尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区观测资料,依据尘卷风热力学理论和方法,估算出在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶贡献的年平均量为4.0× 106t,年最大量为5.0×106t,与该地区沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶年均贡献量相当.依赖于太阳辐射强度季节变化,尘卷风的起沙量具有与地面温度同步的季节变化规律.     

茅洲河流域地表水与地下水交互关系模拟和污染联合防治

在茅洲河流域地表水与地下水补排关系定性分析的基础上,建立SWAT和SWAT-LUD模型对流域水的循环转化过程进行数值模拟,定量计算地表水与地下水的交互量并估算污染贡献量。结果显示:2017年地下水排泄补给河水水量为1.6×108 m3,携带的NH₃-N、TP和COD总量分别为0.9×104,0.2×104,1.7×104 t,约占河流总污染指标的3%;地表水侧向补给地下水水量为1.0×106 m3,携带的NH₃-N、TP、COD量分别为11,1.1,510 t,约占地下水补给地表水污染指标总量的2%;洪水泛滥区河水入渗补给地下水水量为6.7×106 m3。基于以上研究,建议采取河道底泥清淤、建设交互带渗透式反应墙、河口建闸、交互带水污染预警与监测等工程措施对茅洲河流域地表水与地下水污染进行联合防治。     

接枝淀粉高分子絮凝剂的合成及其应用

本文研究了Ｃｅ（Ⅳ）／ＨＮＯ３引发体系下，丙烯酰胺──淀粉接枝共聚合反应的影响因素及最佳工艺条件，由此得到的接枝淀粉接技效率达到９４．９％，支链分子量超过３００万．对多种工业污水絮凝处理结果表明，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率、污泥沉降速度均不逊于聚丙烯酰胺３００万产品．     

Forestry for sustainable biomass production and carbon sequesteration in India

A sustainable forestry scenario aimed at meeting the projected biomassdemands, halting deforestation and regenerating degraded forests wasdeveloped and analyzed for additionality of mitigation and cost-effectivenessfor India. Similarly, mitigation potential of a commercial forestry scenarioaimed at meeting the biomass demands from forestry activities on privateland was assessed. India has a significant scale baseline scenario afforestationand effective forest conservation activities. India is afforesting at an averagegross rate of 1.55 × 10⁶ ha yr^-1 over the past 10 years, while the gross deforestation rate was 0.272 × 10⁶ ha yr^-1 during the same period. The sustainable forestry scenario could lead to an additional carbon (C) stock of 237 × 10⁶ Mg C during 2000 to 2012, while the commercial forestry scenario apart from meeting all the incremental biomass demands (estimated for 2000 to 2015) could potentially lead to an additional carbon stock of 78 × 10⁶Mg C during 2000 to 2012. Short- and Long-rotation forestry activities arecommercially viable. With appropriate policies and financial incentives allthe industrial wood, sawnwood and commercial fuelwood requirementcould be met through commercial forestry, so that government funds couldbe dedicated for conserving state owned forests and meeting subsistencebiomass demands. The commercial forestry activities could receive financialsupport under greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement programmes. The government, however, needs to develop institutions and guidelines to process, evaluate, approve and monitor forestry sector mitigation projects.     

青海湖流域六类土壤表土有机碳黑碳含量特征及其储量

根据青海湖流域土壤类型图采集了49 个表土样品,研究了这些样品的有机碳和黑碳的 含量特征及其储量。研究得出：六类土壤的有机碳含量都比较高,说明青海湖流域土壤的储碳能 力比较强;总体来说,六类土壤的黑碳含量都不高,但是焦炭的含量是相当高的,而烟炱的含量 较低;焦炭和黑碳的相关性极高,说明焦炭是黑碳的主要组成部分,并且说明二者具有相同的来 源;由于焦炭主要是由生物质燃烧生成的,故而这六类土壤的黑碳也多是由生物质燃烧生成的; 六类土壤总面积为18416.15 km² （占流域土壤总面积的78%）,有机碳总储量为119.56×106 t, 黑碳总储量为4.36×106 t。     

Economic Assessment of Mitigation Options for Enhancing and Maintaining Carbon Sink Capacity in Indonesia

Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) projects may becomeeligible under Article 12 of the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol's Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM). Some of the issues, which need to be addressed,include identifying the types of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation activitiesin LULUCF, which could be undertaken as CDM projects. Other issuesinvolve evaluating the mitigation potential and cost effectiveness of theactivities, as well as their likely socio-economic impacts and their influenceon the national carbon (C) stock. Three broad categories of mitigationactivities in LULUCF analyzed in this study include managing Cstorage, C conservation and carbon substitution. The C intensityof the activities was estimated to range from 37 to 218 Mg C per ha. The highest is in reforested land with slow growing species and the lowestin short-rotation plantations. At a real discount rate of 10%, investmentcosts required to implement the mitigation activities ranged from US$0.07 to 0.88 per Mg C, with life cycle costs ranging from US$ 0.07to 3.87 per Mg C, and benefits ranging from US$ –0.81 to 6.57 perMg C. Mitigation options with negative benefits are forest protection,reforestation, reduced impact logging and enhanced natural regeneration,while those with positive benefits are short rotation timber plantation, andbio-energy. Reforestation gave negative benefit since no revenue fromwood as trees are left in the forest for conservation, while Reduced ImpactLogging (RIL) and Enhanced Natural Regeneration (ENR)gave negative benefits because additional cost required to implement theoptions could not be compensated by the increase in round-hardwoodyield. Other factor is that the local price of round-hardwood is very low,i.e. US$ 160 per m³, while FOB price is between 250–400 US$ per m³. Total area available for implementing mitigationoptions (planting trees) in 1997 was 31 million hectares (× 10⁶ha) (about 40% are critical lands, 35% grasslands and 25%unproductive lands).Total area being considered for implementing the options under baseline,government-plans and mitigation scenarios in the period 2000–2030 is12.6, 16.3 and 23.6 × 10⁶ ha respectively. Furthermore, total area of production forest being considered for implementing reduced impactlogging and enrichment planting under the tree scenarios is 9, 26 and 16 × 10⁶ ha respectively, and that for forest protection is 2.1, 3.7, 3.1× 10⁶ ha respectively. The cumulative investment for implementingall mitigation activities in the three scenarios was estimated at 595, 892and 1026 million US$ respectively. National C stock under thebaseline scenario will continuously decline through 2030, while undergovernment-plans and mitigation scenarios the carbon stock increases. In2030, national C stock of the government and mitigation scenarios isalmost the same, 13% higher than that of baseline. However, the increasein national carbon stock in both scenarios could not offset carbon emissionsdue to deforestation.     

天津市大气污染源排放清单的建立

通过调研天津市工、农业生产和居民生活的统计资料,研究分析文献报道的各种污染源排放因子,计算出天津市各行业、各区县NOx、SO2、NMVOC、CO、NH3、PM10、PM2.5等污染物的排放量,发展了天津市2003年排放源清单.结果显示,天津市2003年各类污染物质的排放量NOx为1.77×105t,SO2为2.59 ×105t,NMVOC为2.24×105t,CO为1.33×106t,NH3为7.40×104t,PM10为2.52×105t,PM2.5为1.10×105t.从排放源的行业分布来看,燃煤源、汽车移动源、秸秆燃烧源是天津市大气污染物的重要排放源,燃煤源对各污染物的贡献分别为NOx46%,SO284%,NMVOC 1%,CO 58%,PM1018%,PM2.5 24%.火电、水泥、钢铁、炼焦、原油加工等行业依然是重要的工业污染排放源,火电对SO2的贡献为13%,钢铁对SO2的贡献为24%,对CO的贡献为30%.2003年天津市区对NO,、S02、NMVOC、CO等污染物的贡献均高于其它区县,对PM10、PM2.5的贡献也很高;塘沽区对NOx、SO2、NMVOC、CO等污染物的贡献很大,蓟县、武清区、宝坻区对NH3、PM10、PM2.5的贡献很大.     

