模拟根系分泌物对土壤吸附菲的影响

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究了模拟根系分泌物(ARE)对黄棕壤、棕红壤和红壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,3种土壤对菲的等温吸附曲线均为线性,加入ARE后,土壤吸附菲的分配系数(Kd)和有机碳标化的分配系数(Koc)显著降低,且降低量随着ARE浓度的增加而增大,表明ARE抑制了土壤对菲的吸附.土壤有机质含量越低,ARE对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用越明显.分析土样吸附菲的平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度,发现加入ARE后土壤有机质含量略有降低(1.64%),而DOM浓度增大,DOM与菲的结合作用对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用增强,这可能是ARE抑制土壤吸附菲的主要原因.     

氟啶胺在土壤中的吸附解吸与淋溶特性

采用批量平衡法研究了氟啶胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤、东北黑土中的吸附解吸特性.结果表明,25℃下,氟啶胺在3种供试土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线能较好地符合Freundlich模型,其吸附常数分别为南京黄棕壤119.34,江西红壤202.23,东北黑土311.88,与土壤有机质含量、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量有良好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.9973,0.9690,0.8586.土壤对氟啶胺的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.氟啶胺在3种土壤中均难淋溶.     

几种低分子量有机酸和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究了根系分泌物中几种常见的低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,在供试有机酸和氨基酸的影响下黄棕壤对菲的等温吸附曲线仍呈显著的线性关系,分配作用是黄棕壤吸附菲的主导机制,供试LMWOA和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲有抑制作用,且加入量越大,抑制作用越强.与氨基酸相比,LMW...     

棕壤对六价铬吸附行为研究

采用一次平衡法研究Cr(Ⅵ)在供试土壤中的吸附行为,应用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程对等温吸附反应进行拟合,计算出供试土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量,比较2种土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力;分别去除土壤有机质和游离氧化铁,对比去除前后土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力的变化。结果表明,潮棕壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力高于棕壤;2种方程可以很好地拟合Cr(Ⅵ)在供试土壤中的吸附反应,Cr(Ⅵ)在棕壤和潮棕壤中的最大吸附量分别为204.08 mg/kg和232.5 mg/kg;土壤中的有机质降低棕壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力;土壤中游离氧化铁对棕壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)起重要作用。     

土壤溶液中镉的化学形态及化学平衡研究

据土壤溶液的实际情况建立简便的平衡模式,研究了红壤、黄棕壤、黄潮土三种典型土壤溶液中Cd的化学形态和化学平衡.结果表明,溶液中Cd的主要形态为Cd~(2+)、CdCl~+和CdSO_4~6.黄潮土还有一定量的CdHCO_3~+,其它形态Cd很少,其中游离Cd~(2+)占绝大部分.红壤最高,黄棕壤次之.红壤施石灰后游离Cd~(2+)下降,CdSO_4~6增加;添加氯化物后,溶液pH下降,大量Cd进入溶液中,CdCl~+比例明显升高.溶液中Cd的形态分布与土壤Cd的生物有效性有一定关系.此外,溶解度图证明,供试土壤中不可能有Cd的矿物生成.Cd在固液相间的平衡受吸附解吸反应控制.     

环丙氨嗪在我国5种代表性土壤中的吸附特征

采用批平衡法,研究了环丙氨嗪在江西鹰潭红壤、江苏南京黄棕壤、江苏常熟水稻土、河南封丘潮土和黑龙江海伦黑土5种土壤中的吸附特征.结果表明,环丙氨嗪在5种供试土壤中的吸附过程趋于线性吸附,且均能以Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型较好地进行线性拟合.其中,环丙氨嗪的土壤吸附lgKf值分别为:潮土1.650 5、黄棕壤1.671 5、红壤1.715 3、水稻土2.457 9和黑土2.655 7,表明环丙氨嗪在5种土壤中的吸附行为存在较大差异.Kf与土壤有机质含量呈正相关(r=0.989),与土壤pH之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.938).其吸附自由能变化为-20.8~-23.0 kJ/mol,表明环丙氨嗪在土壤中的吸附主要是物理吸附.     

