸附及淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了甲基磺草酮在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素.结果表明,甲基磺草酮在5 种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用线性吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数Kd 为0.77~4.43L/kg,很难被土壤吸附.影响吸附的因素主要是土壤pH 值,其次是有机质含量.土壤pH 值增高,离子态的甲基磺草酮量增加,吸附减弱;甲基磺草酮在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,影响其淋溶性能的主要因素是土壤pH 值,pH 值越高,淋溶性能越强.     

Adsorption of herbicide triclopyr on homoionic clays

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Fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils

The fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils with repeated applications of the metolachlor over a period of 5 years was studied. After 12 weeks incubation, cumulative 14CO2 evolution from the soil accounts for 8.01% in aerobic condition versus 1.5% of 14CO2 in the soil had not been treated with metolachlor. The total 14C recovery in the methanol-water extract and in the non-extractable portion of this aerobic soil accounted for 73.1% and the total metolachlor recovery in the methanol-water extract was 46.7% but 86.9% of 14C was accounted for in the γ-irradiated control soil. There axe no differences in the recovery of 14C between non-sterile and γ-irradiated control soil under anaerobic conditions. The results show that there was some active metolachlor-degrading population in the Virginia soil which had been previously received repeated applications of the metolachlor but only under aerobic condition.     

灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附及其机理

通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线和IR，ESR技术，研究了腐殖酸对灭草松的吸附及吸附机理，并且对pH、离子强度对吸附过程的影响进行了探讨。结果表明灭草松在腐殖酸上经过大约4h的初始快速阶段，此后进入慢速吸附过程。溶液pH可能会影响腐殖酸的构型。高pH时，吸附量随溶液离子强度增加稍有增加。灭草松在腐殖酸上的吸附过程中存在氢键、电荷转移作用，疏水分配也是可能存在的机理。     

除草剂硝磺草酮对土壤微生物生态效应研究

采用室内培养试验,研究了硝磺草酮对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性随硝磺草酮浓度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,但比对照处理都有所升高,分别增加了22.6%~41.0%和3.4%~54.2%,且在硝磺草酮浓度为50mg/kg时达到最大.与之相反,尿酶活性则降低了12.0%~18.6%,但差异性不明显(P > 0.05).施用一定浓度的硝磺草酮激活了土壤微生物活性,微生物群落丰富度、均匀性和多样性都呈增长趋势,单孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)值和利用速率均随硝磺草酮浓度增加而增大,微生物群落对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、多聚物类、羧酸类、胺类和酚酸类利用率整体上均有所提高,与对照相比,最大增幅分别达到5.3、1.0、4.4、3.2、0.2和6.8倍,但不同浓度硝磺草酮处理下土壤微生物在利用碳源的类型上是存在一定的差异.     

Photodegradation of new herbicide HW-02 in organic solvents

HW-02 is a new organophosphates herbicide which is discovered and developed in China. The kinetics and mechanism of HW- 02 photodegradation in the organic solvents were studied at 25°C under the irradiation of ultraviolet light. The results showed that photochemical reaction of HW-02 in organic solvents such as n-hexane, methanol, dimethyl benzene and acetone under UV light could be well described by the first kinetic equation, and the photodegradation efficiency decreased with a order of n-hexane methanol xylene acetone. The photodegradation efficiency constant of HW-02 in n-hexane, methanol, xylene and acetone were 4.951 × 10 2 , 3.253 × 10 2 , 2.377 × 10 2 and 1.628 × 10 2 min 1 , and the corresponding half-lives were 13.99, 21.20, 29.15 and 42.56 min, respectively. By separation and identification of photoproducts using GC-MS, it could be concluded that HW-02 was photolyzed through ester cleavage, photo-dechlorination and photoisomerization of the molecule itself.     

细菌HB-5对除草剂莠去津的酶促降解研究

研究了从高效降解细菌HB-5(Arthrobacter)中提取的降解酶的分离条件及酶对莠去津的降解性能.研究证明,对莠去津的降解主要是胞内酶在起作用.从高效降解菌HB-5中提取到的降解酶,在不含有莠去津的培养基中连续转接7次,会逐渐丧失对莠去津的降解代谢活性,由此判断该降解酶不是组成酶,而是诱导酶.以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得粗提酶中可溶性蛋白含量为0.65 mg·mL-1;在pH 8.0～9.5之间,酶活力均能保持在最高酶活力的89%以上,该酶降解莠去津的最适pH为8.5;在25～45℃的温度范围内能保持较好的降解活性,最适温度为35℃;进一步研究发现,该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,暴露在温度30～40℃,pH 6.0～9.0的条件下2h仍能保持较高的酶活力;该酶与底物莠去津结合力强,对莠去津具有较好的降解效果,其米氏常数Km为0.7034 mmol·L-1,最大降解速率为0.1863μmol·mg-1·min-1.     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺ -. Al³⁺ -and Fe³⁺ -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg²⁺ ＜ Ca²⁺ ＜ Al³⁺ ≤ Fe³⁺ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil and its components Ⅲ. Influence of clay acidity, humic acid coating and herbicide structure on acetanilide herbicide adsorption on homoionic clays

