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1.
通过采集高尔夫球场即将淹没的果岭土壤进行实验室条件下的模拟库基样品试验,对水库扩容后蓄水初期水质的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明:库水所含主要成分pH、高锰酸钾盐指数、总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮分别为7.4(mg/L)、30.8(mg/L)、1.16(mg/L)、1.189(mg/L)、0.21(mg/L)和0.11(mg/L);果岭20 cm土层库基土样pH、有机质、硝酸盐氮、氨态氮和有效磷分别为6.41(mg/kg)、10.29(mg/kg)、25.48(mg/kg)、25.76(mg/kg)和140.77(mg/kg).现有库基成分会改变库水高锰酸钾盐指标的升高.库水本身的总磷和总氮含量就严重超标.果岭库基本身的磷氮含量也很高.浸泡后果岭库基土样对降低浸出物总磷的严重超标起到了对冲的作用,致使总磷含量大为降低.  相似文献   

2.
为有效监控地表水环境中总磷的变化趋势,落实环境保护水污染防治行动计划.选择稳定性好、分析高效、低能耗的总磷TNT试剂对南京市的长江流域水源地、城市内河道及湖泊治理监控区的地表水环境样品进行监测.应用该试剂测定总磷的方法检出限为0.008 mg/L,相对标准偏差为2.2%~7.4%(n=6),加标回收率为91.0%~110%,有证标准样品同步验证测试的相对误差为-1.3%~1.4%.试验证实总磷TNT试剂应用结果能够满足地表水环境中总磷监测的精密度、准确度要求.  相似文献   

3.
五大连池冬季水体中磷的分布特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在冬季对东北地区五大连池各池采取表层水样,对水体中总磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性磷酸盐进行了分析。结果表明五大连池冬季水体中总磷浓度在0.035 mg/L~0.144 mg/L之间,其中四池含量最高,二池含量最低。溶解性总磷的含量在0.027 mg/L~0.049 mg/L之间,三池含量最高,一池含量最低。溶解性磷酸盐的浓度在0.020 mg/L~0.042 mg/L之间,三池含量最高,二池含量最低。水体中磷以溶解态的形式存在为主,而溶解态中又以溶解性磷酸盐为主,占溶解性总磷的平均百分比为80.92%。总的来说三池、四池和五池磷水平较高,人类污染影响严重。  相似文献   

4.
以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。  相似文献   

5.
城市污水处理厂化学强化生物除磷的试验研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为有效解决北京某城市污水处理厂出水总磷含量较高的实际问题,通过在生物处理工艺(A2O)后端添加化学除磷强化单元的方法,依次开展了实验室试验和现场的生产性试验.实验室试验以好氧池出水为试验用水,对不同浓度梯度的聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)等除磷效果进行了对比研究,并分别对其除磷机理进行了深入的探讨.试验结果表明:3种药剂中,PAC除磷效果最好,当其投加量为60mg/L,投加系数β为4.15时,出水总磷含量可小于0.5mg/L,而且药剂投加成本较低,仅为0.078元/t.现场生产性试验选取好氧池出水端为药剂投加点,对PAC的除磷效果进行现场验证.经试验测定,当PAC投加量为60mg/L,投加系数β为4.22时,污水处理厂出水总磷含量远低于0.5mg/L,符合排放要求.考虑到进水量和负荷的波动,在保证出水达标排放的前提下,为保证药剂的有效利用,通过采取针对性措施提高前端生物除磷效率及反馈投加药剂的方法,以有效减少药剂的投加量及化学污泥的排放量,达到节能减排的目的.  相似文献   