低分子量有机酸对棕壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)特性的影响研究

采用一次平衡法研究Cr(Ⅵ)在棕壤中的吸附解吸行为,并针对pH值和土壤有机质对吸附反应的影响进行研究。结果表明,Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程可以很好地拟合Cr(Ⅵ)在土壤中的吸附,Cr(Ⅵ)在土壤中的最大吸附为204.08 mg/kg。在pH值3.0~7.0范围内,供试土壤吸附量随pH值增加而减少;土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量与土壤中的有机质含量呈负相关。在酸性条件下,低分子量有机酸抑制土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。加入供试有机酸后土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)最大吸附量的顺序为:无有机酸>乙酸>草酸>酒石酸>柠檬酸。柠檬酸更适用于Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤中污染因子的萃取和淋洗。     

稀土元素在土壤和氧化物表面的吸附和解吸研究

混合稀土在我国主要类型土壤、铁锰氧化物、高岭石表面的等温吸附符合Freundlich、Temkin和Langmuir吸附方程.最大吸附量(Q_m)的顺序为:δ-MnO_2≥黑土>黑钙土>无定形铁>黄棕壤>红壤>砖红壤>高岭石.决定土壤吸附稀土容量的主要因素是粘土矿物类型,其次是无定型铁含量;土壤对稀土的吸附强度与铁氧化物的专性吸附强度和粘土矿物的交换吸附强度有关.土壤和矿物对混合稀土的专性吸附能力顺序为:δ-MnO_2>无定形铁>黑土、黑钙上>砖红壤>高岭石>红壤、黄棕壤.     

5种磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了5种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶,磺胺甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶,磺胺甲恶唑)在5种不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素.结果表明,磺胺类抗生素在5种供试土壤上的吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich方程,吸附常数K_d为 0.10~4.39 μg^1-1/n (cm³)^1/n g ^-1;5种磺胺类抗生素在供试土壤中吸附性大致排列顺序为:东北黑土≈无锡水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤≈陕西潮土.吸附的主要影响因素为土壤pH值和有机质含量:土壤pH值增高,磺胺类抗生素大量转变为阴离子态,吸附减弱;土壤有机质含量增加,吸附增强.5种磺胺抗生素在5种供试土壤中的吸附自由能为 -12.5~-5.3 kJ·mol^-1,表明吸附机理主要是物理吸附.磺胺类抗生素在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性, 淋溶性能从大到小依次为:陕西潮土>南京黄棕壤>江西红壤>无锡水稻土>东北黑土,与吸附试验结果相一致.畜禽养殖使用磺胺类抗生素对地下水污染具有潜在风险,应该引起足够重视.     

低分子有机酸对三峡库区沉积物吸附Pb2+影响研究

以长江三峡库区万州段消落带区的沉积物为研究对象,通过等温吸附平衡实验研究不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的影响.实验结果表明:消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附量随着Pb2+离子平衡浓度的增加而增大,Pb2+平衡浓度在0.08～80 mg/L时,其最大吸附量为8 762.00 mg/Kg.不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸会在不同程度上抑制沉积物对Pb2+吸附,2 mmol/L柠檬酸对沉积物吸附Pb2+的能力是浓度为4 mmol/L时的1.12倍,草酸条件下为1.02倍.即高浓度的低分子有机酸抑制消落带沉积物对Pb2+的吸附.     

Influence of organic amendments on the sorption of pentachlorophenol on soils

The influence of pH on the sorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) onto three organic amendments, char, humic acid (HA) and peat, and the effect of organic amendments on PCP sorption to three kinds of soils were evaluated. The sorption of PCP on these sorbents fitted the Freundlich model well, suggesting that PCP sorption isotherms were nonlinear with exponential coefficient (N) value lower than 1. The PCP sorption capacity on three organic amendments and the N values increased with decreasing pH. The sorption capacities were in the order: char > HA > peat. Organic amendments resulted in an enhancement of sorption capacities of soils. The N values of PCP sorption on soils were decreased by char amendment and increased by HA and peat amendments. This study demonstrated that application of traditional organic amendments led to the enhancement of PCP sorption by soils. This information may aid both in predicting environmental fates of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds and in developing remediation strategies for them.     

