天津2009年3月气溶胶化学组成及其消光特性研究

2009年3月,采集天津城区PM10和PM2.5样品,分析其中的水溶性无机离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),并估算其二次有机碳(SOC)浓度及消光系数.结果表明,天津城区PM10和PM2.5污染严重,水溶性无机离子和含碳物质在PM10中的比例为24.8%和10.0%,在PM2.5中的比例为26.6%和13.9%;SO42-、NO3-和Ca2+是主要的无机离子,霾日天气有利于SO2和NO2向硫酸盐和硝酸盐的二次转化;通过OC/EC最小比值法估算SOC的浓度,表明SOC与OC的比值分别为38%(PM10)和24%(PM2.5),霾日天气有利于SOC生成;二次离子(SO42-,NO3-和NH4+)、粗粒子、OC和EC是大气消光的主要贡献者,其消光贡献比例分别为33.1%, 22.6%,22.0%和15.6% 采用化学组分和相对湿度可以较好的拟合大气消光系数及大气能见度.     

北京市东北城区冬季大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征

利用VAPS通用型大气污染物采样仪与DX-600型离子色谱仪于2008年11月及2009年1月进行了北京市东北城区大气细粒子(PM2.5)可溶性离子组分和相关气体组分的同时监测与分析.结果表明,在采样期间,北京PM2.5质量浓度随时间呈"3峰"的变化,在"3个峰段"期,随采样时间的推进,PM2.5质量浓度增高;与北京市以往监测结果相比,北京市PM2.5中几种主要水溶性无机离子的污染水平呈现下降的趋势;PM2.5呈弱酸性,对大气环境酸化和酸性湿沉降的形成具有一定的促进作用;PM2.5中NH4+主要以硫酸盐、硝酸盐及氯盐的形式存在;PM2.5中SO42-、NO3-的质量浓度变化趋势分别与环境空气中SO2、NO2的质量浓度变化趋势相似,PM2.5中SO42-和NO3-分别主要由SO2、NO2转化而来,且NO2二次转化率低于SO2的二次转化率.     

霾天气南京市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征

为了讨论南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征,2007年6月10日至2008年5月29日对南京市大气细粒子PM2.5进行了采样,用PM2.5在线监测浓度、离子色谱法等分别测得PM2.5的质量浓度、水溶性离子组成,初步研究了南京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征。结果表明,南京市大气细颗粒物污染严重,霾天气下PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度为54.28μg/m3,为非霾天气的1.6倍。分析的6种离子中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是PM2.5的主要组成成分。灰霾期间PM2.5与NO3-、SO42-、NH4+的相关性较高,PM2.5中颗粒物的主要存在形式可能为NH4Cl、NH4NO3,(NH)42SO4或NH4HSO4。对比不同季节不同天气下的SOR(SO2转化率)和NOR(NOx转化率),发现霾天气下SO2和NOX转化率高于正常天气,表明SO2、NO2在霾天气更容易转化为二次粒子。     

南京冬季重霾天气过程与颗粒物污染特征

2013年12月1-9日利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,结合气态污染物和颗粒物化学组分外场观测,对2013年1月11-16日南京冬季一次持续重霾天气过程与颗粒物污染特征进行分析。结果表明,此次重霾过程,南京地面相对湿度较高且伴随静小风,近地层的水平输送条件较差,污染物不易扩散;天气环流形势稳定,地面受高压控制且处于均压场内,垂直方向存在明显逆温,为霾的形成提供有利的气象条件;大气PM10和PM2.5的小时最大浓度分别高达433μg/m3和325μg/m3,水平能见度低于1 km。PM2.5平均占PM10的72.4%,PM1平均占PM2.5的50.6%,颗粒物以细粒子为主,且PM2.5对能见度的影响随相对湿度的增加而减弱。水溶性离子SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是PM2.5中的主要成分,其占总浓度61%,同时SO2转化率(SOR)和NO2转化率(NOR)分别为0.35和0.31,表明霾天更有利于二次气溶胶转化。此外,PM2.5中无机盐的主要存在形式有(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3以及少量NH4Cl。水溶性离子浓度与能见度呈现明显负相关性,说明PM2.5中水溶性离子对能见度的降低起主要作用。     

珠三角地区冬季大气细颗粒物理化特性与成因

基于珠三角大气超级站2013年11月29日-12月17日大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度、主要水溶性离子组分及其重要气态前体物等参数的在线监测结果,揭示了当地冬季大气细颗粒物的理化特性,及细颗粒物二次组分与其气态前体物的相互作用规律,并结合同期南岭背景站PM2.5监测结果,评估长距离输送对珠三角PM2.5污染的影响。观测期间,SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的平均浓度分别为24.7、17.3和16.0μg/m3,占PM2.5中的平均比例之和为64.3%,说明二次转化是珠三角冬季细颗粒物的重要来源。珠三角冬季大气气态NH3平均浓度为13.1μg/m3,具有足量气态NH3以中和硫酸盐和硝酸盐;大气环境有利于NH4NO3的生成与存在,甚至可以导致NO3-迅速生成,使其浓度高于SO42-。不利气象条件下,污染物累积与转化是冬季PM2.5污染的主要成因,个别时段长距离输送的影响显著。     