辽河浮游植物群落及生物多样性基准验证

为建立中国水环境生态学基准体系,并验证其合理性,于2011和2012年夏季,对辽河水系浮游植物群落结构特征进行了调查,并结合所收集到的资料,初步验证了辽河水系浮游植物生物多样性基准值的合理性.两次采样共检出6门169种及变种;细胞密度均值分别为4.91×106,7.04×106个/L,优势类群为硅藻和绿藻.共检出污染指示种59种,其中乙型中污指示种最多,为53种;检出优势种35种,主要为硅藻.综合各生物指标显示辽河水系夏季为富营养型中度污染水体.Shannon指数(H)在1.18~3.56之间,均未达到本文参考的基准值3.65,分析结果显示用于计算基准值所选取的参照点较为合适,通过分析辽河水系及我国其他一些河流的Shannon指数与水质状况,初步认为,该基准值偏高,建议辽河水系设定基准值的下限H=3.29.     

沈阳市能源需求预测及潜力分析

本文采用逐步回归分析法预测能源需求，结果表明能源消费量与国民生产总值显著相关，预测到２０００年，沈阳市短缺能源达２００万吨标煤．为此，文中进一步提出了提高能源开发、利用潜力的途径和措施及其环境效益．     

细菌群落结构对水体富营养化的响应

于2005年2月在太湖不同营养水平湖区采集水样,寞接提取水样的总DNA,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V3区PCR扩增,产物经DGGE(变性凝胶梯度电泳)分离后,获得水体细菌群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱;并运用FDC(表面荧光直接计数)方法对细菌丰度进行了测定.结果表明,水体中细菌的群落结构随着水体富营养化程度的改变产生明显变化,细菌数量呈现随水体营养水平增加而上升的趋势,营养水平较低的湖心区细菌数量仅为2.87×106 cells·mL-1,超富营养化的五里湖区水体中.细菌数量高达5.92×106cells·mL-1;细菌群落多样性随水体营养水平增加呈现显著的下降趋势,在超富营养化的1#、2#采样位点,细菌DGGE主要条带数量仅为23条,在沉水植物丰富区(贡湖湾)细菌DGGE主要条带数量达33条.PCA(主成分分析)的聚类结果表明,太湖水体中不同营养水平下的细菌群落多样性可大致归为3种类型,超富营养化的五里湖区水体细菌群落结构与梅粱湾及汞湖湾存在明显不同,可以大体归为超富营养类型、藻型湖区及草型湖区类型3种.此结果反映了水体富营养化过程中,由于营养物质的增加,促进了某些类群微生物的大量繁殖,水体中微生物的生物量显著增加;生态环境条件的恶化,造成了微生物多样性的下降,这可能导致原本稳定的水生态系统脆弱化.     

江苏省人为源挥发性有机物排放清单

掌握VOCs排放特征是研究区域大气复合污染特征和控制策略的前提. 对江苏省VOCs人为源进行系统分类,收集活动水平数据,应用国内外排放因子研究成果及江苏省行业调研结果,采用排放因子法建立了江苏省2010年分行业、分城市的人为源VOCs排放清单. 结果表明:江苏省人为源VOCs排放总量约为179.20×104t,其中化石燃料燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、工业过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、油品储运源的排放量分别占排放总量的24.1%、3.3%、22.3%、25.3%、18.4%和6.6%,工业过程源中石油炼制、有机化工、医药制造是重点行业,溶剂使用源中机械装备制造、电子设备制造是重点行业. 南京、苏州、无锡、常州、南通5个苏南城市VOCs排放量明显高于苏北和苏中地区,占全省总排放量的60.0%,苏州、南京、无锡排放量居前3位. 各城市化石燃料燃烧源和移动源排放所占比例均超过10.0%,其他重点行业差异显著,其中南京市为石油炼制、有机化工,苏州市为有机化工、机械涂装,无锡市为有机化工、电子设备制造.      

