人工甜味剂在污水处理厂和自来水厂的归趋

研究了7种常用的人工甜味剂〔安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖、糖精、甜蜜素、纽甜、阿斯巴甜和NHDC(新橙皮苷二氢查耳酮)〕在污水处理厂及自来水厂的分布. 7种人工甜味剂在污水处理厂进水中均被检出,质量浓度为6.4～31 671.0 ng/L. 安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖、糖精、甜蜜素在污水处理厂的出水中被检出,质量浓度为32.4～11 204.0 ng/L. 这些甜味剂将随污水处理厂的出水排放而进入水环境. 安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖、糖精、甜蜜素、纽甜在自来水厂进水中被检出,质量浓度为低于定量限～579.4 ng/L,其中前4种在自来水中被检出,质量浓度为23.3～504.2 ng/L. 沉淀、絮凝、氯化消毒作用对人工甜味剂没有明显的去除作用. 生物降解能有效去除糖精、甜蜜素、阿斯巴甜、纽甜和NHDC,但对安赛蜜和三氯蔗糖去除率不高,去除率均小于20%.      

臭氧氧化水中2,4,6-三氯酚的反应机理研究

研究了臭氧氧化对2,4,6-三氯酚的去除效果,以及氧化过程中过氧化氢、氯离子、甲酸和乙二酸的变化情况,探讨了臭氧氧化2,4,6-三氯酚的反应机理和反应途径.实验结果表明,如果溶液中没有自由基清除剂,在臭氧投加量为24mg·L~(-1)时,0·1mmol·L~(-1)的2,4,6-三氯酚在6min内,去除率可达99%.臭氧分子氧化2,4,6-三氯酚的过程中产生过氧化氢,检测到的过氧化氢的最大摩尔浓度为初始2,4,6-三氯酚摩尔浓度的22·5%.中间产物过氧化氢随后和臭氧反应生成大量的羟基自由基,此时2,4,6-三氯酚是被臭氧和羟基自由基联合氧化,生成甲酸和乙二酸.当溶液中含有大量的自由基清除剂时,2,4,6-三氯酚首先被臭氧分子氧化成黄色的氯代对苯醌,然后氧化成甲酸和乙二酸.臭氧氧化2,4,6-三氯酚存在臭氧分子氧化以及O3/OH·联合氧化两种反应途径.     

北京地区地表水中OCPs和PCBs的污染分析

在夏、冬两季对北京地区密云,潮白河,玉渊潭和通惠河等地表水中17种有机氯农药（OCPs）和84种多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量进行了分析及来源解析.实验结果表明,OCPs总量在7.86～53.1ng/L之间,平均值为（16.9±14.6）ng/L.PCBs总量在2.99～32.7ng/L之间,平均浓度为（10.9±10.4）ng/L.HCHs,硫丹,DDTs和HCB是主要的OCPs污染物,其含量分别为（13.9±11.5）ng/L,（2.20±2.01）ng/L,（0.63±1.51）ng/L和（0.12±0.14）ng/L.α-HCH/γ-HCH平均比值为1.53,小于工业HCH中比值4～7,表明北京地区地表水中存在林丹的使用.而DDT/（DDD+DDE）比值<1.22,表明北京地区并无新的DDTs污染源输入环境.PCBs以低氯代联苯为主,其中二氯,三氯,四氯和五氯联苯总和占∑₈₄PCBs总量的79.2%.北京地区地表水中不同氯取代数PCBs组成与我国历史PCB产品组成相符,均以低氯代联苯为主,表明北京地区地表水中PCBs污染来源为历史使用.相比于国内其他区域水质而言,北京地区地表水OCPs和PCBs污染水平较低.     

高藻饮用水系统中羟基自由基降解诺氟沙星

在厦门翔安水厂12000t/d常规饮用水处理工艺的基础上建立了"混凝沉淀-砂滤-·OH/NaClO氧化降解抗生素及消毒-清水池"的处理系统,在九龙江流域高藻爆发期完成了工程化试验.结果表明,当砂滤出水总藻密度为2.04x10³cells/mL时,注入相同氧化剂剂量0.5mg/L处理20s后,·OH将56ng/L的诺氟沙星降解至未检出,而NaClO仅降解至54ng/L.·OH在氧化降解抗生素的同时能杀灭全部藻细胞.根据HPLC-MS/MS检测到的降解中间产物分析,·OH氧化降解诺氟沙星通过进攻哌嗪环、萘啶环和氟原子破坏药效团,直至矿化为CO₂和H₂O.·OH消毒后不产生消毒副产物,检测的106项指标均达到国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,为我国高藻饮用水中抗生素的安全处理提供技术支撑.     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.     

