缙云山马尾松林和柑橘林土壤微生物PLFA沿海拔梯度的变化

土壤微生物群落是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对环境变化敏感.本文运用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)研究缙云山马尾松林和柑橘林土壤微生物群落结构沿海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明,从6个海拔土壤中共检测到48种PLFA,其中i16:0、10Me17:0、10Me18:0 TBSA在6个海拔中含量均最高,且柑橘林土壤PLFA种类和含量明显高于马尾松林.随着海拔升高马尾松林土壤微生物种类和含量逐渐增加,柑橘林则逐渐降低,各海拔间细菌、真菌、放线菌、革兰氏阴性菌(G~-)及革兰氏阳性菌(G~+)含量差异显著.土壤微生物群落多样性研究结果表明,马尾松林低海拔丰富度指数(R),多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)均显著高于高海拔,而柑橘林R在低海拔最高,H'、J则在高海拔最高.不同海拔土壤细菌、放线菌、G~-及G~+与土壤酶和环境因子之间存在相关性,细菌、放线菌、G~-及G~+与脲酶(Ure)、转化酶(Ive)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、林分类型均呈极显著正相关,真菌与Ure、Ive、CAT呈显著正相关;而细菌、真菌、放线菌、G~-及G~+与海拔呈极显著或显著负相关.Ure、Ive、CAT、林分及海拔是影响土壤微生物PLFA变化的重要因子.     

宁南山区两种灌木林土壤矿化过程中PLFA指纹季节变化特征

研究土壤矿化过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化特征,对深入理解土壤中物质转化和养分迁移机理、提高土壤质量具有重要意义.因此,本文以宁南山区典型的两种人工灌木林-柠条和山桃林地土壤为研究对象,采用PVC顶盖埋管法进行1年的原位矿化实验,每隔2个月采样测定土壤基本理化性质和磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)含量,探讨土壤在矿化过程中微生物群落结构的变化特征.结果显示:土壤矿化过程中,柠条林地土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤含水率显著高于山桃林地(p0.05);两种灌木林地有机碳含量在矿化240 d和360 d时较低,显著小于其他矿化时期(p0.05),硝态氮、铵态氮含量均在矿化240 d时最低,全氮和土壤pH随时间变化不显著.柠条林土壤各菌群PLFA含量高于山桃林土壤;两种土壤各菌群PLFA随矿化时间大体呈现出夏季春、秋季冬季的趋势,且差异显著(p0.05);土壤细菌与真菌、革兰氏阳性(GP)和阴性菌(GN)的PLFA比值差异显著(p0.05),柠条林土壤细菌与真菌PLFA比值随矿化时间呈现出夏、秋季春、冬季的趋势,而山桃林土壤细菌与真菌PLFA比值在冬季最低,两种土壤革兰氏阳性和阴性菌PLFA比值在春季最大.PLFA主成分分析表明,柠条和山桃林土壤微生物群落结构不同,并且土壤微生物群落结构随矿化时间逐步发生变异,微生物结构的变化主要由以16∶0、16∶1ω9c、16∶1ω9t、17∶0、10Me18∶0和cy19∶0所代表的细菌及以18∶2ω9,12c所代表的真菌的变化引起.土壤微生物PLFA与土壤有机碳、硝态氮和土壤含水率显著相关,与土壤pH值不相关,说明土壤微生物PLFA与土壤理化性质联系紧密.     

磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法检测蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落结构

为了评价和管理干旱和半干旱地区的植物生长,需要了解荒漠土壤资源空间分布和土壤微生物功能.本试验在乌海、磴口和阿拉善采取蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)根围土壤样品,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法结合Sherlock微生物鉴定系统,研究了蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落空间分布特征.结果表明,蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物PLFA有较高的多样性,3样地土壤共检测到41、31和48种磷脂脂肪酸,土壤优势PLFA为16:0、16:0 10-methy1、18:1ω9c和16:1ω7c,均以16:0(表征细菌)含量最大,16:0 10-methy1、18:1ω9c和16:1ω7c在各样地含量有所差异.蒙古沙冬青根围土壤微生物群落结构有明显空间异质性:土壤微生物以革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)为主,AM真菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)和真菌均表现为阿拉善乌海磴口,而放线菌PLFA总含量表现为乌海阿拉善磴口.在土壤真菌生物量中,AM真菌所占比重最大,尤其在磴口和阿拉善AM真菌占到真菌生物量91%和92%,说明AM真菌是荒漠土壤微生物系统中重要组成成分.RDA分析表明,AM真菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、真菌和放线菌与土壤磷酸酶、总球囊霉素、氨氮和p H正相关.G+/G-与脲酶、有机碳和易提取球囊霉显著负相关,而真/细菌与易提取球囊霉素,脲酶和有机碳显著正相关.研究说明土壤磷酸酶、总球囊霉素、氨氮和p H是影响土壤微生物PLFA变化的重要因子.同时,土壤微生物群落变化规律可用于检测土地荒漠化和土壤退化状况.     