3×300t转炉二次除尘系统改造工程

宝钢股份公司第一炼钢厂除尘系统扩容改造项目中,风量为300万m3/h的转炉二次脉冲布袋除尘器是目前国内冶金行业最大的布袋除尘器改造工程。针对除尘工艺流程、主要设备参数、系统技术优势以及实际运行效果进行了叙述,项目投产后运行良好,车间环境得到有效的改善,烟气排放达标。     

人工调水回灌和海绵城市促渗补给地下水方案比较

随着城市化快速发展和城市人口急剧增加,城市需水量急剧增加,导致许多城市地下水被过量开采。与此同时,随着城市建设用地的增加,不透水面积比例逐年升高,阻断了雨水下渗通道,导致地下水补给量逐年减小。地下水资源的过量开采引起了地面不均匀沉降、地下水污染、海水入侵等一系列问题。针对上述问题,以某市为例,从水量、水质、工程可靠性等方面比较了人工调水回灌与海绵城市促渗补给地下水方案的综合效益。结果表明:人工调水方案地下水补给量约为779万m3/年,海绵城市建设方案地下水补给量为339万m3/年,2种方案补给水水质中污染物种类相似,但雨水径流污染物浓度波动较大。因此,人工调水具有补水量易于控制、水质相对稳定,但调水水量受可利用水源的制约。海绵城市建设在保证地下水补给效果的同时,还具有雨水径流污染控制、洪涝缓解等多重效益,综合效益相对较高,且更符合城市可持续发展的理念。     

非灭菌条件下白腐真菌在反应器中的形态特征变化

揭示白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)在反应器中的形态变化有助于了解白腐真菌反应器难以连续运行问题的本质. 在耦合臭氧单元的反应器对酸性蓝45连续降解的过程中,考察了非固定化和固定化菌丝系统中白腐真菌的形态特性变化. 结果表明,在接种量为1 700 mg/L的非固定化系统中,染菌量为7.1×105 CFU/mL,平均脱色率为19%;但菌丝球形态不稳定,运行8~12 d时出现破裂、菌丝脱落、内容物大量流失,污染微生物的生长加剧. 在固定化系统中,接种量为1 700 mg/L时,染菌量降至8.4×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率升至22%;接种量为4 300 mg/L时,染菌量降至4.7×104 CFU/mL,平均脱色率达29%. 在固定化菌丝系统中,白腐真菌的形态相对稳定,但21 d后,其稳定性降低,也出现了菌丝脱落现象,这与菌丝球或固定化菌丝的内部菌丝老化和自溶有关,可以考虑通过设计新载体从生物膜的内部和外部同时供给营养物和氧气解决该问题.      

20世纪70年代以来松嫩平原乌裕尔河中下游流域的湿地演变

基于LandsatMSS和TM影像,在GIS技术支持下分析了20世纪70年代中期以来松嫩平原乌裕尔河中下游流域湿地的时空变化。研究表明1976-2000年间研究区湿地变化十分显著,沼泽湿地净减少7.47×104hm₂,分别有约5.58×104hm₂和3.40×104hm₂的沼泽湿地被开垦为旱地和水田。湿地水资源短缺,约8097.70hm₂沼泽变为干草地,1039.58hm₂退化成为盐碱地。因洪水淹没,草地沼泽化面积达到2.74×104hm₂。耕地总面积净增加12.97×104hm₂,8.10×104hm₂的旱地转变为水田。草地面积锐减16.93×104hm₂,其中44.4%被开发为耕地,约22.3%变为盐碱地,中覆盖度草地退化面积达到2.26×104hm₂,但低覆盖度草地退化的速度快。湿地景观斑块数量减少,平均规模缩小,景观更破碎。天然湿地的萎缩和退化与区域气候暖干化趋势和高强度人类活动密切相关。     

长三角重点行业大气污染物排放及控制对策

研究重点分析了长江三角洲地区电力和水泥行业的大气污染物排放特征,并结合相关行业统计数据和污染物排放因子,对2004年这两个重点行业的大气污染物排放量进行了估算。结论如下:长三角地区火电行业2004年SO2、烟尘、NOX和燃煤大气汞排放量分别为149.2×104t、21.1×104t、87.6×104t和13.7t。2004年江、浙、沪三地水泥行业共排放工艺粉尘76.2×104t,其中PM10为70.1×104t、PM2.5为45.9×104t,气态污染物SO2、NOX、CO和氟化物排放量分别为12.4×104t、49.5×104t、247.9×104t和7.4×104t。并对长三角地区电力和水泥行业的污染控制问题提出一些相关举措。     

