好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

 用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

复合硫杆菌生物浸出污泥中重金属的效果及与pH和ORP的关系

利用复合嗜酸性硫杆菌(氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌)在不同接种量下(5%,10%,20%)对城市污泥进行生物沥浸,探讨了沥浸过程中不同重金属的浸出效果及其与pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)的相关关系.结果表明,该方法能有效地浸出污泥中的重金属,生物沥浸处理10d后.污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni的浸出率可分别达到98%、99%和90%,硫杆菌接种量越大,沥浸反应速率越快,20%接种处理10%接种处理5%接种处理未接种处理.污泥生物沥浸过程中pH的下降和ORP的上升,是促进污泥重金属溶出的主要驱动力,但其中Cu的浸出同时受pH下降和ORP上升的双重影响,而zn和Ni的浸出则主要受pH影响.污泥中Cu、Zn和Ni开始大幅度浸出的pH阈值大约为4、5和5左右.研究还发现,生物沥浸处理虽可使污泥中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量有所下降,但并不影响其农业利用价值.     

污泥生物沥滤中硫细菌变化和胞外多聚物作用的研究

通过序批试验,分析污泥生物沥滤过程中pH值、异养菌数量变化以及硫细菌的形态,探讨了污泥中重金属在胞外多聚物(EPS)中的分布变化.结果表明,污泥经生物沥滤后异养菌大量死亡.扫描电镜和透射电镜对污泥微生物形态的观测发现,随着生物沥滤时间的延长,生物沥滤污泥明显比对照污泥中的微生物分布紧密,而且杆状和短杆状菌呈现逐渐增多趋势.生物沥滤后期出现受损的细菌胞体以及释放了细胞物质的细菌空壳.污泥沥滤液中EPS含量有所增加,沥滤过程中EPS的松散结合态与紧密结合态的比值呈现先上升后下降趋势,可反映沥滤前期细菌处于加速生长期的居多,而后期处于减速生长期的细菌逐渐增多.污泥EPS中重金属含量在生物沥滤几天后表现持续增长,Cu、Pb和Zn分布于EPS中的最高含量分别占污泥中总量的14.7%、20.3%和24.2%.延长酸化时间,EPS可被水解,而导致其中重金属含量呈现一定下降趋势.     

盐沼植物翅碱蓬根际沉积物常见重金属分布及生物可利用性

翅碱蓬（Suaeda heteroptera）根际沉积物中四种常见重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb和cd）的总量次序为Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd，且随潮滩变化明显。重金属总量在根际沉积物中高于非根际沉积物，尤以中潮滩差异最显著。对根际沉积物重金属5种化学形态（交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态和残渣态）分析发现，Cu、Pb均以残渣态为主，其次为碳酸盐结合态，可交换态为最低；Zn以可交换态为主，其次分别为碳酸盐结合态和残渣态，最低为铁锰氧化物结合态和有机态。基于生物可利用性，上述5种形态可以分为活性态（包括交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机态）和残渣态两大类。研究发现，根际沉积物化学形态转化趋势与元素性质有关，Cu、Pb由活性态向残渣态转化，生物可利用性降低；Zn由残渣态向活性态转化，生物可利用性升高。     

采用电动修复增强技术去除电镀污泥中重金属

为提高电动修复技术去除电镀污泥中的重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni)的效率,采用污泥预酸化处理及阴极pH值控制处理2种途径进行强化,反应过程中电压为32V,处理时间为7d,结果表明,电镀污泥酸化pH值至4.5时,污泥中重金属的可移动性明显提高了,依次为CrNiZnCuPb;污泥预酸化加阴极pH值控制处理能使电镀污泥中Zn、Ni、Cu和Pb交换态、碳酸盐结合态和有机硫化物态转化为可溶离子态,转化量大小依次为NiZnCuPb,且该处理Zn、Ni、Cu和Pb的去除率分别达到74.02%、68.38%、39.22%、21.37%;但污泥预酸化及阴极pH值控制处理都不利于Cr的去除,对照处理Cr去除率为77.83%,污泥预酸化处理去除率降为40.65%,污泥预酸化加阴极pH值控制处理降至12.80%.     

