不同基质垂直流人工湿地对猪场污水季节性处理效果的研究

研究了3套不同基质垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节处理猪场污水的运行效果.结果表明,垂直流人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果随季节变化差异不明显,对有机物降解情况可用一级降解模型模拟;传统型湿地系统NH4 -N去除率在各季节稳定在52%,而沸石和沸石-煤渣型系统冬季NH4 -N去除效率分别从秋季的89.8%和93.4%下降至冬季的64.2%和73.5%,春、夏季回升至80%左右.冬季湿地系统中生物硝化与反硝化作用的减弱影响了垂直流人工湿地系统TN的去除;3套不同基质系统中,沸石-煤渣型系统各高度层硝化强度均为最高,沸石型和沸石-煤渣型系统的反硝化强度明显高于传统型系统,与实际运行过程TN去除率变化相吻合.采用沸石作为基质有利于系统的反硝化进程和TN的去除.垂直流系统对TP去除率随季节性变化波动不显著,但随着垂直流人工湿地系统的运行,基质层对TP的吸附逐渐饱和,去除效率明显下降.     

改性沸石湿地脱氮除磷效能及机制

为明确改性沸石湿地对分散性农村生活污水中氮磷的去除效能,并探索其脱氮除磷机制,将改性沸石作为折流湿地填料层填料,应用于厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)+折流湿地(BFCW)组合工艺,为苏州市农村生活污水处理提供新途径.结果表明,改性沸石湿地对氮磷去除良好且稳定,脱氮量和除磷量较沸石湿地分别增大1.8%和1倍多.湿地主要通过填料的吸附截留作用脱氮除磷,以Ca-P和Al-P为主要沉淀磷素形式,植物的泌氧和吸收作用有助于稳定出水水质.湿地前端和后端分别以填料的吸附截留作用和微生物的硝化反硝化作用为主要脱氮途径.改性过程对沸石磷素吸附沉淀性能的大幅提升是在多重途径的协同作用下实现的,湿地构型和植物根系的影响是造成相同区域填料氮磷截留量差异的主要原因.硝化作用强度的高低是改性沸石湿地脱氮效果及稳定性季节性波动的主因.     

铁碳微电解及沸石组合人工湿地的废水处理效果

铁碳微电解填料和沸石由于对废水中污染物具有良好的处理效果,因而被作为基质逐渐运用于人工湿地中.本研究构建了铁碳微电解填料+砾石（湿地A）、铁碳微电解填料+沸石（湿地B）、沸石（湿地C）以及砾石（湿地D）为基质的4组人工湿地,并利用间歇曝气对湿地系统进行增氧,探究不同填料对人工湿地废水处理效果的影响.结果表明,与湿地D相比,铁碳微电解填料显著提高了湿地出水的溶解氧含量（DO）（P<0.05）和pH（P<0.05）;4组人工湿地对有机物的去除率均达到95%以上,且各组间不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）;对TN而言,湿地A、B和C的平均去除率分别比湿地D提高了7.94%（P<0.05）、9.29%（P<0.05）和3.63%（P<0.05）,铁碳微电解填料和沸石对提升人工湿地TN去除效果的贡献率分别为73.55%和26.45%;各组湿地对NH₄⁺的平均去除率为67.93%~76.90%,与湿地D相比,其它3组湿地均明显改善了NH₄⁺的去除效果（P<0.05）;铁碳微电解填料对湿地NO₃^-的去除效果极佳,去除率高达99%以上,显著高于不添加铁碳微电解的人工湿地系统（P<0.05）.综合对碳氮污染物的处理效果来看,湿地B在间歇曝气的条件下对人工湿地中污染物去除效率最高.     

Impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands

To determine the impact of photosynthesis and transpiration on nitrogen removal in wetlands, an artificial wetland planted with reeds was constructed to treat highly concentrated domestic wastewater. Under different meteorological and hydraulic conditions, the daily changes of photosynthesis and transpiration of reeds, as well as nitrogen removal efficiency were measured. It was found that net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area was maintained on a high level (average 19.0 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)) from 10:00 to 14:00 in July 2004 and reached a peak of 21.1 μmol CO₂/(m²·s) when Photon Flux Density was high during the day. Meanwhile, TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency rose to 79.6% and 89.6%, respectively—the maximum values observed in the test. Correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated a positive correlation among photon flux density, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between stomatal conductance and TN and NH₄ ⁺-N removal efficiency. Results suggest that the photosynthesis and transpiration of wetland plants have a great impact on nitrogen removal efficiency of wetlands, which can be enhanced by an increase in the photosynthesis and transpiration rate. In addition, the efficiency of water usage by reeds and nitrogen removal efficiency could be affected by the water level in wetlands; a higher level boosts nitrogen removal efficiency. Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(1): 30–33 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

