放牧对草原十壤N2O产生及微生物的影响

利用AIM乙炔抑制法 ,首次测试了我国内蒙古放牧和非放牧羊草草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程 ;通过分析不同类型草原土壤N2 O产生的微生物过程和相关微生物菌群的季节变化 ,研究了放牧行为对于草原土壤N2 O微生物产生过程的影响 .放牧行为改变了土壤结构 ,有利于土壤微生物反硝化作用的发生 ,在一定程度上降低了草原土壤N2 O的排放 .揭示了内蒙古草原土壤N2 O产生是以异养硝化作用过程为主的微生物过程 ,解释了内蒙古典型草原土壤N2 O通量较低和其季节变化的微生物学机理     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生的不同过程及贡献

采用时空替代法,选择黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R0)、2007年恢复区(R2007)和2002年恢复区(R2002)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,分析了生态恢复工程对湿地土壤N2O产生不同过程与贡献的影响.结果表明,尽管不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O总产生量差异明显,但总体均表现为N2O释放.恢复区湿地土壤的N2O产生量大于未恢复区.N2O的产生主要以硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用为主,而反硝化作用对N2O的产生有较大削弱作用,这与不同恢复阶段湿地土壤理化性质密切相关.非生物作用对N2O产生量贡献较大,这与黄河口为高活性铁区,Fe的还原作用关系密切.尽管黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O的产生是生物作用与非生物作用共同作用的结果,但由于非生物作用对N2O产生的影响较大,应受到特别关注.温度和水分对不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程的影响不尽一致,这与土壤微生物活性对温度和水分的响应差异有关.黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤的N2O总产生量介于(0.37±0.08)～(9.75±7.64)nmol·(kg·h)-1,略高于闽江口互花米草湿地的N2O总产生量,但明显低于富氧森林土壤、草原土壤和闽江口短叶茳芏湿地的N2O总产生量.研究发现,黄河口生态恢复工程的长期实施明显促进了N2O的产生,因而下一步生态恢复工程应统筹考虑景观恢复与温室气体削弱这两方面因素.     

盐碱区不同开发年限水田温室气体排放规律及影响因素

以吉林省前郭盐碱水田区为研究对象,采用野外采样和小区试验相结合的方法,监测水稻生长期土壤温室气体(CH4和N2O)排放、土壤p H和土壤有机碳(SOC)变化,分析水田温室气体排放规律及其影响因素.结果表明,水田N2O排放季节变化特征明显并呈现3个峰值,肥料的施入提供了更多的反应底物,对水田N2O的排放量影响显著.在淹水条件下,N2O的主要来源于反硝化过程,而排水后,硝化作用则占据了主导地位.CH4排放呈现单峰,在水稻生长旺盛的分蘖期,稻田较深水层以还原环境为主,为产生CH4的微生物提供了适宜的条件,进而导致CH4排放呈高峰值;土壤p H对N2O和CH4排放的影响不明显,但土壤SOC含量与CH4的排放规律呈现显著正相关.     

污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生与控制研究进展

N2O是一种重要的温室气体,并且能破坏臭氧层,因而在全球变化研究中受到广泛关注.研究表明,污水生物脱氮过程是N2O的一个重要人为源.为此,对污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生与控制进行研究具有重要的意义.文章对污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生机理、影响因素和减量化策略进行了论述.N2O通常被认为是不完全硝化作用或不完全反硝化...     

沸石粉和硝化抑制剂投加对污泥堆肥过程中氮素保存和温室气体排放的影响

沸石粉能够通过对氨氮的物理吸附作用,降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失;硝化抑制剂(如3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐,DMPP)能够抑制氨氧化细菌的活性,阻止硝化反应中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,从而从源头减少反硝化作用而造成的氧化亚氮温室气体的排放.目前国内针对沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)作为添加剂对污泥堆肥过程中的保氮作用研究较少,其是否能够实现污泥堆肥过程中温室气体减排也值得深入探讨.本研究以脱水污泥作为研究对象,以蘑菇渣为辅料,设置空白对照、沸石粉和硝化抑制剂(DMPP)添加组,进行21 d的堆肥试验,研究沸石粉和DMPP的添加对污泥堆肥过程的氮素损失和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,1%的沸石粉添加(湿重)不仅可以减少5%的温室气体排放,而且能够减少2.9%的总氮损失;而DMPP的添加虽然可以减少N_2O的排放,但会显著增加CH_4及NH_3的排放,从而导致温室气体排放和氮素损失的增加.     