溢油污染滩涂水体中多环芳烃组成分布及风险

对溢油污染滩涂集中掩埋区域周边水环境进行涨落潮混合采样分析,采用气相色谱质谱联用法检测了16种优控PAHs,分析了其组成分布动态特征,并评价其生态风险。结果表明:∑PAHs浓度范围为ND~148.00 ng/L,平均浓度为50.97 ng/L,远低于我国《生活饮用水卫生国家标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定PAHs总量(2.0μg/L)。集中掩埋应急处置后,滩涂周边水体中PAHs的浓度持续下降,直至12个月后对掩埋污染沉积物二次处置时,水环境中PAHs浓度受扰动影响大幅升高。水环境多环芳烃中共检出萘、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘等7种单体,其中菲的含量最高,检出率也最高为52%,是水环境中多环芳烃的典型特征单体,与∑PAHs呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.913)。应急处置刚完成时,水环境中检出PAHs以二环(56.6%)和三环(38.2%)为主,但因二环PAHs较易挥发降解,随着时间推移,水环境中检出PAHs以三环(61.2%~65.5%)和四环(34.5%~38.8%)为主,且较难降解的四环PAHs比例越来越高。采用风险系数法计算7种PAHs的风险商值,商值范围为ND~3.80×10~(-4),均远小于风险界值1,PAHs对水生生态系统的风险较低。     

浙江省H市水处理及供水系统4种人工甜味剂的分布特征

以浙江省某市的饮用水及污水处理系统为主要调研对象,通过固相萃取-高效液相色谱（solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography,SPE-HPLC）法展开了生活污水处理系统、水源、饮用水处理及供水系统中常见人工甜味剂的浓度调查.结果表明,SPE-HPLC可准确测定水中安赛蜜、糖精、阿斯巴甜和纽甜,检测限分别为57、120、170和47μg·L^-1,定量限分别为190、400、567和157μg·L^-1;PWAX柱固相萃取优化后,安赛蜜与糖精的回收率分别提高到86.5%和97.7%,而纽甜的回收率略下降至66.5%.生活污水中安赛蜜、糖精与纽甜的检出率可达100.0%,阿斯巴甜检出率仅为33.3%,4种人工甜味剂的最高浓度为0.83、4.52、1.22和7.57μg·L^-1.水源水中安赛蜜、糖精、阿斯巴甜和纽甜最高检出浓度为22.94、39.17、0.73和8.92μg·L^-1,检出率为分别为72.7%、90.9%、18.2%和90.9%.预臭氧工艺对安赛蜜、糖精和纽甜去除率为67.7%~100.0%,深度处理工艺对4种人工甜味剂去除效果好,去除率为73.7%~100.0%,有效降低了饮用水水质风险,管网中未检测到4种人工甜味剂的存在.     

武汉市饮用水中阿特拉津及降解产物浓度特征

为了解武汉市政水厂水源水和出厂水中阿特拉津及降解产物的浓度水平和去除率,该文采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,对10家市政水厂在丰水期和枯水期采集的水源水和出厂水中的阿特拉津及降解产物进行检测,检测物质分别为阿特拉津(ATZ)、异丙基阿特拉津（DIA）、二丁基阿特拉津(DEA)、二氨基氯代阿特拉津（DACT）和羟基阿特拉津(OH-ATZ)。研究结果显示,水源水中ATZ的浓度中位数是37.2 ng/L,降解产物浓度依次为DEA(5.88 ng/L)、OH-ATZ(5.07 ng/L)、DIA(3.12 ng/L)和DACT(1.26 ng/L),阿特拉津及降解产物在汉江水中的含量是长江水的3～5倍。水源水和出厂水中DIA和DEA在丰水期7月浓度较高,而DACT在枯水期5月浓度较高。经过常规水处理工艺流程后,ATZ几乎未被去除,DIA和DACT出现去除率负增长,建议在常规水处理工艺中增加颗粒活性炭和臭氧等工艺,以降低饮用水中阿特拉津及降解产物的浓度。     