石灰石和黄铁矿-石灰石人工湿地净化河水的研究

利用石灰石和黄铁矿-石灰石水平潜流人工湿地处理受到污染的河水,了解它们对河水中污染物,尤其是对氮和磷的去除效果,并分析这些矿物的作用,考察了水力停留时间变化对2种人工湿地污染物净化效果的影响.结果表明,污染物去除效果的最佳停留时间出现在3 d左右,COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到51%、70%和95%.在相同进水水质和水力负荷运行条件下,石灰石和黄铁矿-石灰石这2种人工湿地对COD的平均去除率分别为53.93%和51.66%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为82.13%和77.43%,对TN的平均去除率分别为66%和72.06%,对TP的平均去除率分别为50.9%和97.35%.2种人工湿地对COD的去除效果差距不大,黄铁矿-石灰石人工湿地的脱氮除磷效果优于石灰石湿地,对磷有较好的去除效果,不受温度影响且净化效果稳定,适宜长期稳定运行.     

NanoChem分子筛对高氨氮废水去除效果的研究

采用新型的离子吸附交换材料NanoChem分子筛,研究对高浓度氨氮的模拟废水和实际垃圾渗滤液的去除效果.结果显示,氨氮吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,其中单位NanoChem分子筛吸附氨氮饱和浓度以N计算为364 mg.g-1,对高浓度氨氮的吸附能力比天然沸石或者微孔分子筛强3～30倍.在间歇实验中考察了操作参数对氨氮去除的影响,NanoChem分子筛20 h后基本达到离子交换平衡;氨氮去除量随着初始浓度的增加而增加,而去除率则随着初始浓度的增加而减少;同时溶液初始pH值不但影响氨氮去除率还影响离子交换特性;再生前后氨氮去除效果变化不大,重复性强.动态连续流研究发现NanoChem分子筛能用于实际高浓度氨氮废水的去除,去除率可达到100%.     

循环流廊道湿地中氮归趋过程模拟研究

针对新型高效脱氮循环流廊道(CFC)湿地,构建了涵盖6种氮形态、3类介质、10种代谢途径的N循环模型,探索了湿地内N迁移转化模式.结果表明,沸石吸附(53.3%)、植物吸收NH+4-N(27.6%)、NO-3-N反硝化(10.2%)、植物吸收NO-3-N(2.9%)和NO-2-N短程反硝化(1.5%)对TN去除贡献依次降低.NH+4-N去除机制存在季节差异,其中1月NH+4-N主要通过沸石吸附去除(84.5%);4~6月通过植物吸收去除(76.4%~85.3%);7月通过沸石吸附(36.1%)、亚硝化(45.8%)及植物吸收(21.4%)共同去除.此外,定期收获植物、按期再生沸石及种植水生植物可分别提升TN去除率1.7%~7.7%、43.1%~72.2%和19.8%~36.2%.综之,CFC湿地去除途径多样性保障了TN的长期高效去除.     

Pilot-scale studies of domestic wastewater treatment by typical constructed wetlands and their greenhouse gas emissions

Three typical constructed wetlands (CWs) including Vertical Flow (VF), Free Water Surface (FWS), and Subsurface Flow (SF), and combined VF-SF-FWS constructed wetlands were investigated for the treatment of domestic wastewater with low C/N ratio. The performance of nutrient removal and the characteristics of greenhouse gas emissions, such as CH₄ and N₂O, from these CWs were compared. The results indicated that the four types of CWs had high removal efficiencies for organic matter and suspended solid (SS). The combined wetland also showed a comparatively good performance for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 81.3% and 84.5%, respectively. The combined CWs had a comparative lower global warming potential. The FWS CW had the highest tendency to emit CH₄ and led to a higher global warming potential among the four types of CWs, which was about 586 mg CO₂/m²·h.     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 [译自: 环境科学]     