城市污泥重金属含量分析及稳定化研究

文章以乌鲁木齐市水务(集团)有限公司污水处理公司产生的城市污泥为研究对象,对该污泥中的重金属含量和赋存形态进行了分析,并以新疆地产膨润土对污泥中的重金属进行了稳定化研究。结果表明:该污泥中铜、锌、铅、铬、镉、镍的含量(以干基计)分别为700 mg/kg、900 mg/kg、400 mg/kg、198 mg/kg、2.4 mg/kg、22 mg/kg。铜、铬主要分布在可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态中,且在3种形态中均匀分布;锌主要分布在碳酸盐结合态、硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态中,其中碳酸盐态及残渣态分布较多;镉在可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、残渣态中均匀地分布,少量存在于硫化物及有机结合态中;铅在残渣态中分布最多,少量分布在可交换态中。重金属稳定化结果为膨润土投加量与干污泥质量比为1:12.5时,污泥中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)可达到很好的稳定效果。     

贵阳市城市污泥重金属特征分析

文章研究了贵阳市某污水处理厂污泥中重金属锌、铜、铅、铬、镉的含量和形态特征。研究表明:污泥中Zn的含量最高为1463.34mg/kg,超出了国家排放标准限值。Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd含量均不超标。形态分析中,Zn在有机结合态含量比例最高为61.56%,Cu主要分布在有机结合态和残渣态中,分别占52.97%、31.34%,在碳酸盐结合态中几乎没有分布。Pb和Cr在五种形态中含量相对比较均匀。Cd在有机结合态分布相对较多,离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态均有少量分布。重金属潜在风险评价中Zn、Cd对环境污染潜在风险较高。污泥中Pb、Cr在离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态浓度高、生物有效性大,易对生态环境能造成严重的危害,在污泥处理时应引起高度重视。     

复合硫杆菌生物淋滤对Mn去除的研究

通过利用复合硫杆菌(氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌)在不同接种量(5%,10%,20%)对市政污泥进行生物淋滤实验,探讨了淋滤过程中pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)、Mn的淋滤效果及淋滤过程中其形态的变化。结果表明:该方法能有效淋出污泥中的Mn,生物淋滤12d后,10%接种量反应器Mn的淋出率达到100%;Mn的淋出率受pH和ORP的双重影响,与pH和ORP的关系为:淋出率等于2.439-0.452pH-0.002ORP;各形态中Mn的可交换态和残渣态变化幅度大,从形态变化上表明该淋滤反应对Mn具有有效的淋出;Mn各形态的淋滤能力是:碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>有机物结合态。     

硫粉投加量与污泥含固率之比对生物淋滤过程的影响

通过接种污泥硫细菌混合菌液,研究了S粉投加量与污泥含固率之比(SA/TS)对城市污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,增大SA/TS值能显著缩短淋滤时间,提高淋滤效果.当SA/TS为2.5,经过8 d生物淋滤,Cu和Zn的淋滤效果可达到最佳,溶出率分别为66.2%和63.9%.淋滤进行16 d后,Pb的溶出率为30.8%.对于Cu,不论淋滤前后有机态都是较强的结合态.Zn的溶出主要是由于结合能力强的铁锰氧化态在淋滤过程中被大量浸出.Pb经过16 d的淋滤,铁锰氧化态所占比例有所下降而有机态比例上升.加大SA/TS有利于提高S粉的利用率,对N的保存影响不大,但增加了P的流失.     

巢湖沉积物中重金属的BCR形态分析

以巢湖沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR(European Communities Bureau of Reference)连续提取法分析了沉积物样品中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mn赋存特征,分为可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态。结果表明:南淝河入湖区S1采样点五种金属总量都达到最高,兆河入湖区S2采样点金属总量浓度最低。五种金属中锌和锰的质量较高,重金属回收率分别为:锌(93%),铜(92%),铅(90%),镉(92%),锰(93%)。Cu以残渣态为主(54.7%),Zn以铁锰氧化物结合态为主(40.5%),Pb以有机物、硫化物结合态为主(35.3%),Cd和Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主,所占比例分布为41.9%、58.6%。研究表明,应用BCR连续提取法有助于确定沉积物中重金属的污染状况和潜在释放能力。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.