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1.
为了预处理化工厂的高氨氮废水,采用向废水中投加Na2HPO.412H2O和MgCl.26H2O生成磷酸铵镁(鸟粪石)的方法,以去除其中的高浓度氨氮同时获得缓释肥鸟粪石。试验以模拟氨氮废水为研究对象,研究了鸟粪石结晶法回收氨氮的影响因素:反应时间、氨氮初始浓度、pH值、磷酸盐与镁盐投加量对高氨氮废水的去除效果,然后进行不同影响因素的试验,确定了氨氮去除的最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,鸟粪石结晶法回收氨氮的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间10 min,pH值为9,NH4-N:PO4-P:Mg摩尔比为1:1.05:1.15,NH4-N、PO4-P与Mg的去除率分别为91.52%、99.58%与90.52%;残余浓度分别为90.87、4.96与174.1 mg/L,加入的磷几乎全部回收,无二次污染。预处理的废水进入污水处理厂进一步深度处理。  相似文献   

2.
鸟粪石法回收养猪废水中磷时pH对沉淀物组分的影响   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
采用鸟粪石沉淀法对养猪废水中的磷进行回收,应用红外光谱和X射线衍射法,并结合物料衡算研究pH变化对沉淀物组分的影响.结果表明,当pH由8.0升至9.0时,磷去除率从85%增加到94%;pH在9.0~11.0范围,磷去除率稳定在94%左右;当pH升高至12.0,磷去除率急剧下降至70%.沉淀物组分为鸟粪石(MgNH4PO4·6H2O)、 钾型鸟粪石(MgKPO4·6H2O)、 Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O和Mg(OH)2,不含有硫酸盐和碳酸盐.当pH<9.0,沉淀物组分主要为鸟粪石;pH在9.0~10.0范围时,鸟粪石含量降低,钾型鸟粪石、 Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O含量呈逐渐增加趋势;pH由10.0升至12.0时,鸟粪石含量急剧下降,Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O和Mg(OH)2含量快速增加,而钾型鸟粪石快速增加并在pH 11.0达到最大后急剧下降.因此,回收养猪废水中的磷时要获得纯度高的鸟粪石产品,pH值应控制在8.0~9.0.  相似文献   

3.
以磷浓度50mg/L的实验室模拟废水为研究对象,考察了以鸟粪石(MAP)形式回收磷的最佳摩尔配比,并借助X-衍射(XRD)对不同摩尔配比条件下得到的沉淀物进行分析。试验结果表明,在pH=9.5时,以鸟粪石形式回收磷的最佳Mg:N:P=4:1.6:1。对沉淀物的XRD分析发现,在pH=9.5,当固定Mg:P=1.6时,N:P=1时沉淀物中基本不含MAP,当N:P=2时,生成的沉淀物中混有少量的副产物Mg(3PO)42,当N:P2时则生成较纯的MAP;当固定N:P=4时,Mg:P=2是生成较纯的MAP的临界值,超过此比例则生成副产物Mg(3PO)42;当反应按照理论配比投加氨氮和镁盐时,所得产物基本不是MAP,而是副产物Mg(3PO)42。故鸟粪石沉淀结晶反应中应尽量提高氨氮配比,并避免投加过量的镁盐,以保证回收产物的纯度。  相似文献   

4.
分析废水中Ca2+对鸟粪石结晶法回收产物沉淀的影响。观察不同Ca、Mg物质的量配比n(Ca)∶n(Mg),不同起始磷浓度条件下磷回收产物在Inhoff管中的沉淀过程,测定总磷及溶解性磷的去除效率;同时利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察产物微观尺寸及形态、利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、元素分析法分析沉淀物组成,联系沉淀过程分析Ca2+对磷回收产物固液分离的过程及其效率的影响。随着Ca2+的增加,上清液中溶解性磷(DP)与总磷(TP)去除率之差由1%逐渐增大到10%以上;沉淀产物颗粒尺寸由25μm左右减小至5μm甚至更小,最终失去晶体形态;沉淀产物中鸟粪石含量逐渐降低、钙磷沉淀比例逐渐增多。随着Ca2+的增加,沉淀过程有明显的变化,上清液中颗粒磷逐渐增多,且产物中鸟粪石含量逐渐减小,总磷回收率下降;而在n(Ca)∶n(Mg)<0.3时,中、低浓度的含磷废水的回收产物仍然以鸟粪石为主。  相似文献   