缓释复合肥在不同土壤水分条件下氨挥发特性研究

采用"通气法"室内培养试验研究了非包膜缓释复合肥(SRF)在不同土壤水分条件下的氨挥发损失状况和动力学特性以及盆栽试验条件下水稻生长和氮素利用效率.结果表明,SRF在淹水条件下氨挥发比不淹水处理提前3～4d到达峰值;且峰值和累积氨挥发量也比不淹水培养条件下高.与普通复合肥(CCF)相比,缓释复合肥的氨挥发损失量显著降低,不淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发50.6%和22.8%,淹水条件下比等氮量CCF减少氨挥发24.2%和10.4%,但是其氨挥发损失显著高于包膜缓释肥料(CRF).SRF的氨累积挥发量随施肥水平的增加而增大,其动力学特性可用一级动力学方程、Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程定量描述.SRF、CCF和CRF各施肥处理在淹水条件下的水稻植株生物量分别比不淹水条件增加67.86%、78.25%和48.75%;氮素利用率分别比不淹水处理增加57.73%、80.70%和12.06%.在不淹水和淹水2种土壤水分条件下,施用SRF处理氮素利用率分别比CCF增加59.10%和10.40%.SRF能够降低氨挥发,提高植株生物量和氮素利用率.     

生物质炭对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响

在邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)污染的不同类型土壤(有机质含量低的新垦红壤、有机质含量高的熟化红壤)中添加不同种类(稻草炭、毛竹炭)以及不同用量(0%、0.5%和2%)的生物质炭,温室种植上海青并在56 d后采集土样,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)考察了土壤类型、生物质炭种类以及用量对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明:对细菌、真菌及微生物总PLFA这三者的含量而言,熟化红壤显著(p0.05)高于新垦红壤,熟化红壤中添加2%稻草炭使其显著(p0.05)增加,新垦红壤中添加毛竹炭使其显著(p0.05)降低.新垦红壤中添加2%稻草炭对革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比值的增加效果最显著(p0.05),添加2%毛竹炭对土壤微生物群落Shannon指数的降低效果最显著(p0.05).添加2%稻草炭对DBP污染土壤中微生物压力指数降低效果最显著(p0.05).生物质炭对熟化红壤中真菌/细菌、革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌及微生物群落Shannon指数均无显著影响.PCA分析表明,土壤有机质含量以及生物质炭的种类和用量均会对土壤微生物群落结构产生一定影响,且生物质炭的影响与土壤有机质含量密切相关.     

不同添加量凋落物及生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,采用培养试验,研究了杉木凋落物及其生物质炭(Biochar,BC)在不同添加量条件下(0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%土壤质量分数)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:凋落物处理的土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、细菌、真菌含量均随添加量的增加而增加,而丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和放线菌(ACT)含量在不同添加量处理间则无显著差异.对于BC处理,在3%添加量下土壤微生物总PLFA、革兰氏阳性细菌(GP)、革兰氏阴性细菌(GN)、真菌、AMF和ACT含量均达到最大,表明BC对土壤微生物活性的促进作用与凋落物截然不同.此外,凋落物添加对真菌的影响较大,但对ACT的影响则显著低于BC处理.主成分分析表明,凋落物和BC添加均显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构,且前者的影响更为明显,而添加量对其影响则较小.冗余分析发现,土壤全氮与C/N比值分别为影响凋落物与BC处理中微生物群落结构变化的主要因子.     