臭氧氧化降解水中青霉素G特性和动力学特征

为考察水中PCN（青霉素G）在臭氧氧化过程中的降解规律与特征,采用臭氧直接氧化法处理模拟废水中的PCN,研究了初始pH、ρ（臭氧）、初始ρ（PCN）、自由基抑制剂TBA（叔丁醇）、反应温度等对水中PCN去除效果的影响,并分析了PCN在臭氧氧化降解过程中的降解特性和动力学特征.结果表明:①在溶液体积为1 L、初始ρ（PCN）为50 mg/L、初始pH为11、ρ（臭氧）为15 mg/L、反应温度为20℃时,反应5 min时PCN去除率为100%,反应2 h时TOC去除率为28.98%.②PCN的降解速率和TOC去除效果随pH的增大而升高,碱性环境有利于PCN的矿化.③臭氧氧化过程中,PCN的降解以臭氧直接氧化为主,其降解中间产物的矿化主要以臭氧间接氧化为主,TBA可抑制强氧化性羟基自由基的产生效率,因而对TOC的矿化有明显的抑制作用.④对PCN的降解过程进行一级、伪一级和二级动力学方程拟合,结果表明,伪一级动力学方程拟合相关性（R2=0.999 7）最高,k（反应速率常数）最大值为0.825 5 min-1.研究显示,臭氧直接氧化可有效降解水中PCN,但对中间产物的矿化去除效果较为有限,臭氧氧化降解PCN的过程遵循伪一级反应动力学方程.      

饮用水中典型致嗅物质去除技术研究

为去除某市饮用水中的嗅味,根据该市饮用水水源中致嗅物质的组成特点,采用氧化、吸附和臭氧活性炭对其中典型致嗅物质的去除效果及工艺选择进行了研究.结果表明,硫醇硫醚类物质可以用氧化法有效去除,对土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)采用氧化法和活性炭吸附法均有效,但吸附法的效果更好;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度<20 μg/L,不含有其他类型致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝＋高锰酸钾氧化工艺去除;当原水中geosmin、 2-MIB等微生物代谢产物类致嗅物质浓度<30 ng/L,不含有硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝+粉末活性炭吸附工艺去除;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>20 μg/L,geosmin、 2-MIB浓度>30 ng/L时,需要增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>150 μg/L,或者土嗅素、 2-MIB的浓度>100 ng/L时,需要根据致嗅物质组成特点,选择预KMnO₄氧化或者粉末活性炭吸附＋臭氧活性炭深度处理的组合工艺去除.     

Managing agricultural phosphorus for water quality: Lessons from the USA and China

The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters and to a lesser extent some coastal waters is primarily driven by phosphorus （P） inputs. While efforts to identify and limit point source inputs of P to surface waters have seen some success, nonpoint sources remain difficult to identify, target, and remediate. As further improvements in wastewater treatment technologies becomes increasingly costly, attention has focused more on nonpoint source reduction, particularly the role of agriculture. This attention was heightened over the last 10 to 20 years by a number of highly visible cases of nutrient-related water quality degradation; including the Lake Taihu, Baltic Sea, Chesapeake Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. Thus, there has been a shift to targeted management of critical sources of P loss. In both the U.S. and China, there has been an intensification of agricultural production systems in certain areas concentrate large amounts of nutrients in excess of local crop and forage needs, which has increased the potential for P loss from these areas. To address this, innovative technologies are emerging that recycle water P back to land as fertilizer. For example, in the watershed of Lake Taihu, China one of the largest surface fresh waters for drinking water supply in China, local governments have encouraged innovation and various technical trials to harvest harmful algal blooms and use them for bio-gas, agricultural fertilizers, and biofuel production. In any country, however, the economics of remediation will remain a key limitation to substantial changes in agricultural production.     