三聚磷酸二氢铝对水中铜离子的吸附动力学

采用离子交换吸附法研究三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附水中铜离子的动力学行为和吸附活化状态热力学参数分析。结果表明:三聚磷酸二氢铝对水溶液中铜离子的化学吸附是二级反应,吸附速率常数k与温度T之间的关系符合阿仑尼乌斯式,吸附的活化能为Ea=56.35kJ/mol,吸附的频率因子A=2.5×106L/(mg·min),ln(k/T)与1/T之间的关系符合Eyring公式,其活化焓ΔH=53.21kJ/mol,活化熵ΔS=-153.36J/(mol·K),同时k与铜离子初始浓度呈负相关性,与三聚磷酸二氢铝用量呈正相关性,介质pH=5时有利于吸附。     

重组基因酵母法研究酞酸酯类化合物的类雌激素作用

为了检测五种酞酸酯类化合物的类雌激素活性,采用重组人雌激受体α、相关效应元件以及β-半乳糖苷酶报告基因酵母分别测定17β-雌二醇(E)2、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)单独作用时诱导酶活并计算其EC50。通过各化合物与E2的EC50的比以及最大β-半乳糖苷酶活性来比较酞酸酯类化合物的类雌激素活性。五种酞酸酯类化合物的实验浓度范围为1.0×10-3~1.0×10-11 mol/L。结果表明,DEP(1×10-7~1×10-9 mol/L)、DBP(1×10-6~1×10-9 mol/L)、BBP(1×10-3~1×10-6 mol/L)具有明显的类雌激素活性,诱导的最大酶活分别为:1.515、0.832 2、1.669,而DMP和DOP并未检出明显的类雌激素活性。DEP、DBP、BBP与E2的EC50的比分别为8.85×10-2、2.54×10-2、8.82×10-6。说明DEP、DBP在低浓度就表现出类雌激素活性,而BBP在较高浓度才表现出类雌激素活性。     

Assessment of the Risks for Human Health of Adenoviruses,Hepatitis A Virus,Rotaviruses and Enteroviruses in the Buffalo River and Three Source Water Dams in the Eastern Cape

Buffalo River is an important water resource in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The potential risks of infection constituted by exposure to human enteric viruses in the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course were assessed using mean values and static quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The daily risks of infection determined by the exponential model [for human adenovirus (HAdV) and enterovirus (EnV)] and the beta-Poisson model (for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RoV)) varied with sites and exposure scenario. The estimated daily risks of infection values at the sites where the respective viruses were detected, ranged from 7.31 × 10^?3 to 1 (for HAdV), 4.23 × 10^?2 to 6.54 × 10^?1 (RoV), 2.32 × 10^?4 to 1.73 × 10^?1 (HAV) and 1.32 × 10^?4 to 5.70 × 10^?2 (EnV). The yearly risks of infection in individuals exposed to the river/dam water via drinking, recreational, domestic or irrigational activities were unacceptably high, exceeding the acceptable risk of 0.01 % (10^?4 infection/person/year), and the guideline value used as by several nations for drinking water. The risks of illness and death from infection ranged from 6.58 × 10^?5 to 5.0 × 10^?1 and 6.58 × 10^?9 to 5.0 × 10^?5, respectively. The threats here are heightened by the high mortality rates for HAV, and its endemicity in South Africa. Therefore, we conclude that the Buffalo River and its source water dams are a public health hazard. The QMRA presented here is the first of its kinds in the Eastern Cape Province and provides the building block for a quantitatively oriented local guideline for water quality management in the Province.     

大连市有机垃圾中大肠菌群含量变化

应用多种培养基复合式微生物分析法 ,从大连市有机垃圾中检出埃希氏、志贺氏、沙门氏、粪链球菌四种病原菌 ,含量分别为 6× 1 0 7～ 8× 1 0 9/CFU·g- 1、8× 1 0 7～ 6× 1 0 8/CFU·g- 1、1× 1 0 6～ 8× 1 0 7/CFU· g- 1、5× 1 0 5～ 8× 1 0 7/CFU· g- 1 。