缙云山柑橘林土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)及酶活性的季节变化特征

土壤微生物和土壤酶作为土壤生态环境最重要的组成成分,对环境变化敏感.本文以缙云山柑橘林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法并结合主成分分析方法,分析季节更替对柑橘林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的土壤微生物数量、群落结构特征及酶活性等的影响.结果表明:1季节更替对土壤微生物有显著影响(P0.05),16:0、i17:0、16:1 2OH、18:0、cy19:0ω8c、i17:1ω9c或16:0 10-methyl为4个季节共有PLFAs,含量之和分别占PLFAs的49.57%、41.63%、35.41%和38.05%.各微生物种类中,细菌PLFA比例最高,其次为真菌PLFA,放线菌PLFA比例最低,且均具有显著的季节变化特征,柑橘林土壤PLFAs总量变幅为6.868~24.085 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为春季秋季冬季夏季,细菌PLFAs、G-、G+及放线菌PLFAs也呈现一致的变化规律,但真菌PLFAs则表现为秋季最高,其次是冬季和夏季,春季最低.季节更替对微生物群落多样性指数亦产生显著影响,丰富度指数(R)随季节变化依次为春冬秋夏,多样性指数(H')随季节变化表现出冬秋春夏,均匀度指数(J)表现为夏秋冬春,优势度指数(D)则随季节表现为直线升高的变化趋势.2土壤脲酶随季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季冬季;土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随季节变化均表现为秋季最高,其次是春季、夏季,冬季最低.3主成分分析结果表明细菌PLFAs、G+、G-、放线菌PLFAs和总PLFAs对土壤肥力贡献最大,其次是蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和真菌PLFAs,贡献最小为脲酶.     

不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物活性及群落结构特性分析: 基于PLFA和MicroRespTM方法

研究不同耕地利用方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,对维持土壤稳定和提高土壤质量具有重要意义.以湖南省桃源县长期定位试验为平台,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和MicroRespTM方法,研究了稻田、水旱轮作地和旱地这3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物数量、群落结构特征及活性.PLFA结果表明,细菌、真菌及总PLFA量均表现为稻田>水旱轮作地>旱地,细菌PLFA/真菌PLFA比值则表现为水旱轮作>旱地>稻田.革氏阳性菌(G+)PLFA/革氏阴性菌(G-)PLFA为稻田显著高于水旱轮作地和旱地,但水旱轮作与旱地土壤的差异不显著.PLFA主成分分析和特征磷脂脂肪酸的平均摩尔分数表明,稻田中真菌及G-的相对含量显著高于水旱轮作地和旱地,而水旱轮作地中G+的相对含量高于旱地和稻田,3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构特征具有明显差异.土壤PLFA与土壤养分相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)均达到极显著正相关.与阳离子交换量(CEC)无显著相关性.MicroRespTM结果表明,3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物对碳源平均利用效率为稻田最高,其次是水旱轮作地,旱地最低.其结果也显示大部分碳源提高了微生物呼吸作用,但不同碳源的利用效率不相同.因此,耕地利用方式的不同明显导致了土壤微生物活性和群落结构的差异.     

不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)方法,并结合主成分分析方法,研究了不同秸秆翻埋还田对旱地和水田土壤微生物数量、菌群分布、群落结构特征等的影响.PLFA分析结果表明,旱地土壤PLFA总量变幅为8.35~25.15 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为油菜蚕豆玉米水稻小麦,5种秸秆翻埋还田均能提高土壤微生物PLFA总量,其中油菜、蚕豆处理分别是不加秸秆处理的2.18、2.08倍,差异显著;5种秸秆处理各菌群PLFA量均高于不加秸秆处理,其中真菌量均显著提高,微生物群落物种丰富度值也显著提高.水田土壤PLFA总量变幅为4.04~22.19nmol·g-1,大小顺序为水稻玉米小麦油菜蚕豆,其中油菜和蚕豆处理低于不加秸秆处理;除蚕豆外其余秸秆处理真菌PLFA量均显著高于不加秸秆处理,蚕豆处理细菌和PLFA总量均显著低于其他处理,各处理间放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性菌(G-)无显著差异;水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜均能显著提高水田土壤微生物的物种丰富度指数和优势度指数.主成分分析结果表明蚕豆青秆对旱地土壤微生物群落结构影响最大,油菜青秆和小麦秸秆对水田土壤微生物群落结构影响最大.     