Phenol degradation in waters with high iodide level by layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate: Pathways and products

Recently, layered double hydroxide-peroxodisulfate (LDH-PDS) as an advanced oxidation system can effectively remove organics by the pathway of free radical. However, little has been known if there is a potential risk regarding the formation of high toxic iodine byproducts through another pathway when LDH-PDS is used in high iodide waters at coastal areas. Therefore, this study investigated phenol degradation pathways and transformation products to evaluate both removal mechanism and potential risk by LDH-PDS in high iodide waters. The results showed that in LDH-PDS system, with the degradation of PDS, phenol degraded till below detection limit in 1 hr in the presence of iodide, while PDS and phenol were hardly degraded in the absence of iodide, indicating iodide accelerated the transformation of PDS and the degradation of phenol. What is more, it reached the highest phenol removal efficiency under the condition of 100 mg/L LDH, 0.1 mmol/L PDS and 1.0 mmol/L iodide. In LDH-PDS system, iodide was rapidly oxidized by the highly active interlayer PDS, resulting in the formation of reactive iodine including hypoiodic acid, iodine and triiodide instead of free radicals, which contributed rapid degradation of phenol. However, unfortunately toxic iodophenols were detected. Specifically, 2-iodophenol and 4-iodophenol were formed firstly, afterwards 2,4-diiodophenol and 2,6-diiodophenol were produced, and finally iodophenols and diiodophenols gradually decreased and 2,4,6-Triiodophenol were produced. These results indicated that LDH-PDS should avoid to use in high iodide waters to prevent toxic iodine byproduct formation although iodide can accelerate phenol degradation.     

新兴污染物水环境保护标准及其实用型去除技术

近年来,在国内外的城市污水、地表水、饮用水中,频繁检出一些新兴污染物,严重威胁着生态安全和饮用水水质安全.传统的有机污染物综合指标,如化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等不能反映该类污染物的污染状况,也不能完全代表水质状况,因此建立控制新兴污染物的水环境保护标准十分必要.另外,从众多研究的去除技术中识别出高效、经济、可行的实用型去除技术对实际污水处理厂去除新兴污染物的意义重大.本文主要分析与介绍国内外有关新兴污染物的水环境保护标准现状,并基于发达国家的实际案例,总结了针对新兴污染物的一些实用型去除技术,以期对相关水环境保护标准的制定起到推动作用,并为后续污水处理厂的升级改造提供技术支持.     

城市排水管道内污染物迁移转化规律研究进展

城市排水管道内污染物随水流沿程降解转化,是造成管道腐蚀、有毒有害气体产生的重要原因,掌握污染物的迁移转化规律,对于优化排水系统运行、改善管网周边环境具有重要意义.在阐述污水和沉积物两相污染特性的基础上,着重综述了管道内污染物的迁移转化规律:①常量污染物（如氮、磷、硫）在管道内好氧-厌氧交替的条件下沿程降解释放,微量污染物难以完全降解,多发生形态结构变化或由水相向沉积相中迁移.②管道生物膜对污染物的降解转化起主导作用,管道内高基质浓度环境和水流冲刷作用为生物膜稳定状态的维持创造了有利条件.③污染物迁移过程中,气体的产生受有机物浓度、温度、水力停留时间及流速的影响,应结合管道内实际污染物的组成情况采用相应的有害气体控制措施.在污染物迁移转化规律研究中,模型模拟是重要的研究方法,现有模型多从生化反应过程和水力学的角度切入,随着人工智能等新兴技术逐渐应用于管道建模,模型的精确度不断提高.建议今后加强污染物在管道内污水、沉积物、空气三相间迁移转化规律的研究,尤其是针对微量污染物的研究应广泛开展;在实际应用中,应在全面分析管道内污染特性的基础上,实施针对性的污染物抑制策略,建立符合本地特征的污染物迁移转化模型.      

Occurrence of selected aliphatic amines in source water of major cities in China

The formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), such as nitrosamines, halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles, from reactions between chlorine/chloramine and dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water has caused great concern with regarding public health. This study revealed the occurrence of 17 aliphatic amines, some of which have been confirmed to be the precursors of N-DBPs, in source water across China. A sensitive method based on benzenesulfonyl chloride derivatization and liquid-liquid extraction followed by GC-MS analysis was established for the simultaneous analysis of the selected amines in aqueous samples. In total, 37 source water samples from the capital cities of 20 provinces were collected for the survey. Among the 17 amines, 14 were detected with an average frequency of detection of 36%. The most relevant amines in terms of frequency and maximum concentrations detected were dimethylamine (100%, 24.82 μg/L), methylamine (78%, 0.92 μg/L), N-methylethylamine (70%, 8.84 μg/L), propylamine (59%, 10.69 μg/L), diethylamine (54%, 3.76 μg/L), N-methylbutylamine (35%, 3.07 μg/L), N-ethylpropylamine (35%, 0.52 μg/L), and piperidine (32%, 2.35 μg/L). This is the first large scale survey of the aliphatic amines occurrence in source water in the world. The wide presence of nitrosamine precursors like dimethylamine, N-methylethylamine and diethylamine, and the precursors of haloacetonitriles and halonitromethanes like methylamine and propylamine suggests that better source water management is required to ensure the safety of drinking water.     