外源氮输入对土壤N_2O释放的影响研究进展

气候变暖是当今世界最大的全球性环境问题之一,哥本哈根会议之后,温室气体的减排受到国际社会的普遍关注。N2O是一种重要的温室气体,其全球增温潜势约是CO2的300倍。N2O对臭氧同温层有严重的破坏,并且它在大气中的寿命是已知温室气体中最长的。所以它对全球环境的影响是长期和潜在的。由于人类活动的影响,大气的N2O浓度持续增高。因此,关于N2O的研究备受关注,而土壤N2O气体排放一直是研究焦点。氮是土壤微生物养分来源,外源氮的输入,对主要由微生物驱动的N2O释放过程有着重要影响。文章以国内外相关研究为基础,对氮素输入土壤的方式、不同外源氮输入对土壤N2O排放的影响以及土壤N2O排放量的估算研究进行了综述,并提出了今后研究的方向和需要关注的问题。     

农田土壤CO2排放及影响因子研究

由于人类活动或者自然形成的温室气体中,CO2和N2O被认为是最重要的温室气体。温室气体排放一旦超出大气标准,便会造成温室效应,使全球气温上升,威胁人类生存．因此如何探寻合理的减排办法已成为各国的当务之急。土壤温度、含水量以及农田施肥管理措施等因素与CO2等温室气体的释放量紧密相关,将其作为跟踪和预测土壤CO2排放量的指示物,对于农田土壤施肥、监测农田土壤温室气体的排放都具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。     

河口区域反硝化作用研究进展

反硝化作用是河口区域去除NO-3的重要途径.其产物之一N2O是一种温室效应很强的温室气体.本文综述了河口区域反硝化作用在N元素生物地球化学循环过程中的重要作用,概述了不同测定反硝化速率的方法,并提出了各种方法的优缺点.总结了反硝化作用的影响因素:O2浓度,NO3-,有机质,温度,生物等.在这些因素的影响下,反硝化存在着区域性,季节性以及昼夜性差异.最后,提出了目前研究中存在的不足及发展方向.     

滨海湿地生态系统N_2O排放研究进展

滨海湿地作为陆地和海洋过渡区的重要组成部分,是陆源N的一个重要"汇",其N2O排放对于大气环境具有重要影响。综述了滨海湿地系统N2O通量特征、排放机制及影响因素的研究动态。当前滨海湿地N2O的排放研究主要集中在N2O排放规律、"源/汇"功能评估、硝化-反硝化作用机制及影响因素的探讨上。影响滨海湿地N2O排放的因素主要包括土壤理化性质、水文过程、生物群落及人类活动等。鉴于当前研究中存在的问题,其在今后研究中应亟需加强的领域包括:①长时间尺度N2O排放规律及"源/汇"功能评估;②多因子交互作用对N2O排放的影响;③植被本身N2O排放规律及影响机制;④N2O排放模型表征;⑤全球变化和人类活动对N2O排放的影响。     

滴灌对农田土壤CO2和N2O产生与排放的影响研究进展

研究滴灌条件下土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征及其影响机制,有助于深刻了解灌溉方式变化对农田生态系统碳氮循环的影响,对农业灌溉管理措施的改进和农业温室气体减排具有重要的意义.本文综述了滴灌对农田土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,从土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤养分和土壤结构等方面分析了滴灌条件下农田土壤CO2和N2O产生和排放的主要影响机制,在此基础上探讨了滴灌对大气温室效应影响的不确定性以及目前研究中存在的主要问题.     