不同类型土壤对SO42-吸附特性的研究

为了进一步探讨我国酸沉降对水陆生态环境的影响以及典型地区生态系统对酸沉降的缓冲能力和临界负荷值,笔者对赣、鄂、湘３省具有代表性的土壤的ＳＯ吸附特性进行了研究。结果表明,红壤,待别是江西省的红壤,吸附ＳＯ的能力最强,最大吸附量达１１．５２ｍｇ／ｇ士;其余依次为黄壤、棕红壤、黄褐壤和黄红壤,最大吸附量分别为１１．１４,８．８３,６．８６和６．５３ｍｇ／ｇ土;红色石灰壤对ＳＯ的吸附能力最弱,最大吸附量仅３．５５ｍｇ／ｇ土,只及红壤的３０．８％。可以预计,就地区而言,以红壤为主的江西省是我国对酿沉降最敏感的地区之一。     

水溶性有机物对草萘胺在土壤中吸附与迁移的影响

采用批次吸附试验和土柱淋洗试验,研究了绿肥和污泥中水溶性有机物(DOM)对除草剂草萘胺在黄棕壤和石灰性潮土上吸附和迁移影响.结果表明,供试DOM均能明显降低草萘胺在2种土壤上的吸附,促进草萘胺的迁移,在黄棕壤上效果更明显.在所研究的草萘胺和DOM浓度范围内,绿肥DOM(GM)都比污泥DOM(SS)作用显著.草萘胺的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程定量描述.绿肥DOM和污泥DOM可分别使黄棕壤中草萘胺吸附量比对照处理(不加DOM)减少22.9%和11.3%,使迁移出土体的草萘胺总量提高了73.42%和26.87%,而使潮土中草萘胺的吸附量减少了9.5%和6.5%,迁移出土体的草萘胺总量增加了43.54%和28.29%.因此,农业土壤中溶解性有机物对农药环境行为有一定影响.     

改性土壤对模拟含油废水中油的吸附

研究季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子 ( TMA)和十六烷基三甲基铵离子 ( HDTMA)改性的土壤 (黑土、黄棕壤、红壤 )对水中油的吸附作用 .结果表明 :改性土壤和未改性土壤均可吸附水中的油 ,但改性土壤对水中油的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤 .改性土壤吸附油能力的顺序依次为 :1 CEC- HDTMA黑土 >1 CEC-HDTMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- HDTMA红壤 >1 CEC-TMA黑土 >1 CEC-TMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- TMA红壤 .未改性土壤和 HDTMA改性土壤对油的吸附通过分配来进行 ,吸附等温线可由 Henry方程表示 ,得出 logK_SOM为 2.69,logK_HDTMA为 3.35;TMA改性土壤对油的吸附符合 Langmuir方程 ,其对油的饱和吸附量分别为 1150 mg/kg( TMA黑土 ) ,751 mg/kg( TMA黄棕壤 ) ,172 mg/kg( TMA红壤 )     

Effect of biosurfactant[0] on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the "soft" carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coefficient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the "soft" carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 ± 0.007) μg/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

不同类型土壤中As(Ⅴ)解吸行为的研究

为了解As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的解吸行为及不同类型试剂(NaOH、NaCl、NaHCO3、柠檬酸、草酸及磷酸盐缓冲液)对所吸附砷的解吸效果,对As(Ⅴ)在不同类型土壤中的解吸热力学和动力学效果进行了研究.结果表明,NaOH和磷酸盐缓冲液对几种土壤吸附砷的解吸效果较好,解吸率分别在47.3%～73.0%和35.4%～66.6%...     

双酚S在两种典型地带性土壤中的吸附/解吸行为研究

采用批平衡实验方法研究了双酚S（BPS）在两种典型地带性土壤中的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,吸附动力学曲线符合拟二级动力学方程.吸附等温线呈非线性,且同时符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程.相比而言,BPS更易吸附在高有机质含量的黑土中,298 K反应温度下BPS在黑土和红壤上的最大吸附容量分别为497.8和156.6 mg·kg^-1.吸附到两种土壤中的BPS存在解吸滞后现象,这可能是由于BPS以化学吸附和微孔扩散的形式存在于土壤中的缘故.溶液pH与BPS在土壤中的吸附容量呈负相关关系,即中性形态的BPS比阴离子形态的BPS具有更高的吸附容量.与结构类似物双酚A（BPA）的吸附相比,BPS在土壤中的吸附量更低,因此具有更高的迁移能力,可能会引起更高的环境健康风险.本研究结果为了解BPS在土壤中的迁移规律提供了数据支持.     

Effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene onto original and H2O2-treated soils

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of biosurfactant on the sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) onto the original or H2O2-treated black loamy soil (typic isohumisols) and red sandy soil (typic ferralisols). The sorption isotherms were performed with the original and “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence and absence of biosurfactant (200 mg/L). The sorption and degradation of biosurfactant were investigated. The result showed that organic matter played an important role in PHE sorption onto the black loamy and red sandy soils, and the PHE sorption isotherms on the “soft” carbon-removed soils exhibited more nonlinearity than those on the original soils. The values of partition coe cient (Kd) on the original black loamy soil with or without 200 mg/L biosurfactant were 181.6 and 494.5 mL/g, respectively. Correspondingly, in the red sandy soil, Kd was 246.4 and 212.8 mL/g in the presence or absence of biosurfactant, respectively. The changes of Kd suggested that biosurfactant inhibited PHE sorption onto the black loamy soil, but facilitated PHE sorption onto the red sandy soil. The nonlinearity of PHE sorption isotherm was decreased in the presence of biosurfactant. Site specific sorption might occur during PHE sorption onto both the original and the “soft” carbon-removed soils in the presence of biosurfactant. It was noted that biosurfactant could also be sorbed onto soils. The maximal sorption capacity of the red sandy soil for biosurfactant was (76.9 0.007) g/g, which was 1.31 times that of black loamy soil. Biosurfactant was degraded quickly in the two selected soils, and 92% of biosurfactant were mineralized throughout the incubation experiment for 7 d. It implied that biosurfactant should be added frequently when the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils was conducted through PAH desorption approach facilitated by biosurfactant.     

Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils

Norfloxacin (Nor) sorption and the factors (soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and exogenous copper (Cu) influencing the sorption were investigated in a black soil (soil B), a fluvo-aquic soil (soil F), and a red soil (soil R). With increasing of Nor concentrations, sorption amount of norfloxacin increased in both the bulk soils and their SOM-removed soils, but the sorption capacity in SOM-removed soils was higher than that of their corresponding bulk soils, indicating that the process of norfloxacin sorption in soil was influenced by the soil properties including SOM. The sorption data in all bulk soils and SOM-removed soils were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The correlation coefficients suggested that the experimental data fitted better to Freundlich equation than to Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the data from soil F and SOM-removed F could not be described by Langmuir equation. The norfloxacin sorption amount decreased in soil B and soil F, whereas it increased in soil R as solution pH increased. The maximum KD and KOC were achieved in soil R when the equilibrium solution pH was 6. And the norfloxacin sorption was also influenced by the exogenous Cu2+ ions, which depended on the soil types and Cu2+ concentrations. With increasing of Cu2+ concentrations in solution, generally, sorption amount, KD and KOC for norfloxacin in soils increased and were up to a peak at 100 mg/L Cu2+, and then the sorption amount decreased regardless of norfloxacin levels.     

生物质炭施用对土壤中氯虫苯甲酰胺吸附及消解行为的影响

分别在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中添加0.5%(质量分数)生物质炭,采用批处理等温吸附实验及室内消解实验测定了CAP的吸附等温线及消解动态,目的是揭示不同类型土壤中施用生物质炭对残留CAP的环境行为影响规律,为评估生物质炭田间施用综合生态效应,评价土壤残留CAP的环境污染风险提供理论依据.结果表明,生物质炭施用可提高土壤对CAP的吸附活性,但提高程度因土壤性质不同而异.有机质含量较高的黑土中添加生物质炭,吸附农药Kd值提高了2.17%,而有机质含量较低的潮土添加等量生物质炭后则提高了139.13%.生物质炭施入土壤后其对农药吸附活性受到不同程度抑制.与施入土壤前比较,生物质炭施入黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中后吸附常数KF,biochar分别降低了96.94%、90.6%、91.31%、68.26%和34.59%.CAP在黑土、黄壤、红壤、紫色土和潮土中的消解半衰期为115.52、133.30、154.03、144.41和169.06 d,而在添加生物质炭的土壤中消解半衰期分别延长了20.39、35.76、38.51、79.19和119.75 d.与吸附实验结果一致,生物质炭施入黑土对延缓农药土壤消解作用最小,而潮土中施入生物质炭效果最明显.本研究表明生物质炭施入土壤后可增强对农药的吸附作用,延缓农药的土壤消解,但影响程度与土壤性质有关.