水力停留时间对潜流湿地净化效果影响及脱氮途径解析

利用连续进水的垂直潜流人工湿地和水平潜流人工湿地,比较分析了4种水力停留时间对常规污染物去除效果的影响,在最佳水力停留时间下探究了两种湿地内部各基质层硝化、反硝化和氨氧化功能基因丰度以及硝化与反硝化作用强度;通过对两种湿地脱氮影响因素的冗余分析和方差分解分析,得出影响湿地氮去除的主要因素.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h时,两种湿地系统对常规污染物（COD、TP、TN和NH₄⁺-N）去除效果最佳,去除率均大于70%,此时湿地内部对NH₄⁺-N和TN的去除率以及硝化和反硝化强度皆表现出沿水流方向逐级递减的趋势;3种功能基因中,反硝化功能基因（nirS）丰度远高于硝化功能基因（nxrA）和氨氧化功能基因（AOB-amoA）.在本研究中,两种潜流人工湿地氮去除能力均受环境因素和微生物因素共同影响,其中,微生物因素对脱氮贡献率最高（55%和48%）.除此之外,TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率均与DO、基质比表面积、COD浓度和硝化功能基因及反硝化功能基因丰度呈正比,与pH值成反比.因此,为提高两种系统氮去除效果,均可通过提高基质层溶解氧和碳源含量以及适当地降低pH值来实现,水平潜流人工湿地还可通过更换比表面积较大的基质层来显著提高系统脱氮效果.本研究为人工湿地的设计以及最佳水力停留时间的选择提供了理论基础,脱氮途径的定量化解析对深入理解人工湿地氮去除机制以及提高氮素去除率具有重要的指导意义.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS⁻¹) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV + PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R ²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

不同生态工程及其组合系统除藻效率的比较研究

比较了不同水力负荷条件下,由水平流碎石床湿地、下行流湿地、上行流湿地、好氧塘和兼性塘等不同生态工程单元组合而成的5组8套小型处理系统对藻类的去除效率及其变化趋势,并根据适宜水力负荷下各系统除藻效率的季节变化研究了各种组合形式对藻类的去除效果.结果表明:当水力负荷为0.8m³/(m²·d)时,各处理单元对藻类生物量的去除效率均达到最高;好氧塘+下行流湿地系统和水平流碎石床系统均表现出较强的抗水力冲击负荷能力;各生态工程组合系统的除藻效率在夏季最高,对藻类的去除率均超过94%;冬季最低,藻类去除率变动范围为34%～90%.不同类型生态工程的组合方式决定了系统的除藻效率,下行流-上行流湿地的组合对藻类去除效果优于其它组合,季节变化对其运行效果影响不大;水平流碎石床湿地系统对藻类去除效果略逊于其它组合且受季节影响较大.     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxicoxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L⁻¹. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

潜流人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

摘要：以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究了湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性。2a多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程。潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响。潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成。湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化。湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本大于5,碳源供应较充足。潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期,整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%。潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高。稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生。潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性。试验还初步发现,在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素。     

潜流人工湿地演变对废水中有机物、氮及磷去除的影响

众多研究表明,潜流人工湿地对污水的处理效果明显高于自由表面流型湿地,但实验研究表明潜流人工湿地因堵塞而逐渐演变为自由表面流人工湿地后,其对有机物(COD、TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果优于具有相同填料及植物的潜流人工湿地.通过实验室培养实验,以考察人工湿地演变对有机物的矿化、硝化/反硝化作用、氮及磷去除的影响.结果表明,与潜流人工湿地相比,演变后的自由表面流人工湿地对有机物的矿化率(以TOC表示)为1.82 mg·h-1,高于潜流湿地的1.49 mg·h-1;对NO3-去除率为96.8%,高于潜流湿地的58.1%;非生物脱硝去除率为40%,高于潜流湿地的28.2%;演变后对磷的吸附量(以P计)为160 mg·kg-1,高于潜流湿地的140 mg·kg-1,对磷的去除主要为填料吸附,有机物的覆盖有利于磷去除;但演变后的自由表面流人工湿地的硝化作用能力低于潜流湿地.因此,人工湿地演变对其效能有重要影响.     

