城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化实验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中的重金属的固化效果. 结果表明,飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》（GB5085.3-2007）,因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%-59.0%和7.4%-73.7%.     

焚烧飞灰水泥固化技术研究

对利用水泥固化技术处理城市垃圾焚烧飞灰的效果进行了实验研究,分析了焚烧飞灰的主要化学组成,考察了水洗预处理对飞灰组成及固化效果的影响,研究了不同水泥/飞灰配比下所制得固化块的机械性能和重金属浸出毒性结果表明,焚烧飞灰主要元素包括Cl、Ca、O、K、S、Na等,此外还含有一定量的重金属包括Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr等.经过水洗预处理,焚烧飞灰中的可溶性盐类大大减少,飞灰固化块的强度得到了一定的提高,重金属浸出毒性则有明显的降低,预处理飞灰所制固化试块在养护28d后其重金属浸出毒性都能达到相应的控制标准,其中重金属Pb浸出浓度比原灰所制固化块降低了11%(飞灰添加量20%)～59%(飞灰添加量80%);随着水泥添加量的增加,飞灰固化块的抗压强度也随之提高.添加60%水泥的固化块在养护28d时的抗压强度最高,达425 N·cm-2;预处理飞灰固化块有着较强的抵御环境变化能力,重金属浸出毒性在pH值1～13的范围内都比较稳定.     

矿渣胶结材固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

垃圾焚烧飞灰经测试,重金属Pb和Cr超出浸出毒性标准,被认为是一种危险废物,必须加以稳定化处理.水泥熟料激发的矿渣胶结材(CS)按25%、30%、35%和45%的比例掺入焚烧飞灰中,测试飞灰固化体7、28、60 d的强度、重金属浸出浓度及固化体的水化产物.结果表明,掺入矿渣胶结材后的飞灰固化体60 d养护后均达到填埋标准.矿渣掺量35%时,飞灰固化效果最优,28 d就可以达标,表明焚烧飞灰与矿渣在合适的比例下可发生复合反应,形成超叠加效应,增强固化效果.     

基于固化法共处置飞灰和浓缩液浸出特性研究

在水泥固化时将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（简称飞灰）以不同的比例代替复合硅酸盐水泥并且用垃圾渗滤液浓缩液代替水进行固化实验,研究了飞灰掺量（40%、50%、60%）、浓缩液替代水对水泥固化法固化效果及重金属（Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Ba）浸出的影响.结果表明：飞灰掺入量的增加会降低固化体的抗压强度,但浓缩液替代水对固化体的抗压强度没有显著影响.不同重金属的浸出行为受掺灰率的影响不同,掺灰率的增加会减少固化体中Zn的浸出,增加Pb和Cd的浸出,Zn、Pb、Cr、As在第36d可达到稳定浸出量不再增加,Ba的累积浸出量持续增加,加入浓缩液后固化体中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As等重金属的浸出量未超过标准限值,可以满足固化处理对浸出毒性的要求.     

焚烧飞灰磷灰石药剂稳定化技术研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的全组分和浸出特性进行了分析,表明焚烧飞灰含有多种重金属,其中Pb、Zn和Cd等的浸出毒性分别达到11.8、164.9和31.2mg/L,远高于危险废物浸出毒性标准.实验选择新型无机稳定化药剂———磷灰石对焚烧飞灰的重金属稳定化效果进行研究,结果表明:在磷灰石投加量7%时,处理后焚烧飞灰的重金属浸出毒性(部分样品除镉外)均达到了危险废物填埋入场控制限值;焚烧飞灰的稳定化效果与磷灰石的粒径有关,当其粒径为200目时能够取得较好的稳定化效果;稳定化产物在养护时间1d后,其重金属浸出浓度不再改变;实验证明在pH 3～11范围内稳定化产物都具有较好的稳定化效果,减少了稳定化产物在环境条件下的二次污染的风险.     