碳底物含量对厌氧条件下水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放的影响

理解底物碳氮对厌氧条件下水稻土排放氮素气体——氮气(N2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)以及二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的影响,有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施,定量了解反硝化产物组成对碳底物水平的依赖性,也有助于氮转化过程模型研发中制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究采用粉砂壤质水稻土为研究对象,设置对照(CK)和加碳(C+)两个处理,前者的初始硝态氮和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~28 mg·kg-1,后者的分别为~50 mg·kg-1和~300 mg·kg-1.采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定系统,研究了完全厌氧条件下碳底物水平对上述气体排放的影响.结果表明,CK处理无CH4排放,而C+处理可观测到CH4排放;C+处理的综合增温潜势显著高于CK处理(P<0.01);NO、N2O和N2排放量占这3种氮素气体排放总量的比重,在CK处理分别约为9%、35%和56%,在C+处理分别约为31%、50%和19%,处理间差异显著(P<0.01).由此表明,碳底物水平可显著改变所排放氮素气体的组成;对于旱地阶段硝态氮比较丰富的水稻土,避免在淹水前或淹水期间施用有机肥,有利于削减温室气体排放.     

厌氧条件下砂壤水稻土N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4排放特征

了解厌氧条件土壤反硝化气体(N2、N2O和NO)、CO2和CH4排放特征,是认识反硝化过程机制的基础,并有助于制定合理的温室气体减排措施.定量反硝化产物组成,可为氮转化过程模型研发制定正确的关键过程参数选取方法或参数化方案.本研究选取质地相同(砂壤土)的两个水稻土为研究对象,通过添加KNO3和葡萄糖的混合溶液,将培养土壤的初始NO-3和DOC含量分别调节到50 mg·kg-1和300 mg·kg-1,采用氦环境培养-气体及碳氮底物直接同步测定方法,研究完全厌氧条件下土壤N2、N2O、NO、CO2和CH4的排放特征,并获得反硝化气态产物中各组分的比率.结果表明,在整个培养过程中,两个供试土壤的N2、N2O和NO累积排放量分别为6~8、20和15~18 mg·kg-1,这些气体排放量测定结果可回收土壤NO-3变化量的95%~98%,反硝化气态产物以N2O和NO为主,其中3种组分的比率分别为15%~19%(N2)、47%~49%(N2O)和34%~36%(NO);但反硝化气体产物组成的逐日动态均显现为从以NO为主逐渐过渡到以N2O为主,最后才发展到以N2为主.以上结果说明,反硝化气体产物组成是随反硝化进程而变化的,在以气体产物组成比率作为关键参数计算各种反硝化气体产生率或排放率的模型中,很有必要重视这一点.     

Bayesian calibration of the nitrous oxide emission module of an agro-ecosystem model

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is the main biogenic greenhouse gas contributing to the global warming potential (GWP) of agro-ecosystems. Evaluating the impact of agriculture on climate therefore requires a capacity to predict N₂O emissions in relation to environmental conditions and crop management. Biophysical models simulating the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in agro-ecosystems have a unique potential to explore these relationships, but are fraught with high uncertainties in their parameters due to their variations over time and space. Here, we used a Bayesian approach to calibrate the parameters of the N₂O submodel of the agro-ecosystem model CERES-EGC. The submodel simulates N₂O emissions from the nitrification and denitrification processes, which are modelled as the product of a potential rate with three dimensionless factors related to soil water content, nitrogen content and temperature. These equations involve a total set of 15 parameters, four of which are site-specific and should be measured on site, while the other 11 are considered global, i.e. invariant over time and space. We first gathered prior information on the model parameters based on the literature review, and assigned them uniform probability distributions. A Bayesian method based on the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was subsequently developed to update the parameter distributions against a database of seven different field-sites in France. Three parallel Markov chains were run to ensure a convergence of the algorithm. This site-specific calibration significantly reduced the spread in parameter distribution, and the uncertainty in the N₂O simulations. The model’s root mean square error (RMSE) was also abated by 73% across the field sites compared to the prior parameterization. The Bayesian calibration was subsequently applied simultaneously to all data sets, to obtain better global estimates for the parameters initially deemed universal. This made it possible to reduce the RMSE by 33% on average, compared to the uncalibrated model. These global parameter values may be used to obtain more realistic estimates of N₂O emissions from arable soils at regional or continental scales.     