成都市无车日期间PM_(2.5)污染特征研究

2013年9月20-24日,通过采集成都市无车日前后禁行区域内PM2.5样品,分析样品中主要的可溶性无机离子、碳组分和金属元素,研究无车日期间PM2.5污染特征变化并评估机动车尾气排放对成都市大气污染的影响。结果表明:在无车日期间,可溶性无机离子中二次离子NO3-、SO42-、NH4+的含量分别下降了29.2%、21.6%、20.5%;有车日期间,OC/EC的平均比值为2.64,而无车日OC/EC比值为1.95,表明减少机动车尾气排放有助于减少二次有机碳的转化;PM2.5中Pb、Cs、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、As富集因子大,主要来源于人为污染;Pb、Cu和Zn主要来源于机动车,无车日质量浓度分别下降3.7%、16.3%和19.4%。机动车对PM2.5中的二次离子(NO3-、SO42-、NH4+)、碳组分和重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn)均有较大贡献。因子分析表明,机动车排放源对成都市大气污染物细颗粒物PM2.5贡献量达25.8%。     

北京东北部城区大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征研究

于2008年7月~2009年4月的4个季节,在北京市朝阳区北部,利用VAPS通用型大气污染物采样仪(URG3000K)对大气细粒子(PM2.5)和环境空气中相关气体进行了同时采集,并利用IC离子色谱仪(DX-600型)分析了PM2.5中水溶性无机离子成分和环境空气中相关气体的含量.结果表明,PM2.5质量浓度春季>夏季>冬季>秋季;SO42-、NO3-和NH4+是PM2.5中最主要的3种水溶性无机离子,年均质量浓度分别为14.82μg/m3、11.57μg/m3和8.35μg/m3,三者浓度之和占PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.28%.SO42-、NH4+浓度占PM2.5浓度百分比均为夏、秋季高于冬、春季; NO3-浓度占PM2.5浓度的百分比为秋季>春季>夏季>冬季.空气中的SO2、NO2和NH3等气态污染物的含量直接影响PM2.5中二次离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的浓度, SO2、NO2浓度的季节特征为冬、春季高于夏、秋季,与SO42-、NO3-的季节变化规律相反; NH3浓度在夏季最高,冬季最低. PM2.5酸度在夏、秋季高于冬、春季,且夏、秋季PM2.5样品全部呈酸性,冬、春季PM2.5样品一部分呈酸性,一部分呈碱性.夏季SOR值和NOR值分别为冬季的4.8倍和3倍,表明夏季SO2和NO2更易转化生成SO42-和NO3-.PM2.5中SO42-、NO3-和NH4+主要以(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3的形式共存于气溶胶体系中.     

北京市PM2.5水溶性有机物污染特征

用离子色谱技术对北京市2001~2002年大气PM2.5中7种水溶性有机物(WSOC)(甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸)及12种无机离子(F-、Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、SO32-、SO42-、PO43-、Na 、NH4 、K 、Mg2 、Ca2 )的污染水平进行了同步测定.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-及NH4 为PM2.5中主要的水溶性物种,分别占PM2.5质量的10.6%、7.4%和5.7%;7种WSOC的浓度为0.011~0.118靏/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的0.01%~0.1%,其中浓度最高的为乙二酸,其次为乙酸、丙二酸、丁二酸等;对PM2.5各化学组分浓度的季节变化特征的分析表明,PM2.5及OC的高浓度污染均出现在冬季采暖期,而WSOC则出现在夏季;对乙二酸与其他各组分进行相关性分析表明,乙二酸与SO42-、K 、NH4 、NO3-有较强的线性相关性(r=0.83,0.57,0.49,0.33),而与Cl-、Na 、Mg2 、Ca2 、EC、OC相关性较差(r=0.24, 0.22,0.12,0.05,0.13,0.10).由乙二酸季节变化特征及与其他物种相关性等特征初步推断,北京市PM2.5二元羧酸的主要来源为光化学反应而形成的二次污染物,而非来源于机动车、海盐或土壤的一次排放.     

天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系

利用天津市大气边界层观测站2009年能见度、相对湿度、风速逐时观测资料和2009年3月9~21日期间颗粒物的膜采样数据,分析天津市大气能见度与颗粒物污染的关系.结果表明,颗粒物质量浓度与能见度变化总体呈负相关,小粒径颗粒对能见度的影响作用明显,随着能见度的降低,小粒径颗粒与大粒径颗粒浓度的比值明显增加.能见度与颗粒物中总碳质量浓度变化呈负相关. SO42-,NO3-,OC和EC对大气消光贡献平均值分别为28.7%,6.1%,27.6%和19.2%.表明观测期间颗粒物中SO42-,OC对能见度的影响明显.     

夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.