复配材料固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥研究

利用高效重金属稳定化材料与硅酸盐水泥配制复配材料（FP）,用于固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥。设置3个FP掺量梯度:10%、20%、30%;3个固化体养护时间:7,28,42 d;以硅酸盐水泥为对照（CK）。以抗压强度与颗粒固化体浸出浓度为指标,考察FP的固化与稳定化效果。结果表明:相比于原底泥浸出,10%FP掺量下,As的浸出浓度在7 d时已降低93%以上;28 d时,不同FP掺量下Pb的浸出浓度可降低82.5%~97.68%;Cu、Zn的浸出浓度在FP掺量为30%、养护42 d时达最低值,分别下降了60.97%和89.07%。FP组Cu、As的浸出浓度在掺量为10%、养护7 d时已显著低于CK,而其Zn的浸出浓度在FP掺量达30%、养护42 d时显著低于CK（P<0.01）。增加FP掺量、延长养护时间均能显著提高FP组固化体的抗压强度（P<0.05）,在养护42 d时,FP组抗压强度显著高于CK（P<0.05）,当掺量为30%时,FP组抗压强度可达2.1MPa以上。     

可溶性磷酸盐处理焚烧飞灰的稳定化技术

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的基本物化性质进行了分析,表明焚烧飞灰的主要元素以Ca、Cl、K、S、Si等为主,另外还含有相当数量的重金属如Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Cr等,且Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd等重金属的浸出毒性远高于危险废物浸出毒性标准.研究采用可溶性磷酸盐对焚烧飞灰进行稳定化处理,分别考察了磷酸盐投加量、养护时间和pH值等因素对稳定化产物的影响.结果表明:磷酸盐可以对焚烧飞灰取得很好地稳定化效果,当磷酸盐投加量为3%时,飞灰中重金属Pb、Cd和Zn的浸出浓度能够分别降低97·5%、91·6%和95·5%;养护时间对稳定化产物稳定性的影响不大;稳定化产物能够在相当宽泛的pH范围内保持稳定,其长期稳定化效果很明显.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰成型及低温烧结稳定化研究

对焚烧飞灰进行水泥固化成型,并对成型体进行烧结研究。通过XRD、SEM等表征方法探索垃圾了焚烧飞灰在高温条件下的反应机理,以及添加助熔剂对烧结的影响。结果表明:添加Na2CO3可促进水泥早期的固化,但对水泥后期的固化不利;在养护时间为2 d时,水泥固化飞灰试块抗压强度达到1.91 MPa,完全满足成型的要求;XRD和SEM分析结果表明:固化体烧结后主要生成钙铝黄长石、硅酸钙等,Na2B4O7·10H2O的助熔效果明显;随着烧结温度的升高,重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度和浸出率下降,随着助熔剂Na2B4O7·10H2O添加量的增加,重金属Cu和Cd的浸出率增加,Pb的浸出率降低;浸出实验结果表明:重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度远低于国家标准。     

添加剂和水洗对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属迁移特性的影响

研究了添加剂（粘土和粉煤灰）、水洗预处理对焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni）迁移特性的影响.水洗时间为8、 16、 24 h.烧结实验条件为成型压力3 kN,烧结温度1 100℃,烧结时间4 h.结果表明,在飞灰中粘土添加比例增加到70%时,重金属Cd的固化率从16.96%升高到28.42%,Pb的固化率从10.58%升高到37.02%, Cu的固化率从46.38%上升到55.14%,Zn的固化率从42.14%上升到64.47%,Ni和Cr的固化率总体上呈现下降的趋势.总体上添加粘土对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属的固定效果有限.当粉煤灰在烧结前样品中的比例增加时,Cd的固化率从16.96%下降到4.67%,Cu的固化率从46.86%上升到81.43%.粉煤灰的加入对于Zn和Pb的影响不大,对于Ni和Cr的影响规律也不明显.水洗预处理可以把Cd、Cu和Pb的固化率提高到80%以上.焚烧飞灰烧结体TCLP浸出测试表明,添加粘土和粉煤灰以及水洗预处理后,焚烧飞灰烧结试体的重金属浸出浓度普遍较低.     

碱激发固化垃圾焚烧飞灰的重金属研究

利用飞灰的活性,在碱激发条件下可发生胶凝固化反应并辅以重金属混合稳定剂,可稳定固化其中的重金属,进而达到生活垃圾填埋场进场要求。实验考察了激发剂种类、用量、加热温度、重金属稳定剂种类及其用量、养护时间等因素对固化强度和浸出毒性的影响,确定了最佳条件为激发剂为等量的NaOH和Na2SiO3混合物,激发剂用量为3%~5%,加热温度为80℃,飞灰重量2%的等量Na2S+NaH2PO3重金属混合稳定剂,养护7 d后,飞灰试块的含水率30%以下,抗压强度0.9 MPa以上,浸出毒性均小于国标限值,完全满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)规定的飞灰无害化处理后生活垃圾填埋场进场要求。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.