5.
为了解同步硝化内源反硝化系统(SNEDPR)脱氮除磷性能,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0. 5~2. 0 mg·L~(-1))运行的SBR反应器,以人工配置的模拟废水为处理对象,先采用恒定进水C/N(为10),以实现SNEDPR的启动和聚磷菌(PAOs)的富集培养,再调控进水C/N值(分别为10、7. 5、5和2. 5),考察不同C/N对系统的脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当进水C/N为10,可实现SNEDPR的启动与深度脱氮除磷,出水PO3-4-P和总氮(TN)浓度分别平均为0. 1 mg·L~(-1)和8. 1mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P去除率、TN去除率和SNED率平均值分别为99. 79%、89. 38%和58. 0%.当进水C/N由5提高至10时,系统维持良好的脱氮除磷性能,释磷量(PRA)和SNED率分别由16. 0 mg·L~(-1)和48. 0%提高至24. 4 mg·L~(-1)和69. 2%;当C/N为10时,TN和PO3-4-P去除率最高达94. 5%和100%;当C/N为2. 5时,系统失去脱氮、除磷性能,PRA和SNED率仅为1. 36 mg·L~(-1)和10%.在系统稳定运行阶段(C/N为10、7. 5和5),SNED率达85. 9%,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-x-N和PO3-4-P浓度平均为0、8. 1和0. 1 mg·L~(-1).  相似文献   

6.
复合生物反应器低溶解氧同步脱氮除磷   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用复合生物反应器(HBR)中同时存在的活性污泥和悬浮生物膜混合生物体系,进行了同步脱氮除磷的试验研究.结果表明,溶解氧浓度和进水COD/TN对系统脱氮除磷效果有重要影响.当曝气量(Qair)控制在0.07m3/h时,系统的同步脱氮除磷效果较好,最大释磷率(释磷结束时溶液中PO3-4-P浓度与初始PO3-4-P浓度百分比)为249%,TN平均去除率为80.0%,PO3-4-P去除率为92.2%.曝气量升高或降低,TN、PO3-4-P去除率均降低.随着COD/TN的升高,系统TN、PO3-4-P去除率也逐渐升高,COD/TN从3.2升高至10.5,系统TN平均去除率从70.3%升高至84.9%,PO3-4-P平均去除率从82.2%高至96.0%.整个试验过程中污泥体积指数(SVI)均小于90 mL/g,污泥的沉降性能良好.实验采用复合反应器进水后未经过传统脱氮、除磷理论认为所必须的缺氧、厌氧段而直接曝气,仍然取得较高的TN、PO3-4-P去除率.  相似文献   

7.
Fenton氧化深度处理石化废水厂二级出水研究   总被引:10,自引:5,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
王翼  吴昌永  周岳溪  张雪  董波  陈学民 《环境科学》2015,36(7):2597-2603
采用连续流Fenton氧化对石化废水处理厂二级出水进行了处理试验,研究了药剂投量对COD及磷处理效果的影响,同时对处理过程中有机物的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,原水COD平均为64.8 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均为0.79 mg·L-1,当H2O2(30%)投加量为0.4 m L·L-1,Fe SO4·7H2O的投加量为0.8 g·L-1,PAM投加量为0.9 mg·L-1,停留时间为30 min时,COD的平均去除率为24.3%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均去除率为95.5%,原水中相对分子质量小于1×103的有机物占80.4%,Fenton氧化处理后该部分比例增加至95.6%.三维荧光分析结果表明,Fenton氧化对水中蛋白类、酚类去除效果显著.GC-MS结果表明,石化二级出水中检出主要有机物约117种,氧化后检出27种,含不饱和键类有机物去除明显.Fenton氧化可用于石化二级出水的深度处理.  相似文献   

