氯加标代替汞盐消解液测定CODCr的方法研究

硫酸汞用于去除CODcr，测定中氯离子的干扰，但是硫酸汞是一种剧毒物质，对环境造成二次污染。因此本研究采用自制CODcr，环保消解液，通过在工作曲线的一系列标准溶液中加入与样品中相当量的氯离子进行消解比色，绘制工作曲线，通过回归方程直接扣除氯离子干扰。通过实验对比，自制CODcr，环保消解液能够达到进口试剂的消解效果，自制CODcr，环保消解液测定标准样品的相对误差在-1．25％～-456％之间，测定含氯污水的加标回收率在95．3％～105％之间。     

对美国哈希COD测定仪进口试剂及测定方法的研究

通过对美国哈希专用仪器测定COD方法中试剂的改进,不仅替代了昂贵的进口试剂,而且样品消解时间由原来2h缩短至30min,分析结果准确可靠.该方法具有操作简便,安全性好,分析周期短,仪器体积小便于携带等特点,可用于监督监测、抽查抽测、突发性污染事故、应急监测等的现场分析.     

自配化学需氧量消解液在污水监测中的应用研究

采用美国哈希(HACH)公司生产的COD测定仪测定污水中的COD,操作简单、消耗试剂少,安全性好,在环境监测领域被广泛应用,但HACH公司的专用消解试剂成本较高。为了降低测定成本,减少环境污染,我们根据COD的测定原理及实际情况进行研究,研制出可替代HACH试剂的自配管样。我们将该替代试剂通过实际样品和COD标准样品的实验验证,并和HACH试剂和国标方法测定结果进行比较,结果表明,应用自配管样测定COD,准确度高,符合国家标准的要求,并且成本大大降低。自配管样在环境监测工作中可以被推广使用。     

MERCK公司COD试剂的替代品开发

德国MERCK公司制造的COD测定仪器在我国环保行业、科研院所的水质监测工作中应用广泛,但配套试剂价格昂贵,限制了该仪器的使用。实验设计了高量程(100～1500mg/L)和低量程(25～100mg/L)COD替代试剂的开发方案。通过实验,确定了两个量程下COD替代试剂中K2Cr2O7、H2SO4-Ag2SO4、HgSO4的浓度和投加量以及测试方法。实验结果表明,在高量程和低量程范围内,使用COD替代试剂的测试结果与MERCK公司配套试剂的测试结果比较相符,反应时间也可缩短至30min。     

大气颗粒物中金属元素测定消解方法浅探

对全自动消解仪消解法和密闭微波消解法结合ICP-AES测定大气颗粒物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr含量进行实验比对,证明两种方法均具有较高的精密度和准确度。相比而言,微波消解法具有快速、高效,试剂用量少,易挥发元素损失小,测定结果更准确、可靠等优点,实际分析中可根据实验条件和实验要求加以选用。     

分光光度法测定总氮的准确度研究

采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮时常出现空白值偏高、样品平行性较差、实验准确度不高等现象.为此,从总氮的测定过程出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的主要因素,有利于提高水质总氮测定的准确度.结果表明,分析试剂纯度、实验用水水质、器皿的清洗程度等对总氮的测定均有一定影响,适当延长消解时间与提高消解温度也有利于降低总氮的空白值.因此可通过优化各实验条件来提高实验的准确性,以保证实验室的设备仪器、检测人员和环境等条件满足分析要求.     

浅谈水质中总氮测定的影响因素

从地表水总氮测定中需要注意的要素入手,就实验室用水、试剂影响、器皿影响、操作过程、消解温度、消解时间以及消解冷却时间和实验环境条件的控制等方面的要求进行了简要论述,以化繁为简的思路指导今后的总氮测定工作。     

微波消解在测定环境样品中金属元素的应用

微波消解具有快速、简单、消耗试剂少和不易造成样品污染等特点,在环境样品中金属元素的测定方面得到了广泛的应用。本文介绍了微波消解的原理、常用试剂以及在各种环境样品中金属元素测定的应用进展,并对该技术的应用前景作了展望。     