Pepper Mild Mottle Virus as Indicator of Pollution: Assessment of Prevalence and Concentration in Different Water Environments in Italy

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant pathogenic virus belonging to the family Virgoviridae, has been proposed as a potential viral indicator for human faecal pollution in aquatic environments. The present study investigated the occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV in water environments in Italy. A total of 254 water samples, collected between 2017 and 2019 from different types of water, were analysed. In detail, 92 raw sewage, 32 treated sewage, 16 river samples, 9 estuarine waters, 20 bathing waters, 67 groundwater samples and 18 drinking waters were tested. PMMoV was detected in 79% and 75% of untreated and treated sewage samples, respectively, 75% of river samples, 67% and 25% of estuarine and bathing waters and 13% of groundwater samples. No positive was detected in drinking water. The geometric mean of viral concentrations (genome copies/L) was ranked as follows: raw sewage (2.2 × 10⁶) > treated sewage (2.9 × 10⁵) > river waters (6.1 × 10²) > estuarine waters (4.8 × 10²) > bathing waters (8.5 × 10¹) > groundwater (5.9 × 10¹). A statistically significant variation of viral loads could be observed between raw and treated sewage and between these and all the other water matrices. PMMoV occurrence and viral loads did not display seasonal variation in raw sewage nor correlation with faecal indicator bacteria in marine waters and groundwater. This study represents the first report on the occurrence and quantification PMMoV in different water environments in Italy. Further studies are required to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human faecal pollution and for viral pathogens in waters.

     

Development and application of innovative technologies for drinking water quality assurance in China

The continuously deteriorating quality of source water is threatening the safety of drinking water in China. Various efforts have been made to update water treatment processes to decrease the pollution problems of drinking water, such as protection of drinking water sources, enhancement of conventional treatment processes, and development of new or advanced treatment technologies. This paper reviews a variety of protection and remediation methods for drinking water sources, development and application of drinking water treatment technologies, new technologies for special pollutants removal from groundwater, and the latest research progress on water distribution systems in China.     

污水消毒技术评述

污水消毒技术已经有了一个多世纪的发展,而水资源短缺和水质标准的提高使得人们对污水消毒技术的要求更加严格.传统加氯消毒虽然技术成熟、应用广泛,但由于产生有毒消毒副产物,正逐渐被其他消毒工艺替代,这种趋势在国外尤为明显.本文就目前使用的污水消毒工艺的原理、特点和常用参数作了介绍,同时对目前研究较多的新技术作简要概述,为我国污水消毒技术的改进提供借鉴.     

常州市水环境中精神活性物质污染特征与生态风险

为评估精神活性物质(psychoactive substances,PSs)在常州市水环境中的污染特征、潜在来源及生态风险,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS/MS)方法,检测了地表水(湖泊、河流及饮用水源水)中13种典型PSs的污染水平和分布特征. 结果表明:常州市湖泊、河流及饮用水源水三类地表水中甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine,METH)、苯丙胺(amphetamine,AMP)、3,4-亚甲基二氧基苯丙胺(3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine,MDA)、海洛因(heroin,HR)、氯胺酮(ketamine,KET)、美沙酮(methadone,MET)及麻黄碱(ephedrine,EPH)均有不同程度检出. ∑PSs (13种典型PSs)的检出浓度范围为0.67~39.03 ng/L,其中在河流中的检出频率和浓度较高,EPH (0.23~21.98 ng/L)和METH (nd~8.47 ng/L)是检出浓度和频率较高的单体目标物. 采用主成分分析对PSs的来源进行解析,发现医院、生活污水的直接排放以及污水处理厂出水可能是常州水体中PSs的主要来源. 对常州市水环境中PSs进行生态风险评估,发现新浮山水库及长荡湖中MET对水生生物具有低风险〔0.01相似文献