有机无机氮配施对不同程度盐渍土硝化和反硝化作用的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区轻度盐渍土S₁（EC=0.62 dS·m^-1）及中度盐渍土S₂（EC=1.17 dS·m^-1）为对象,研究硝化和反硝化进程对盐渍化程度和有机无机氮配施比例的响应及其影响因素.本试验设置了6个处理,包括不施氮（CK）、单施无机氮（U₁）以及用有机氮（U₃O₁、U₁O₁、U₁O₃和O₁）替代25%、50%、75%和100%的无机氮.结果表明,盐度升高会降低土壤硝化势而提高土壤反硝化能力,同一处理S₁土壤硝化潜势较S₂土壤高出28.81%~69.67%,而反硝化能力降低17.16%~88.91%.盐度升高会降低AOB丰度及硝化贡献率,但会增加AOA丰度和硝化贡献率;盐度增加会提高土壤nirK和nirS型菌丰度,同时会增加N₂O/（N₂O+N₂）产物比,但会抑制nosZ丰度.S₁土壤,以U₁O₁处理硝化势和反硝化能力最大,较单施化肥增幅分别达到18.59%和15.87%;S₂土壤,各施肥处理之间土壤硝化势差异不显著,反硝化能力以O₁处理最大,较单施化肥提高88.26%.S₁和S₂盐渍土分别以U₁O₁及O₁处理获得较高的AOB基因丰度及硝化贡献率,且增大了nirS和nosZ基因丰度,并显著降低N₂O/（N₂O+N₂）产物比.综上,相比单施无机氮,轻度盐渍土以有机无机氮各半配施,中度盐渍土以单施有机氮更加利于土壤硝化反硝化过程进行.     

Uncertainty in Agricultural CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> AND N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Emissions from Finland – Possibilities to Increase Accuracy in Emission Estimates

According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol under it, industrial countries have to estimate their greenhouse gas emissions annually, and assess the uncertainties in these estimates. In Finland, agricultural methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) emissions represent 7% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and globally the share is much higher. Agriculture is one of the most uncertain emission categories (representing over 20% of greenhouse gas inventory uncertainty in Finland), due to both high natural variability of the emission sources and poor knowledge of the emission-generating processes. In this paper, we present an uncertainty estimate of agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland in 2002. Uncertainties were estimated based on measurement data, literature and expert judgement, and total uncertainty in agriculture was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation. According to the calculations, agricultural CH₄ and N₂O emissions from Finland were 3.7 to 7.8 Tg carbon dioxide (CO₂) equivalents, 5.4 Tg being the mean value.Estimates of CH₄ emissions are more reliable than those of N₂O. N₂O from agricultural soils was the most uncertain emission category, and the uncertainty was not reduced by using available national measurement data of N₂O fluxes. Sensitivity study revealed that the uncertainty in total agricultural inventory could be 7% points lower, if more accurate emission estimation methods were used, including 1) improved data collection in area estimates of organic soils, 2) climate-specific methods for N₂O from agricultural soils as already presented in literature, and 3) more detailed CH₄ estimation methods for enteric fermentation which can be achieved by investigating national circumstances and digestible systems of animals in more detail.     

N2O emission from nitrogen removal via nitrite in oxic-anoxic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor

Bionitrification is considered to be a potential source of nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions, which are produced as a by-product during the nitrogen removal process. To investigate the production of N2O during the process of nitrogen removal via nitrite, a granular sludge was studied using a labscale sequence batch reactor operated with real-time control. The total production of N2O generated during the nitrification and denitrification processes were 1.724 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating that N2O is produced during both processes, with the nitrification phase generating larger amount. In addition, due to the NEO-N mass/oxidized ammonia mass ratio, it can be concluded that nitrite accumulation has a positive influence on N2O emissions. Results obtained from PCRDGGE analysis demonstrate that a specific Nitrosomonas microorganism is related to N2O emission.     