密封微波消解法测定总氮的研究

利用微波密封消解代替国家标准方法测定总氮过程中高压蒸气消解过程,不仅节约了消解时间,碱性过硫酸钾消解彻底,而且节约了试剂,操作简单,准确度和精确度均达到或超过国家标准方法;本实验同时对操作步骤进行了调整和改进。     

土壤中重金属测定前处理方法的对比研究

对土壤样品的前处理分别采用全自动样品消解仪及微波消解仪进行消解.按照国标法测定土壤样品中的铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、锰.根据消解情况及测定土壤中重金属含量对消解方法进行对比分析.结果显示采用全自动样品消解仪消解土壤样品,操作简单、方便,最大程度保障了实验人员的安全,并且消解效果良好,避免了土壤样品赶酸过程导致蒸干,重金属含量测定结果准确可信.微波消解法消耗的试剂量较少,样品受污染的风险小,引入的试剂误差小.     

铅污染土稳定化药剂性能的对比研究

稳定化作为一项低成本、高效率、且无二次污染的技术,在铅污染场地修复中得到了广泛应用。本实验对三种铅污染土稳定化药剂性能进行了对比研究,三种药剂分别为:与铅生成磷酸盐沉淀的A药剂,生成硫化物沉淀的B药剂和形成不溶于水的稳定螯合物的C药剂。根据实验结果,A药剂的稳定化效果最好,对于处理铅浸出浓度在20 mg/L以内的轻度污染土和90 mg/L左右的高浓度污染土,建议的药剂投加比分别为8%和13%,根据北京建工环境修复股份有限公司的工程项目经验,为保证工程质量,建议分别采用10%和15%的药剂投加比。实验结果可为今后的铅污染土稳定化技术应用和发展提供借鉴。     

低药耗费通试剂氧化乙二醇废水的实验研究

对排放量小，间歇排放的乙二醇废水进行费通试剂催化氧化处理的条件研究。结果表明，在合适的条件下，采用费通试剂催化氧化－－加碱凝聚分离－－处理水循环回流的工艺。ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达９６％，处理水可稳定达标排放。此工艺具有降低药耗，提高ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率的双重效果。     

动态膜压法测定江、污混合水体中有机物含量的探讨

用双驱动动态膜压仪测定江、污混合水中有机物含量。通过测定白龙港污水和长江水混合后的膜压和滞回环面积，用它们与相应的经典法CODCr作图，获得了滞回环面积和CODCr之间良好地线性关系，表明用动态膜压法可快速测定混合水中的有机物含量，不须加任何试剂，不会产生二次污染。同时，对实验结果进行了初步的机理探讨。     

Formation of multiple trimethylsilyl derivatives in the derivatization of 17α-ethinylestradiol with BSTFA or MSTFA followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

N,O-bis（trimethylsily）trifluoroacetamide （BSTFA） and N-methyl-N（trimethylsily） trifluoroacetamide （MSTFA） are common derivatization reagents used in the GC-MS analysis of estrogen steroids such as estrone （El） and 17α-ethinylestradiol （EE2）. In this study, three trimethylsilyl （TMS） steroid derivatives, mono- and di-trimethylsilyl EE2 and mono-trimethylsilyl El, were observed during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA or MSTFA and/or GC separation. Factors influencing the production of multiple TMS derivatives and their relative abundance were examined. It was found that both methanol and bisphenol A competed with estrogenic esteroids when reacting with silylation reagents, and thus affected the formation of TMS derivatives and their relative abundance in the derivatization products. Methanol was found to be more reactive than bisphenol A with the BSTFA reagent. None of the three solvents tested in this study could prevent the generation of multiple TMS derivatives during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA, followed by GC analysis. A similar result was observed using MSTFA as the derivative reagent followed by GC analysis. Thus, the suitability of BSTFA or MSTFA as the derivatization reagent for the determination of E1 and EE2 by GC-MS, under the conditions reported here, is questionable. This problem can be solved by adding trimethylsilylimidaz （TMSI） in the BSTFA reagent as recommended, and the performance of the method has been proved in this study.     