In situ nitrogen removal processes in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary

Estuarine and intertidal wetlands are important sites for nitrogen transformation and elimination. However, the factors controlling nitrogen removal processes remain largely uncertain in the highly dynamic environments. In this study, continuous-flow experiment combined with ¹⁵N isotope pairing technique was used to investigate in situ rates of denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and their coupling with nitrification in intertidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The measured rates varied from below the detection limit to 152.39 µmol N/(m²·hr) for denitrification and from below the detection limit to 43.06 µmol N/(m²·hr) for anammox. The coupling links of nitrogen removal processes with nitrification were mainly dependent on nitrate, organic carbon, sulfide, dissolved oxygen and ferric iron in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands. Additionally, it was estimated that the actual nitrogen removal processes annually removed approximately 5% of the terrigenous inorganic nitrogen discharged into the Yangtze Estuary. This study gives new insights into nitrogen transformation and fate in the estuarine and intertidal wetlands.     

污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响

粉绿狐尾藻是构建人工湿地的重要植物,对污水具有较强的净化作用,但有关其去氮能力及其与污水氮浓度的关系尚不清楚.本试验采用人工模拟盆栽试验,设2、5、10、20、100、200、400 mg·L~(-1)共7个氮水平,研究污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响.结果表明,氮浓度不高于20 mg·L~(-1)时,前3周粉绿狐尾藻以20 mg·L~(-1)生长最好,处理1周水体总氮和氨氮的去除率接近100%,而硝态氮浓度低、变化不大;粉绿狐尾藻氮含量因氮浓度变化不大但部位间有"上高下低"趋势,且粉绿狐尾藻还利用了底泥氮.氮浓度100~400 mg·L~(-1)时,4~5周以氮浓度200 mg·L~(-1)粉绿狐尾藻生长最好;处理5周总氮去除率依次为76.5%、71.5%和48.1%,氨氮去除率依次为99.6%、99.3%和60.2%;各处理硝态氮去除率约为50%且处理间差异不大;粉绿狐尾藻氮含量随氮浓度而升高,但部位间差异小、呈均匀分布;粉绿狐尾藻积累氮、底泥固定氮分别占水体去除氮的27.9%~48.4%和12.2%~24.4%.因此,粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力受污水氮浓度的显著影响,去除氨氮率显著高于硝态氮;氮浓度还影响粉绿狐尾藻对氮的吸收积累和分配机制,值得深入研究.     

粉煤灰合成沸石对Cr~(3+)的去除能力及影响因素研究

研究了粉煤灰合成沸石对废水中Cr~(3+)的去除能力,分析了接触时间、pH、沸石投加量、Cr~(3+)初始浓度、温度等因素对Cr~(3+)过程吸附的影响.试验结果表明,合成沸石的主要成分为一种无名沸石.合成沸石对Cr~(3+)具有较快的吸附速度,吸附过程符合二级反应动力学.在pH 2.0~12.0范围内,合成沸石对Cr~(3+)都具有较高的去除效率.Cr~(3+)去除率随着沸石投加量的增加而增加,随着Cr~(3+)初始浓度的升高而降低.Langmuir等温线模型对吸附数据具有更好的非线性拟合效果,所得最大吸附量为111.7 mg·g-1.热力学研究表明吸附过程为吸热反应.与原沸石相比,利用Na Cl再生后的沸石的Cr~(3+)去除率下降11.42%~14.10%,但仍可循环利用.上述实验结果表明本文合成的沸石具有较好的除Cr~(3+)的应用潜力.     

HDTMA改性沸石的制备及吸附废水中对硝基苯酚的性能和动力学

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对天然沸石进行改性,研究了沸石的改性条件、改性沸石投加量、废水p H值、反应时间等对HDTMA改性沸石去除废水中对硝基苯酚性能的影响,并分析了吸附动力学和吸附等温线.结果表明,改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的吸附效果明显高于天然沸石,当制备改性沸石的HDTMA溶液的质量分数为1.2%,且其p H值为10时,改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的吸附量达到2.53 mg·g~(-1),远高于天然沸石的0.54 mg·g~(-1).吸附实验中,改性沸石投加量8 g·L~(-1),反应时间90 min,p H=6的条件下,HDTMA改性沸石对废水中对硝基苯酚的去除率高达93.9%.吸附动力学和等温线研究表明,一级动力学方程能够更好地拟合沸石吸附对硝基苯酚的过程(R20.90),不同温度条件下Langmuir等温线拟合方程的相关系数均在0.90以上,数据和方程拟合性较好.