纳米银与石墨烯对土壤微生物及土壤酶的影响

采用室内暗培养试验分别探究了纳米银与石墨烯对土壤微生物及土壤酶的不同影响.将不同剂量的纳米银(0、10、100、150 mg·kg~(-1))与高纯石墨烯(0、10、100、1000 mg·kg~(-1))分别与等量棕壤充分混匀,然后进行暗培养.在第3、7、15、30和60 d时取样,测定土壤脲酶、土壤碱性磷酸酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤过氧化氢酶的活性及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,并在培养期间测定土壤呼吸速率及CO2累积量.结果表明,所有纳米银处理均抑制土壤的呼吸作用,并且剂量越高,抑制作用越明显;而石墨烯处理未对土壤呼吸产生显著影响.10 mg·kg~(-1)纳米银处理下,土壤真菌数量在整个培养期内均显著低于对照,土壤细菌在第60 d时也被显著抑制,但土壤放线菌数量无变化;与对照相比,100和150 mg·kg~(-1)的纳米银处理显著降低了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量.10和100 mg·kg~(-1)的石墨烯处理下,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量则均无显著变化.1000 mg·kg~(-1)的石墨烯显著增加了土壤中细菌与真菌的数量,却对土壤放线菌数量无影响.纳米银处理显著抑制土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性,却对土壤过氧化氢酶与磷酸酶活性基本无影响.10和100 mg·kg~(-1)石墨烯处理对土壤脲酶有一定的促进作用,1000 mg·kg~(-1)石墨烯处理对土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶有一定的促进作用,而不同剂量的石墨烯在培养后期均对碱性磷酸酶产生抑制作用.总体来说,纳米银在一定程度上对土壤酶及土壤微生物结构产生了负面影响,而石墨烯对土壤酶及土壤微生物结构的影响不明显.     

Effect of copper on phospholipid fatty acid composition of microbial communities in two red soils

The phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） composition was analyzed in two red soils experimentally contaminated with copper at different concentrations. The total amounts ofphospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） in both red soils were significantly correlated with soil microbial biomass C and N, which decreased consistently with increasing levels of copper. The relative quantities of the PLFAs 17：0 （10 Me）, i16：0, il 5：0 and 16：1w5c, decreased with increasing heavy metal concentration, while those of cyl7：0, which is an indicator of gram-negative bacteria, increased. The Shannon index calculated from the PLFA data indicated that Cu addition in the red soils decreased the population diversity of soil microbial communities. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that high levels of Cu application had a significant impact on microbial community structure and there is a threshold metal concentration for PLFA composition. Comparatively higher toxic effect on microbial biomass and community structure were found in the red sandy soil than those in the red clayey soil. The differential effect of Cu addition on microbial communities in the two soils may be due to differences in soil texture and cation exchange capacity.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils

Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the e ect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO3/kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO3/kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant e ect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater e ect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.     

长江中下游两种典型水稻土微生物对砷污染的响应

基于温室盆栽实验,利用磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)方法研究了As污染、土壤类型和水稻品种对水稻抽穗期土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,水稻土土壤中微生物生物总量(总PLFAs)以及微生物组成均不同程度的受到了As污染、土壤类型及水稻品种的影响;As污染增加了土壤总PLFAs,黄泥田的土壤总PLFAs、真菌/细菌(F/B)、革兰氏阳性细菌/阴性细菌(G+/G-)、腐生真菌/丛枝菌根真菌(SF/AMF)显著高于红泥田;在黄泥田中,种植籼稻品种的土壤总PLFAs较杂交稻和粳稻品种平均减少30.0%,而在红泥田中平均增加24.8%.偏Mantel检验和冗余分析(RDA)表明土壤pH值、DOC、NH4+和As浓度是驱动水稻土微生物群落演变的主控因子,其中受As影响较大的特征PLFAs包括20:0、i17:1ω9c、18:1ω9c、cy17:0和18:3ω6c;ABT预测模型显示水稻品种和土壤类型对总PLFAs、F/B、G+/G-和SF/AMF指标的贡献相对较大,而As处理的影响较小.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.