Formation of multiple trimethylsilyl derivatives in the derivatization of 17α-ethinylestradiol with BSTFA or MSTFA followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

N,O-bis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and N-methyl-N(trimethylsily) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) are common derivatization reagents used in the GC-MS analysis of estrogen steroids such as estrone (E1) and 17(-ethinylestradiol (EE2). In this study, three trimethylsilyl (TMS) steroid derivatives, mono-and di-trimethylsilyl EE2 and mono-trimethylsilyl E1, were observed during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA or MSTFA and/or GC separation. Factors influencing the production of multiple TMS derivatives and their relative abundance were examined. It was found that both methanol and bisphenol A competed with estrogenic esteroids when reacting with silylation reagents, and thus affected the formation of TMS derivatives and their relative abundance in the derivatization products. Methanol was found to be more reactive than bisphenol A with the BSTFA reagent. None of the three solvents tested in this study could prevent the generation of multiple TMS derivatives during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA, followed by GC analysis. A similar result was observed using MSTFA as the derivative reagent followed by GC analysis. Thus, the suitability of BSTFA or MSTFA as the derivatization reagent for the determination of E1 and EE2 by GC-MS, under the conditions reported here, is questionable. This problem can be solved by adding trimethylsilylimidaz (TMSI) in the BSTFA reagent as recommended, and the performance of the method has been proved in this study.     

Carotenoid coloration is related to fat digestion efficiency in a wild bird

Some of the most spectacular visual signals found in the animal kingdom are based on dietarily derived carotenoid pigments (which cannot be produced de novo), with a general assumption that carotenoids are limited resources for wild organisms, causing trade-offs in allocation of carotenoids to different physiological functions and ornamentation. This resource trade-off view has been recently questioned, since the efficiency of carotenoid processing may relax the trade-off between allocation toward condition or ornamentation. This hypothesis has so far received little exploratory support, since studies of digestive efficiency of wild animals are limited due to methodological difficulties. Recently, a method for quantifying the percentage of fat in fecal samples to measure digestive efficiency has been developed in birds. Here, we use this method to test if the intensity of the carotenoid-based coloration predicts digestive efficiency in a wild bird, the house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus). The redness of carotenoid feather coloration (hue) positively predicted digestion efficiency, with redder birds being more efficient at absorbing fats from seeds. We show for the first time in a wild species that digestive efficiency predicts ornamental coloration. Though not conclusive due to the correlative nature of our study, these results strongly suggest that fat extraction might be a crucial but overlooked process behind many ornamental traits.     

泥炭形成过程对泥炭基质替代物研究的启示

泥炭是重要的聚碳自然资源,对全球碳积蓄具有关键作用,同时泥炭也是园艺产业最重要的种植基质。泥炭资源的稀缺性和多用性使其保护和利用一直存在争论,而借鉴泥炭形成原理指导研究适宜的处理方法用以泥炭替代物处理,不仅满足园艺生产需求,也将有助于泥炭资源合理保护。论文从泥炭自然形成过程的角度,分析泥炭形成的关键因素,以期为泥炭替代物研究提供新的思路和方法。     

饮用水中超痕量镉的蒸气发生：原子荧光光谱法测定

研究了在特制测Ｃｄ固体试剂存在的水溶液中，Ｃｄ与ＫＢＨ４反应生成挥发性物种，以无色散原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中超痕量Ｃｄ的分析方法，ＣＤＳＲ－１能巧妙地调节反应体系的ＰＨ值，使其达到最佳测定ＰＨ范围，且能提高挥发性物种发生率，方法的灵敏度可提高１－２数量级，方法线性范围为０－５μｇ／Ｌ，最低检出浓度为０．０８μｇ／Ｌ；精密度实验的变异系数为１．３％；回收率为９３．０％－１０６．０％。     

含硫污水汽提处理后净化水回用工艺的开发

金陵石化炼油厂含硫污水汽提处理后净化水代替新鲜水和软化水回用于生产工艺，经济效益和环境效益显著，是一种具有良好推广价值的清洁生产工艺。