利用SPAMS研究西安市重污染天气细颗粒物污染特征及来源

为了对西安市冬季重污染过程中的细颗粒物进行动态源解析,于2016年12月5-22日,利用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）在西安市城市运动公园开展连续观测.将观测期分为4个阶段,结合气象条件对不同阶段细颗粒物的污染特征进行分析比较.依据质谱特征,将所采集到的颗粒分为EC（元素碳）、OC（有机碳）、ECOC（混合碳）、HM（重金属）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、SiO₃（矿尘）、K（钾）、Na（钠）、HOC（有机大分子）及Other（其他）类.结果表明:观测期间所采集到的OC类颗粒物数量最多,在重污染阶段OC、K和EC类颗粒物占颗粒总数的70%以上,是重污染天气的主要组成颗粒.在雾霾消散期,OC、LEV和SiO₃类颗粒是主要类型颗粒物.根据颗粒物的化学类型及离子特征,利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解）模型法得到6种污染源贡献率分别为27.7%（燃煤源）、22.3%（二次污染源）、20.4%（交通源）、10.4%（生物质燃烧源）、9.7%（工艺过程源）、6.5%（扬尘源）及3.0%（其他未知源）.研究显示:在重污染阶段,燃煤源与交通源占比大幅上升,与二次污染源共同造成了此次重污染天气;在雾霾消散期,扬尘源及生物质燃烧源成为大气细颗粒物的主要污染源.      

中国南部四背景地区春季大气碳质气溶胶特征与来源

春季分别同时在中国南方4个背景地区(海南尖峰岭、香港鹤嘴、浙江临安和云南腾冲)进行大气加密观测实验,并分析其大气中PM2.5质量浓度及其碳质颗粒组分(有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和左旋葡聚糖).结果表明,各区域背景站点由于受不同污染源及传输过程影响而呈现出不同的特征:西南部腾冲站点与东部临安站点由于分别受到生物质燃烧和化石燃料燃烧等一次污染源的主导影响,而形成高OC、EC水平特征,且经受体示踪物方法估算腾冲站点受生物质燃烧对其OC的贡献均值可达到73%;尖峰岭站点由于二次污染及活跃的生物活动的共同作用,表现了高OC/EC比值及低碳质颗粒物浓度的特征,而鹤嘴站点则主要受海洋气团影响呈现出低碳质颗粒浓度与两两呈高度相关的特点,反映了其所在区域春季的背景特征.     

Characteristics of atmospheric single particles during haze periods in a typical urban area of Beijing: A case study in October, 2014

To investigate the composition and possible sources of particles, especially during heavy haze pollution, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during October of 2014, in Beijing. A total of 2,871,431 particles with both positive and negative spectra were collected and characterized in combination with the adaptive resonance theory neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Eight types of particles were classified: dust particles (dust, 8.1%), elemental carbon (EC, 29.0%), organic carbon (OC, 18.0%), EC and OC combined particles (ECOC, 9.5%), Na-K containing particles (NaK, 7.9%), K-containing particles (K, 21.8%), organic nitrogen and potassium containing particles (KCN, 2.3%), and metal-containing particles (metal, 3.6%). Three haze pollution events (P1, P2, P3) and one clean period (clean) were analyzed, based on the mass and number concentration of PM_2.5 and the back trajectory results from the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory model (Hysplit-4 model). Results showed that EC, OC and K were the major components of single particles during the three haze pollution periods, which showed clearly increased ratios compared with those in the clean period. Results from the mixing state of secondary species of different types of particles showed that sulfate and nitrate were more readily mixed with carbon-containing particles during haze pollution episodes than in clean periods.     

2008年奥运期间北京不同粒径大气颗粒物中元素碳和有机碳的变化特征

采用安德森撞击式分级采样器采集2008-06-01～2008-09-30不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,并用美国沙漠所DRI(desert research institute)的Model 2001A热光碳分析仪对其中的元素碳和有机碳进行了分析.结果表明,平均有56%、55%和73%的PM、OC和EC富集于粒径<2.1 μ...     

南京北郊霾天气溶胶化学组分粒径分布特征

为研究南京霾天气中大气气溶胶化学成分及其粒径分布的特征,使用β射线测尘仪、安德森9级撞击式采样器、离子色谱分析仪和热光碳分析仪对南京冬、春季节的颗粒物进行了采样分析.结果表明,霾日中3种主要二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺在细粒径段中占比最高（77.4%）,霾日中除F^-和Cl^-外其余离子均呈三峰型分布,工业排放、生物质燃烧与二次反应是粗、细粒径段中水溶性离子最重要来源.OC、EC均主要富集于细粒子中,PM_2.1~10中OC与EC相关性较好（R²=0.76）,说明存在共同来源.通过OC/EC特征物比值的方法得到霾日期间碳质颗粒物的来源为机动车尾气排放、燃煤和生物质燃烧.     

Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies

ATSI Model 3800 aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed for single-particle analysis in Shanghai during the World Exposition (EXPO), 2010. Measurements on two extreme cases: polluted day (1st May) and clean day (25th September) were compared to show how meteorological conditions affected the concentration and composition of ambient aerosols. Mass spectra of 90496 and 50407 particles were analyzed respectively during the two sampling periods. The ART-2a neural network algorithm was applied to sort the collected particles. Seven major classes of particles were obtained: dust, sea salt, industrial, biomass burning, organic carbon (OC), elementary carbon (EC), and NH₄-rich particles. Number concentration of ambient aerosols showed a strong anti-correlation with the boundary layer height variation. The external mixing states of aerosols were quite different during two sampling periods because of different air parcel trajectories. Number fraction of biomass burning particles (43.3%) during polluted episode was much higher than that (21.6%) of clean time. Air parcels from the East China Sea on clean day diluted local pollutant concentration and increased the portion of sea salt particle dramatically (13.3%). The large contribution of biomass burning particles in both cases might be an indication of a constant regional background of biomass burning emission. Mass spectrum analysis showed that chemical compositions and internal mixing states of almost all the particle types were more complicate during polluted episode compared with those observed in clean time. Strong nitrate signals in the mass spectra suggested that most of the particles collected on polluted day had gone through some aging processes before reaching the sampling site.     

2009年春季成都城区碳气溶胶污染特征及其来源初探

于2009年4月19日至5月17日在成都城区每天采集PM2.5样品,然后对样品进行8种碳组分、水溶性有机碳、左旋葡聚糖及水溶性离子分析,初步探讨了碳气溶胶的来源.结果发现：成都春季PM2.5日均值质量浓度为（133.2±55.5）μg·m^-3,TC、OC、EC和WSOC质量浓度分别为（26.4±7.2）,（20.7±...     

盘锦市夏冬季PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源分析

于2016年7月和2017年1月采集盘锦市3个点位的PM_2.5样品,研究盘锦市夏冬季节PM_2.5中碳组分的特征与来源.结果表明：盘锦市夏季PM_2.5、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）日均浓度分别为（46.14±12.70）,（8.58±2.82）和（2.89±1.54）μg/m³;冬季分别为（91.01±43.51）,（24.50±15.51）和（7.31±5.00）μg/m³.夏季开发区和第二中学2个采样点的OC与EC之间不具有线性相关性;冬季3个采样点OC、EC高度相关.采用最小相关系数法（MRS）估算SOC浓度,得到夏季SOC的浓度为4.65μg/m³,占OC总量的54.19%;冬季SOC浓度为8.42μg/m³,占OC总量的34.36%.通过比值分析和主成分分析得出盘锦市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源为汽油车尾气和燃煤排放;冬季PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源为机动车尾气、燃煤排放和生物质燃烧.     

落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物及有机碳、元素碳的研究

为研究落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物(PM)及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC),采用明燃和闷燃两种形式对10种乔木的落叶进行燃烧实验,采集了排放的烟尘,并用元素碳/有机碳分析仪测定样品的OC和EC含量.结果表明,落叶在明燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为7.9~31.9、0.9~9.7、3.6~13.9 g·kg-1,平均值分别为19.7、5.2、6.8 g·kg-1.闷燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为61.3~128.9、31.7~60.4、1.9~6.0 g·kg-1,平均值分别为91.0、43.0、4.0 g·kg-1.明燃和闷燃的OC/EC变化范围分别为0.21~1.82和8.16~16.84.明燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.11~0.41和0.18~0.56.闷燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.43~0.53和0.03~0.06.OC和PM的排放因子在两种燃烧状态下均呈现显著的相关性.在不同的燃烧状态下,各组分之间的排放因子具有较大的差异,OC的排放因子在闷燃状态下高于明燃状态,而EC的排放因子则相反.不同燃烧状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子及它们之间的比值分析,对建立森林生物质燃烧源排放清单以及来源解析具有重要意义.     

北京市2014年10月重霾污染特征及有机碳来源解析

2014年10月北京市出现了多次重霾天气,与此同时,通过全国秸秆燃烧卫星遥感监测发现,北京周边河南、河北等地区恰存在一定规模的秸秆燃烧活动. 对2014年10月4—27日北京市大气PM_2.5中的水溶性离子、金属、OC(有机碳)、EC(元素碳)和有机物示踪物等化学成分进行了分析,对霾天和非霾天PM_2.5中化学成分进行了比较,并使用CMB(化学质量平衡)模型对PM_2.5中有机物的来源进行了解析,采用后向轨迹模拟和卫星遥感图像定量评估生物质燃烧(秸秆燃烧等)对重霾污染的影响. 结果表明:霾天ρ(PM_2.5)〔(229.0±96.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的5.0倍,水溶性离子总质量浓度〔(125.3±59.3)μg/m3〕是非霾天的6.5倍,ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(NO₃-)和ρ(NH₄+)分别是非霾天的6.1、8.6和7.1倍,ρ(OC)〔(81.8±39.5)μg/m3〕是非霾天的7.8倍,ρ(EC)〔(6.7±3.4)μg/m3〕是非霾天的4.2倍;霾天生物质燃烧的示踪物——左旋葡聚糖和K+的质量浓度平均值分别是非霾天的9.1和3.3倍. 生物质燃烧、机动车排放以及二次污染物对有机细颗粒物的贡献率分别为18.9%、36.9%和41.9%;二次细颗粒物质量浓度增加了1倍左右;气象条件同样在很大程度上促进了霾的形成. 常规的源解析方法仅可对生物质燃烧的一次污染贡献进行定量,但对重霾污染贡献的全面评价尚需进一步探讨.