6.
环境治理工程对蠡湖水体中磷空间分布的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为评估水环境治理工程措施对蠡湖水体营养状态的影响,2012年4月对湖体与环湖河口调查分析,研究了蠡湖磷元素空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:蠡湖水体总磷浓度介于0.03~0.31mg/L之间,平均为0.06mg/L,呈由西向东逐渐递增的趋势,且环湖河口磷含量明显高于湖体;沉积物中总磷空间分布趋势类似于水体,湖体总磷含量在321.77~1062.08mg/kg之间,平均为593.75mg/kg,而环湖河口总磷含量在523.38~1396.39mg/kg之间,平均为784.51mg/kg;结合历年监测数据可以看出,一系列水环境治理工程使得蠡湖水质有了大幅度的改善,水体中总磷的年均值由治理前0.18mg/L下降到0.06mg/L,但仍没有完全从根本上解决水体的富营养化问题.主要原因是沉积物中总磷对水体影响较大,相关性分析表明磷的扩散通量与沉积物总磷和可交换态磷成显著正相关.  相似文献   

7.
滨州市作为全国生态城市之一其景观生态河道的水质状况日益恶化,对生活环境造成了一定程度的影响。文章针对滨州市主要生态河道环城河进行了研究,分析了水中主要污染物化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮、总磷等污染指标。结果表明:环城河氨氮含量为0.35~0.15mg/L,COD含量为290~270 mg/L,总氮含量为0.65~0.10 mg/L,总磷含量为0.35~0.25 mg/L。新立河氨氮含量为0.65~0.15 mg/L,总氮含量为1.30~0.85 mg/L,总磷含量为0.90~0.55 mg/L。景观生态河环城河污染情况较为严重,河水不能自由循环流动且水体自净能力有限。建议政府积极进行河道整治工作,规范污水排放标准。  相似文献   

8.
零价铁去除微污染水源水中磷的试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
针对微污染水源水的水质特点,文章提出了零价铁微电解的处理方法。采用不同质量的废铁屑进行烧杯实验,测定了水样中总磷和总铁等指标,研究了该方法对微污染水源水中磷的去除效果。研究表明:总磷去除率与反应时间和废铁屑质量成正比关系;除磷优选条件为废铁屑180 g/L,腐木质量为0.5 g/L,铁铜质量比为10∶1,反应时间为6 h时,对总磷的去除率可达85%以上;除磷优选条件下的反应为一级反应,速率系数K=0.247;处理后总磷含量低至0.05 mg/L,达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质要求,总铁浓度低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)标准限值0.3 mg/L。  相似文献   

9.
再生水景观利用是解决城市景观用水短缺的有效途径之一。但较高氮磷浓度的再生水进入流动性较差的景观水体中极易发生水华现象。在现有再生水排放标准下,水力停留时间的调控是控制景观水体中微藻生物量的有效手段。根据微藻生长模型和水质动力学模型,提出了基于水力停留时间调控的景观水体水华控制方法及其阈值确定方法。通过计算,得到再生水氮、磷浓度执行GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》A标准(总氮15 mg/L,总磷0.5 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为2.477 d;执行DB11/890—2012北京市《城镇污水处理厂水污染物排放标准》A(总氮10 mg/L,总磷0.2 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为5.034 d;执行昆明市地方标准DB5301/T43—2020《城镇污水处理厂主要污染物排放限值》A级(总氮5 mg/L,总磷0.05 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为21.659 d, B级(总氮10 mg/L,总磷0.3 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为3.783 d, C级(总氮15 mg/L,总磷0.4 mg/L)对应的水力停留时间阈值为2.811 d;执行91/...  相似文献   

10.
滨州市作为全国生态城市之一,其景观生态河道的水质状况日益恶化,对生活环境造成了一定程度的影响。本文针对滨州市主要生态河道环城河进行了研究,分析了水中主要污染物化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮、总磷等污染指标。主要结果如下:环城河氨氮含量为0.35~0.15 mg/L,总氮含量为0.65~0.10 mg/L,总磷含量为0.35~0.25 mg/L。新立河氨氮含量为0.65~0.15 mg/L,总氮含量为1.30~0.85 mg/L,总磷含量为0.90~0.55 mg/L。景观生态河环城河污染情况较为严重,河水不能自由循环流动且水体自净能力有限。建议政府积极进行河道整治工作,规范污水排放。  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

17.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

18.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

19.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

20.
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.  相似文献   

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