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on homoionic montmorillonite, soil humic acid, and their mixtures was studied by coupling batch equilibration and FT-IR analysis. Adsorption isotherms of acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on Ca2 + -, Mg2 + -. Al3 + -and Fe3 + -saturated clays were well described by the Freundlich equation. Regardless of the type of exchange cations, Kf decreased in the order of metolachlor ＞ acetolachlor ＞ alachlor ＞ propachlor on the same clay. FT-IR spectra showed that the carbonyl group of the herbicide molecule was involved in binding, probably via H-bond with water molecules in the clay interlayer. The type and position of substitutions around the carbonyl group may have affected the electronegativity of oxygen, thus influencing the relative adsorption of these herbicides. For the same herbicide, adsorption on clay increased in the order of Mg2+ ＜ Ca2+ ＜ Al3+ ≤ Fe3+ which coincided with the iucreasing aciditv of homoionic clays. Acidity of cations may have affected the protonation of water, and thus the strength of H-bond between the clay water and herbicide. Complexation of clay and humic acid resulted in less adsorption than that expected from independent adsorption by the individual constituents. The effect varied with herbicides, but the greatest decrease in adsorption occurred at a 60:40 clay-to-humic acid ratio for all the herbicides. Causes for the decreased adsorption need to be characterized to better understand adsorption mechanisms and predict adsorption from soil compositions.     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl

Hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl was investigated in the multi-pH deionized water, natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions. Resulting data indicated that the herbicide was stable in the acidic and neady neutral solutions for at least 15 d. The herbicide diclofop-methyl rapidly dissipated in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions with half-lives less than 4 d. Methyl-CD(partially methylated β-cyclodextdn) improved its hydrolytic degradation in the pH 8 deionized water and natural aquatic systems while humic acid inhibited its hydrolytic degradation at the same conditions. But dissolved organic matter in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions increased its hydrolysis. Two catalysis mechanisms were introduced to describe the effects of cyclodextrin and organic matter on its hydrolytic metabolism. Though inorganic ions maybe improved its hydrolysis reaction in the natural aquatic systems, Fe^2 and Cu^2 did not form complexes with the herbicide and had poor influences on its hydrolytic degradation whether cyclodextrin was added or not.     

基于SWAT模型的泗河流域除草剂迁移模拟

泗河流域农药污染对南四湖湖泊乃至南水北调工程具有重要的影响,为了解流域农药迁移过程并对其采取治理措施,本研究在泗河流域通过实地采样与调查、室内实验分析、数据统计等手段,借助SWAT模型对流域除草剂阿特拉津及其代谢产物进行迁移模拟.结果表明,除草剂输出与流域径流量有很高的相关性,输出时间以7~8月份为主,输出量占全年的69%以上.且受河道长度、耕地分布等因素的影响,阿特拉津的输出量以东部上游地区和中部地区为主,流域出水口处的阿特拉津输出量居中等水平;阿特拉津代谢产物DEA和DIA的输出量的空间分布相似,以下游流域出口处和中部地区为主.本研究可为流域除草剂迁移治理提供理论支持.     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide

IntroductionDiclofopmethylhasbeenintroducedbyFarbwerkeHoechstAGforthecontrolofabroadspectrumofwildoatsandotherannualgrassweedsinavarietyofcrops.Theherbicidehaslowsolubility,strongadsorptionandlowvaporpressure,indicatingthatitwouldbeimmobileunderfieldconditions(Smith,1986).Laboratoryandfieldstudieshaveshownitunderwentarapidhydrolysistodiclofopinplantandsoil,thecorrespondingpropionicacidthatislessherbicidalthantheparentcompounddiclofopmethyl(Smith,1977;1986;Martens,1978).Cyclodextrinsarecycli…     

Weed and arthropod populations in conventional and genetically modified herbicide tolerant fodder beet fields

The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) crops has raised concerns from both scientists and non-governmental organisations about possible effects on arable flora and fauna due to the changes in herbicide application and management that such crops involve. Three consecutive studies were performed, covering flora and fauna in fields of GMHT and conventional fodder beets over the season, at different locations and under different spraying regimes. At all locations and in the 3 years, a denser and more diverse weed flora and arthropod fauna were found in GMHT beets in early and mid-summer than in conventional beets when glyphosate-treatment occurred at or after label recommendation. Following the herbicide applications the GMHT fields had fewer weed species and seeds and lower weed densities and biomass than conventional fields. However, application of glyphosate earlier than recommended resulted in an extremely low weed diversity, density and biomass during the entire season. Timing of the first glyphosate applications, i.e. the duration of the herbicide free period, was essential in terms of biodiversity improvements. In the long term reduced production of weed seeds in GMHT fields may deplete the weed flora if the GMHT strategy becomes widely adopted.     

除草剂普杀特在土壤—水两相中的吸附-脱附和光解

 为了解普杀特农药进入自然界的环境行为，特别是它在不同土壤—水体系中的分配和归宿，研究了其在8种土壤上的吸附 脱附过程，并且通过模拟太阳光探讨了普杀特在水相中的光解情况。结果表明，普杀特在土壤上的吸附 脱附与土壤的理化性质密切相关，高有机质、低pH值的土壤具有强吸附能力；其吸附、脱附均可用Freundlich方程描述，但脱附等温线要滞后于吸附线。太阳光中紫外部分的光有利于普杀特光解，其光解可用假一级动力学方程表示。