8.
针对三峡库区城市污水氮磷浓度较低的特点,结合城市污水处理旁路污泥减量技术研究,探索了利用鸟粪石结晶沉淀法回收城市污水中氪磷的可行性及影响因素.研究结果表明:低氮磷浓度时,鸟粪石结晶回收氮磷的规律与国内外已有的针对高浓度氮磷的研究规律不同,当污泥厌氧减量池中磷酸盐质量浓度为30~60 mg/L(约为1~2mmol/L)时,在pH值为10.0~10.5,c(Mg2+):c(NH+4):c(PO3-4)为1:1.6:1,反应时间为25 min,搅拌强度在200 r/min的条件下,通过鸟粪石沉淀反应磷去除率可达50%~75%,氮的去除率最高可达51%.  相似文献   

9.
赵伟  范增增  杨新萍 《环境科学》2021,42(12):5865-5875
为了探究水平潜流人工湿地去除畜禽养殖废水污染物的性能,选择养殖废水中常见的特征污染物抗生素——四环素(tetracycline,TC)和重金属Cu2+,构建模拟水平潜流人工湿地,设置空白处理(CK)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素(TC)、进水中外加5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(Cu)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素和5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(TC+Cu)这4组潜流人工湿地,考察人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,CK组湿地对养殖废水中总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NH:-N和 PO43-P 的去除率分别为(84.3±7.2)%、(78.6±7.0)%、(82.1±4.4)%和(88.0±6.0)%,与 CK 组相比,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地对TN的去除率分别下降了 0.4%~21.7%、2.8%~25.5%和4.3%~27.0%,对NH4+-N的去除率分别下降了 1.6%~15.7%、2.5%~17.8%和8.4%~23.0%,进水中添加TC或Cu2+对湿地TN和NH4+-N的去除有明显抑制作用.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和P043--P等污染物的去除主要发生在湿地前端.TC、Cu和TC+Cu组人工湿地对TC和Cu2+的去除率均分别在99.9%和91.4%以上.4组湿地出水中11种四环素抗性基因(tetracycline resistance genes,TRGs)绝对丰度均显著低于进水(低约2~3个数量级).CK组湿地出水tetA、tetC、tetE、tetO、tetQ、tetT和tetBp基因相对丰度均显著低于进水,这7种TRGs的去除率为43.3%(tetC)~96.3%(tetA).与CK组相比,进水中添加TC或Cu2+使湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度有所升高,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度分别比CK组高12%~52%、6.7%~51%和24%~82%.人工湿地对抗生素、重金属和抗生素抗性基因有好的去除率,是一种适宜净化畜禽养殖废水的深度处理技术.  相似文献   

10.
接种好氧颗粒污泥快速启动硝化工艺的过程研究   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
刘文如  沈耀良  丁玲玲  丁敏 《环境科学》2013,34(6):2302-2308
中温(28~30℃)条件下,以自配无机氨氮废水为研究对象,在柱形SBR反应器中接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过逐步提升进水NH4+-N浓度(100~1 000 mg·L-1)和缩短水力停留时间(8~4 h),快速启动硝化颗粒污泥工艺.系统运行约30 d时,进水NH4+-N负荷达3.9 kg·(m3.d)-1,NH4+-N平均去除率在95%以上;后续高负荷运行阶段,氨氧化速率达5.0 kg·(m3.d)-1左右;反应器中出现亚硝酸盐持续积累的现象,25~70 d期间,NO2--N积累速率达2~4.5 kg·(m3.d)-1;尽管进水组分发生变化(COD/N),且进水负荷波动频繁,但整个运行过程中污泥始终保持良好的颗粒结构,SVI为30~40 mL·g-1,36 d时粒径大于0.21 mm的颗粒污泥约占污泥的93%(质量分数);颗粒污泥由接种时的浅黄色逐渐变为棕黄色,部分变为棕色.结果表明,以好氧颗粒污泥接种是快速启动硝化工艺和形成硝化颗粒污泥的关键.  相似文献   

11.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

12.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

13.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.  相似文献   

17.
Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene (PS) bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as "purge and trap" and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.  相似文献   

18.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

19.
UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant (WWTP) of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.  相似文献   

20.
Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3  
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.  相似文献   

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