外源氮输入对不同土地利用排水沟底泥反硝化和N2O排放影响

农田排水沟通过底泥硝化-反硝过程可消纳部分农业面源氮.水稻、蔬菜和水果是太湖地区种植业的主要土地利用类型,各种植区排水河沟密布,且不同种植区沟道接受外源氮差异明显,直接影响沟道消纳氮能力.分别采集太湖地区果园、稻田和菜地种植区排水沟道沉积物,设计上覆水N0、N1、N2、N3和N4这5个外源NO-3-N输入梯度,净氮输入量分别为0、0.5、1.0、5.0和10 mg·L~(-1),开展室内培养试验,研究外源氮输入对不同土地利用区排水沟道底泥反硝化和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,外源氮输入激发了排水沟底泥反硝化作用,3条沟道底泥反硝化速率均随上覆水NO-3-N输入浓度增大显著增大(P0.05),底泥累积反硝化量与输入NO-3-N浓度呈显著线性正相关关系(R20.75);除菜地外,沟道底泥N2O排放速率和累积排放量随外源NO-3-N输入浓度增大均无显著增大趋势(P0.05).在无外源氮或低外源氮输入时(N0和N1),果园、菜地和稻田种植区3种沟道之间底泥反硝化和N2O排放累积损失氮量的差异不显著(P0.05).随NO-3-N输入浓度增大,特别是高外源氮输入(N3和N4)条件下,果园和稻田排水沟道底泥反硝化消纳氮量显著高于菜地沟道底泥反硝化损失氮量(P0.05),而菜地排水沟底泥N2O排放损失氮量显著高于其它2条沟道底泥的N2O排放损失氮量(P0.05).排水沟底泥有机碳矿化速率与反硝化损失速率成正相关关系(n=15),微生物矿化(CO2-C)作用促进了沟道底泥硝化反硝过程.     

Simulating N2O fluxes from a Brazilian cropped soil with contrasted tillage practices

Assessing the N₂O fluxes balance is a key challenge to estimate the effect of agriculture practices on greenhouse gas production. N₂O fluxes remained difficult to measure on a field scale due to high spatial and temporal variability and usually low concentrations. Our work aimed at (i) characterizing by laboratory measurements soil potential N₂O emissions from nitrification and denitrification and (ii) testing a modelling approach of N₂O emissions that circumvents the problem of discrete measurements for two Brazilian rainfed rice cropping systems, no-tillage (NT) vs. disk tillage (DT). This latter approach consisted in the combination of 2 models: a mechanistic water transfer model and a N₂O emission model, namely PASTIS and NOE. Simulations with the PASTIS + NOE approach showed for both NT and DT treatments that: (i) the soil emitted low amounts of N₂O, (ii) emissions by denitrification corresponded to short periods of high N₂O emissions (15 times as high as emission by nitrification), (iii) nitrification contributed to ca 35% of the total N₂O emissions at the crop cycle scale, (iv) field N₂O emission measurements corresponded to the low bound of simulated emissions from nitrification.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

Aerobic N2O emission for activated sludge acclimated under different aeration rates in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be emitted during biological nitrogen removal. N₂O emission was examined in a multiple anoxic and aerobic process at the aeration rates of 600 mL/min sequencing batch reactor (SBR_L) and 1200 mL/min (SBR_H). The nitrogen removal percentage was 89% in SBR_L and 71% in SBR_H, respectively. N₂O emission mainly occurred during the aerobic phase, and the N₂O emission factor was 10.1% in SBR_L and 2.3% in SBR_H, respectively. In all batch experiments, the N₂O emission potential was high in SBR_L compared with SBR_H. In SBR_L, with increasing aeration rates, the N₂O emission factor decreased during nitrification, while it increased during denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). By contrast, in SBR_H the N₂O emission factor during nitrification, denitrification and SND was relatively low and changed little with increasing aeration rates. The microbial competition affected the N₂O emission during biological nitrogen removal.